Токарский Н.М. Архитектура древней Армении

nonp06yeM

Tenepb

pa306paTbCH,

KTO H KOr.n.il1

nOCTpOHJI

..lBH HCKHH,

JJ.OM

H,

KTO

nOTpy

JJ.HJICn

H,

a.n.

ero

, .

YJ<paIlleHHeM.

, '.

rHllCOBbIe

opHaMeHTHpOBaHHbJe

OOJIHII.OBKH

l:J

CO~

·

lJeTaHHH

C

tIHCTOH,

Hepe.nKO

Y30ptIaTOH

KHPUI1

,

:tJHOi

.

KJIaJI.KOH

B

paCCMaTpHBaeMoe

BpCMH

6hJJIH O)l.HHM

H3

~

;.,

HOBHbIX

lI.eKOpaTHBHbIX

npHeMOB

nepCHJ1.CKHX

30.ll,tIHX

r

K

KOTOPOMY

,OHH

npH6eraJIH

)lJIH

YKparneHHSl

MaB30JI~~~



H

MHor,

)

tIHCJIeHHbIX

MetIeTeH.

EoraTeHIllHe

~tHxpa6~

naHHO,

naHeJlH

H Q>PH3hl C

BH3bIO

KYQ>HtIeCKHX

Ha.nnS

y

cerl

MJ

CTepCKH

Bblpe3aJIHCb

B

nJIaCTHtIHOM

rHnce,

no~

I<pblSaBllleM

,B

HymHblx

MeCTax

KHpnHtIHylO

KJlaJ1.K.Y

CTeH.

nOHHTHO,

tITO

H B

KHpnHtIHOM

.aBHH~

STOT

YJJ.o6

~



HhlH

JI.-,!H

o6pa6oTKH,

HapHJI.HhlH OT.lI.eJIOtIHblii

Ma

'

TepH

.

a4

11.0JImeH

6hIJI

HaliTH

npHMeHeHH~J

TaK

KaK

ropOll

B-

.

cTpOHTeJIbCTBe

IlleJI

B

Hory

c

BpeMeHeM,

Hcno~b3ya

BC~

HOBoe,

tITO

C03AaBaJIOCb

B

KHPUHtIHOH

apXHTeR-

Type.

KaK

nOKa3aJIH

paCKonKH,

r

JIa3ypOBaHHhI~

KHp'"

nHtI,

Y30ptIaTbIe

BblKJIa.ll.KH _

H3

06bIKtiOBeHH9ro

KHP-

llHtIa,

YTonJIeHHble

B

6eJIhUl

paCTBOp"

pe3H~e

Tep.

z

paKOTOBble

nJIHTbI,

Q>HrYPH,

bIe

H3pa3II.hI

YKpamaJIH

a

·,

CBoe

BpeMH

CTepThle

,

Tenepb

,C

JIHua

3eMJIH

.ll.BHD;

CKHe

3.ll.3 H H

51,

OT

KOTOPhIX

He

cox

paHHJIOCb

JJ.alKe, '

<PY

H

ll

a

MeHTOB.

'i,;'

rH

nCORaH OTJI.eJIKa

HHIllli

B J1.0Me

Ha

CKJIO~e

fJJaBHoro

XOJlMa,

O,lJ.HaKO,

CYllleCTReHHO

OTJIHtIaeTCSI

OT OT.ll,eJIKH

06meCTBeHHhIX

3.ll.aHHH:

opHaMeHT

ee

"

He

Bblpe3aH,

a OTJIHT,

npHQeM

HaHJ{eHbl

3seHbB

DOBeOB,

B

}{OTOPhlX,

)lame

s

.n.ecpeKTax,

Ha6J11O-

JJ.aeTC5I

DOJ1HeHIllee

CXO,lJ.CTBO

<pHryp

3sepeA,

3aBHTKOB-

.

no6eros

H

JIHcn.eB

H

6YKB

.Ha,u.lluCH,

aBHO

inlWe)l

~

..

/

fllXX

"3

o)J.HoA H

ToA

IKP.

<!i0PMli:

:1.

3HalJJfT

' PHCY-HOK

sa

.

nOBcax,

TalC )ICe

KaK

' M

Ha)lnHCb,

CHCTeMaTHtIeCKH

BOBTOPSlJlCSI

no

BceMY

nepJfMeTpy

06paMJIeHHSI,

KO-

~opoe

COCTaBJIHJIOCb

H3

OT.lleJIbHNX,

3apaHee

H3rO-

1'OBJleElHliX

3BeHbeB.

nO.l106Hble

nlnCOBhIe

nOHca

c

.JIHThIM

H306pa>ICeHHeM

.3BepHHoro

'

rOHa"

Ha

qioHe

3aKpYtIHBaroll.{HXCSI

n06erOB

6bIJIH

H3BeCTHbl

HpaHee:

06J10MKH

HX

6hIJlH

HaH.Il.eHbI B

nO.llBaJIe

ceBepO-BOC-

T04Horo

3aJla

,lJ.ROpna B

aHHHCK1M

Bbl

III

fOpO.u.e ,

He-

'

eKOJIbKO

pa3p03HeHH~x

3BeHbeB

xpaHHTCSl

B

OTTO-

lIaHC

'KOM

MY3ee.

B

,llBHHe

OHH

BnepBble

6b1JIH

06-

sapYlKeHhI

B

TaKHX

YCJIOBHHX H B

TaKOM

I<OJlHqe-

CT8e

4>parMeHToB,

4TO

OKa3aJIOCb

B03MO)KHhIM

He

TOJIbKO

n

paB

....lonO,lJ.06HO BOCC03,lJ.aTb

nepBOH84aJlhHliA:

a'HJl

YKpameHHoA

HMH

HHlIIH,

HO

H

BblHCHHTb

Tex-

SRKY

BblnOJIHeHHH

nO.Il.06HOA

OT,lJ.~JIKH.

OTJIHBKa

06-

XO.Il.HJIaCb,

KOHetiHo,

3HatJHTeJIbHO

,lJ.eIlleBJle

KponOT-

..'·t

HBOH,

Tpy,n.oeMKoH

pe3b6hI,

H

9TO

.llO.'DKHO

6b(.~o

o6eCneQ

'

HTb

'

eA

IllHpoKoe

rrpHMeHeHHe

BHYTpH

3lI,a-

HHH,

HaTOJlKHYB

npe.u.llpH.HMtIHBbIX

JIlOlI,eH

Ha

M~CJlb

06

OpraHH3

-

t

I.(HH

MacTepcKHx,

r.lle

MOIKHO

6blJlO

no

cxo~-

HoA

ueHe

3aKa3aTb

HJlH

KynHTh

rOTOBYIO

npHrJISlHYB-

WYIOCH

OTJleJIKY

.ll.JIq

nOKoeB,

nO.Il.06HO

TOMY

KaK

B

Ha-

WH

.llHH,

npaBlI,a

no

HJIJIIDCTP"P08clHHOMY

npeHC-KY-

paaTY,

8hI6HpalOTCH

Ka<peJIhHble

KaMHJlU

H

ne4H

HJJH

;;

.nenHble-

YKpaIlleHHB

nOTOJlKOB.

TaKoe

CTpeMJJ~HHe

ynpocTHTb

H

y.u.emeBHTb

oT)J.eJIOlIHhIe

pa60ThI

B

pac

~

~;

B

IhHHe

3H!JlH

H

pe3HoH

rHJlC. B

cpe

Il

HeH

qacni

lOll(:

'f.OK

nOJlOBHHbI

narpHapwHx

,·aJlaT

6b1J1H

HaHlleHbI

KyCKH

.

K0J)9~

KO"

JI

rHnCOBOH

iipKH

C

HapHJlHOH

p.

e3bOoH.

BepOllTHO

OT

MUX--

.pa6a,

KOTOPblA

obln

'ycrpoeH B

J(',)ICHOH

.llBepH

aOCJ1e

lIepeooopy-

"OBaHHH

3J{aH

IH

8

Mel4eTb

npH

MYCYJ1bM3aCKHI

npallHTe.llHX.

'CMaT'PHsaeMoe

' '

BpeMH

HaO~IO.u.8eTCSl

BO

BCeX

OTpa-

eJlHX

xy

1l.0IKeCTBeHHOrO

,

npOH3BOllCTB8:

Ha~OPbI

'

HI.

,

4mrYPHblX

KaMHei% H

H3pa3UOB

3aWeHSlIOTCSI

HX

HII(8-

TaUHHMH

Ha

QOJIblllRX

nJIHTaX,

pe3b6a

no

rJIKHe

yCTY

naeT

'MeCTO

Q'JopMOBKe,

C

M03aHKoA,

CO'CTaBJleK-

HOH

H3

MeJIbQaMllIHX

9JIeMeHTOB

38MblCJIOBaTOro

,

y30pa,

BbHIHJIeHHblX

83

pa3HOII.BeTHblX

fJIa3ypOBaH-

HblX

Q'JClSlHCOBblX

nJIHTOI{,

HatIHHaeT

KOHKYPHpOB"lTh

pocnHCHOH

H3pa3eu.

(CM.

H.

A.

Op6eJIH,

MYCYJJh-

'

,faHCI<He

H3pa3Ubl).

Ycnexy

HOBHHKH

co.u.eHCTBOBan

11

no.u.6op

.u.eKopaTHBHblX

CIO>KerOB,

nOKa3bIBalOmHit

,

HaCKOJIbKO

BHHMaTeJ1bHO

OTHOCHJIOCb npOH3Bo.u.CTBO

I{

3anporaM

nOTpe6HTeJIH,

.u.aBaSl

eMY

caMblH

MOD.

KblA

;

TOBap

••

3BepHHblH

rOH",

ceJIb.u./KYKCKaSl

uenb,

.n.eK-O

'-

~

paTHBHaSl

H3.u.nHCb,

KPblJI3TblH

CCPHHKC-Bce

9TO

,

'BCTpeqaJIOCb

Ha

Ka/K;J;OM

Illary,

HatIHH3H

C

o6m

'

ecT-

'

BeHHblX

nocTpoeK

H

KOHtIaH

J(oMalllHeH

YTBapblO.

"

He

CJIyqaHHO

n09TOMY

HX

npHcYTcTBHe

H

Ha

.u.BHH-

'CKOH ,

HHUle-3Toro

Tpe60BaJI

.XOPOllIHA:

TOH

"8

',

JJ.OMe.

BJIa.u.elIeu,

He

OCT3BHJI

Hi.LlnHCeA

Ha

CTeH3X

:'UO.Ll.06HO

uapOHY

CaXMallHHY,-OHeM

He

ynoMHHalOT

·

HCTOpHKH,

HO

pa3BaJJHHbI

ero

>KHJIHIII.3, JI,alOT

HaM

OCHOBaHHe

BbICK~3aTb{:006palKeHHR

0

TOM,

Kor1l3

OH

~

H<HJI

H K

K~KOMY

COCJIOBHIO

npHHaJI,JIeil<aJI.

BpeMSI

npaB-

..

'1eHHH

3axapHH

H

HBaHe

'

1l0JIropYKHx

OTMeqeHO

B03SeJI,eHHeM

B

AHH

pSI.LT.a

npeBOCXO.llHblX

.

CBeTCKHX

3JI,aHHH.

HeH3BeCTHbIH

no

HMeRM

napOH,

CapKHC,

B03-

MO>KHO

apXHeUHCKon

'

aHHHCKHH

Ca(}KHC

I

(1209-

.

.1211),

60raTblff

Kyneu,

<pHHaHoHcT,

a

MOlKeT

6J,1T'h

HnpocTO

POCTOBIII.HK,

nocTpoHBIllHA

HapH.LlHYIO

ro-

~TRHHU.Y,

06pam3-IOTCH

K

nepB'OKJIaCCHbI

'M

M3cTepaM,

~OT

OPble

,

He

CJle.n.YlOTKaKOMY-JlH60

ma6J10HY,

a

p.a-

.'

803.

I

(

Jilt

B

pe3b6e

Ha

KaMeHHblX

cl>HrYPJlb1X

06JIHUOBKax

CTapaIOTC5I

He

nOBTOpQTbCH.

5ICHO,

tITO

nOJIrOPYKHe

,.

HM~BIlIHe

3HatIHTelIb

HO

60JIbIlIHe

B03MOiKHOCTH,

lJ~M

Ha3BaHHhle

rOpO>KaHe,

He

nOUIJIH

6hI

B

JIaBKY

pe

~

MeCJteHHHKa

nOKynaTb

CTUHllapTHYro

rHn<.:OBYro

OT

~

neJIKY

,nJI5I

CBOHX

naJlaT

B

aHHHCKOM

BbIIlIrOp0ll.e

:

HaAn.eHHbte

3,neCb

06.'JOMKH

C

JIHTbIM

H306pajKeHHe~

,,3BepHHoro

rOHa-,

MOiKeT

6hlTb

TOiKe

H3

06paMJle-

HBH

HHllIH

B

ceBepO-BOCTOlJHOM

3aJle,

HaJ(O OTHeCTR

KO

BpeMe

'HH

HX

npeeMHHKOB,

Ha

BTOpyIO

nOJIOBHHY

l'pHHallUaTOrO

HJIH

Ha

tIeTlllpHa.lluaTbJH

BeK,

Kor,na

,

no

HaIlIe

My

MHeHHIO,

iKHJI B

BJIa.lleJIen

llBHHCKOro

,nOMa.

TaKOH

.u.a

TJ-JpOBKe

He

npOTHBOpeqHT

H

xapaK

~

Tep

y6paHcTBa

HHIlIH.

CTpaHlIOe

Ha

nepBhlH

B3rJl5l,ll

COCe,lJ;CTBO

lleKOpaTHBHofi

apa6CKOH

HaJlnHCH

C

Kphl

:-

JlaThlM

CcI>HHKCOM,

HaIlIe)l.IlIHM

CBoe

MeCTO

He

TOJIbKO

B

y6paHcTBe

H

yTBapH

iKHJIbH,

HO H

Ha

CTeHax

nepKBeA

H

CTpaHHnax

,npeBHHX

PYKonHCHbIX

eBaH-

rP-JIHA,

c'taHCQHTCH

BnOJlHe

nOHHTHhJM,

eCJIH

BcnOM-

HHTb

n

pHBelleHHOe

MHeHHe

H.

5L

Mappa

:

06

ap-

MHHCKOH

3HaTH

MOHrOJIbCKOrO

apeMeHH.

BJIa.lleJleu

J1.BHHCKOro

nOMa

He

6hIJI

HH

KynuoM,

HH

peMeCJIeH-

HHKOM,

pa3

OH

iK

"HJI

nOJ(

IJ,HTalleJIbIO

B

OrpaiKJleHHOA

CTeHaMH

IJ,eHTpaJIbHOH

qaCTH

ropO.Zla,

r.u.e

MOrJIH

6h1Tb

cocpe.u.OTOlJeHhJ

aAMHHHCTpaTHBHbte

ytIpe>K.ZI.eHHH.

OH

BepOHTHO

B

HHX

CJIYIKHJI,

HBJllHICb

tIHHOBHHKOM

MOH-

rOJlbCKHX

xaHOB

"

3HalJHTeJIbHO

"

MeHhIlIero

paHra

If

.llOCTaTKa,

qeM,

m:lllpHMe;:>,

napOH

CaXMallHH,

HMeB"

WHB

" "

C06CTBeHHYIO

pe3H.u.eHD.HIO B

KynJIeHHOM

JUrf

.,napCTBeHHOM"

MeCTe-MpeHe.

JlJl;J

TaI<OrO-TO

no~

Tpe6HTeJlH

H 6bJJI

H3rOTOBJIeH

060POTHCTbUIH

npeA"

opHHHMaTeJUIMH

cBoeo6pa3HblA

'

lCOHueHTpaT

H3

XOA-

104,

/

KHX

CIO)KeTOB,

BlIJlOTb

,ZJ.O

,ZJ.eKOpaTJiBHOH H

MO)KeT

6bJTb

HeIIOHHTHOH

eMY

Ha,ZJ.IIHCH.

3HalleHHe

paCKorrOK

Ha

ceBepHOM

CKJIOHe

r

JIaB-

Horo

,llBHHCKOro

XOJIMa

,llJIH

HCTOPHH

1I.BHHa

BeCbMa

,

aeJIHKO;

rro.'IY4eHHhIe

pe3YJIbTaThI

HaHOC:HT

y.u.ap

TeopHH,

OCHOBaHHOH

Ha

OTCYTCTBHH

CBH,ZJ.eTeJIbCTE\

HCTOPHKO

B,

lJTO ropo,ZJ.,

OCTaBJICHHblH

)J(HTeJIHMH,

Y)Ke

B

Ha

4aJIe

XIII

B.

rrpe6hIBaJI

B

pa3BaJIHHaX

H

3arrYCTeHJiH.

Ha

caMOM

,ZJ.eJIe

3,ZJ.eCf?

H B

Xlii-XlV

BB

:

JIIO,ZJ.H

~~e

CTPOHJIHCh,

YKpallIaH

.iKHJIH~a

B

coot-

BeTCTBHH

C

BKycaMH

CBoero

BpeMeHH.

,UBHHCKHH

YPOK

lIOJIe3HO

3arrOMHHTb

BceM,

KTO

npH3HaeT

JIHllIb

lIHcaHYIO

,HCTOPHEO

H:

HrHopHpyeT

Be~eCTBeHHbIe

naMHTHHKH

lIO

He3HaHHlO

HJIH,

lITO

e~e

xy)Ke,

co-

3HaTeJIbHO.

npHBe.u.eHHbIe

npIlMephI

nOKa3hIBaIOT,

lITO

B

paCCMaTpHBaeMoe

BpeMH

pe3HOH

opHaMeHT

Hrpae-r

nepBOCTerreHHYIO

pOJIb

B

y6paHcTBe

tllaca,ZJ.OB.

CTPO-

rHe

y30phI

,ZJ.0-apa6CKoro

Ji

6arpaTH,llCKOrO

BpeMeHH

~MeHHIOTCH

Terreph

CJIO)KHhIM

lIJIeTeHHeM,

lIbIIIIHhIMH

paCTHTeJIbHhIMH

ClO)KeTaMH

H

,ZJ.eKopaTHBHhIMH

H30~

~pa)KeHHHMH

)KHBOTHhIX

.H

lITHII.,

lIo.n.4ac

B

tllaHTa-

CTH4eCKOH

TpaKTOBKe.

B

06JIHII.OB04HhIX

Ha60pax

113

<pHrYPHhIx

KaMHeH

H

HX

·

HMHTaII.HHX

lIOJIe

Ka)K,ZJ.oro

SJIeMeHTa

3arrOJIH5IeTCH

CJIO)KHhIMH

reOMeTpHtIeCKHMH

qmrypaMH,

ClIJIeTeHHblMH

H3,ZJ.Byxpy64aToH

JIeHThI

H

pa3JlH4HhlMH

KOM6HHaII.H5IMH

H3

lIo6erOB,

JIHCTbeB

~

~UBeToB".

B

opHaMeHTHpOBaHHhIX

nOJIocax,

06pa\l-

)

JI5IIO~HX

nOpTaJIhI

H

OKOHHhIe

H'

.n.BepHhle

lIpoeMhI,

TaK)Ke

BHJI.HM

rrJIeTeHHe

H

paCTJiTeJlbHbJe

"OTHBbI~

npOCTOH

H

HCHhIH

reoMeTpH4ecKHH

.

0pHaMeHT,

KOTO-

1138-20

phlii

YKpaIllaeT,

HanpHMep)

,lI.Sepb

S

rerap.LI.cKoA

II.epK-

BH,

n03,lI.Hee,

nOCJle

nOHBJleHHH

MOHrOJlOB,

3aMeTHO

MeHHeT

CBOIO

CTPYKTyPY;

OH YCJlO>KH51eTCSJ,

CTaHO-

BHTCH

MeJIb1Je H

3aMhICJlOBaTee,

-

erq

3J1eMeHTbI

KOHII.eHTplfqHO

paCXO.LI.51TC5I

OT CJle.LI.YIOIII.HX OJlHH

3a

.LI.pyrHM

II.eHTpOB(rrO,lI.qepKHYTWX

HHOr.LI.a

BnyroB-

I<aMH")

H,

neperIJIeTaHCb

Me)l{.LI.Y

c060ii,

06pa3YIOT

CnJlOIllHOe

KpY}KeBO

peab6bI

TPY

JlHO

1JHTaeMOrO

PH-

tYHKa.

TaKOBbI,

HanpHMep,

06paMJI~HH5I

BXO.LI.OB

Ka-

·

paSaHCapaSl

B

30pe

H

npHTBOpa

B TaM.LI.)l{HPJlY

(AnapaHCKHH

paHOH),

r.a;~

MaCTepa

pa3SHJlH

JleneCTKO-

BhIH

3Be~.LI.qaTblH

MOTHR,

nOKpblaalOIII.HH

CTBOPKH

,lI.BepH

H3

MYIlla

(Ta6J1.

94),

CTaphIM

CIO>KeTaM

Bpe-

MeHlI

'uOJlropYKlfx

npHXOJlHTC5I

BH,lI.HMO HHOr,lI.a

yc-

TyrraTb

MeCTO

HOBblM,

HMrropTHblM,

3aHeCeHHI::lM

C

,lI.8J1eKOrO

IOra

rrocJle

nOXO.LI.0B

TYJla

MOHfOJIOB,

B3HB-

IllHX

B

1258

r.

Bar

.rr.a,lI..

OCHoBa

CPOPMbI r

JlaBHeHIIIHX

3J1eMeHTOB

pacTH-

TeJlbHOrO

opHaMeHTa-JlHCTbeB

H YCJlOBHO

npopHco-

BaHHI::lX

II.BeT0B

nOCT05lHHa,

1JTO

He

MeUlaeT,

O.LI.HaKO,

MaCTepaM

pa3pa6aTblBaTb

y30p

no-pa3HoMY,

B

3aBH-

CHMOCTH

OT

TorO,KaKHe

apXHTeKTypHhIe

,lI.eTaJlH OH

aanOJIH5IeT.

B rrO.lI.00HOM

opHaMeHTe

no6erH

1JaCTO

06pa3yIOT

HeCKOJlbKO

nepenJleTaIOIII.HXCH

CHCTeM.

O,lI.HH01JHble

Y,lI.JIHHeHHble JlHCTbSI

nJlaBHO

pa3BOpaQH-

BaIOTCH

H3

cTe6JIeA-,

neperrJIeTaIOTCH

C

HRMH

H

3a-

KaHtIHBaIOTCH

3aBHTKaMlf;

OHH

yIIlHpeHbI

y

OCHOBa-

HHH

H

1JaCTO

HMeIOT

py6QaTOe

cTpoeHHe.

Ha

KOHII.;X

CrrHpaJleH

pacrrycKaIOTcH

"II.ReTbI"

pa3J1H1JHOrO

BH.rr.a,-

JIH60

cHMMeTpH1JHhIe

C

He66JIbllIHM

Cpe,lI.HHM

JIeneCT-

i<OM,

JIH60

H30rHYTble

B

COOTBeTCTSHH

C

HarrpaBJle-

HHeM

no6era,

3a

KOTOPhIM

CJle,lI.yeT Y.LlJlHlIeBJ,lhIA

'

306

/

<:pe)l.HH~

JIerreCTOK,

o6pa3yroIUH~

Ha

KOHlI.e

3aBHTOI<.

·

Pa3pa6oTaHHbI~

rr6

TaI<O~

cxeMe

opHaMeHT

BH)I.HM B

HatIaJIe

XIII

B.,

HanpHMep,

Ha

CrrJIOmb

rrOKPbITO~

~e3b6o~

CTeHI<e

aJITapHOro

B03BbImeHMH

B

ApHtIe

(TaOJI.

82, H B

aHTpBOJIbTaX

aHH~CI<ori

uepI<BM

Tlfr-

paHa

OHeHlI.a,

r)I.e

OH .

<PHrypHpyeT

H KaI<

caMOCTO-

'5ITeJIbHbI~

cro>KeT

H

KaK

<pOH,

Ha

I<OTOPOM

pacrrOJIa-

raroTcH

BbIpe3aHHhIe

60JIee

BblCOKHM

peJIbe<pOM

<pH-

tYPbI

>KHBOTHbIX

M

rrTIlI.

(Ta6JI.

77).

B

Hop-feTHKe

y30p

JIMmeH

JIHCTBbI M

06pa30BaH

CJIO>KHbIM

Crr.{leTe-

HaeM

-

rro6erOB,

B

3aBMTKax

KOTOPbIX

pa36pocaHbI

D.BeTbI

(Ta6JI.

83). B

MaKapaBaHKe

tXII1

B.)

Ha

aJI-

TapHOM

B03BblmeHMli

opHaMeHT,

Hao6opOT,

rrbImeH

H

pa3Hoo6pa3eH

(Ta6iI.

81).

3)I.eCb

BCSI

IIPpe)I.HSlSl

CTeHKa

B03BbllueHMH

3aIIOJIHeHa

)I.ByMH

pH)I.aMH

Me-

)l.aJIhOHOB

B BM)I.e

BOCbMlfKOHetIHbIX

3Be3)I.,

Me>K)l.Y

KOTOPblMH

paCIIOJIaralOTCSI

YKpameHHble

CJIOiKHblMH

.

p03eTKaMH

BocbMMyrOJIbHMI<M

H

rJIa)I.KHe

pOM6b1.

Me-

·

.u.aJIbOHbl

OKa~MJIeHbI

CMJIbHO

BblcTyrraroIUMMH

rrOJIoq-

l<aMH

M BaJIHI<aMM, B

KOHTYP

I<OTOPblX

MaCTepCI<H

BIIHcaHbI

pe3HhIe

H306pa>KeHHSI

CHPMHOB, C<pHHKCOB,

llTHU,

Pbl6

M .rr.a>Ke

cueHa

HOHbI

C

KHTOM.

TaM

)Ke,

f')I.e

HX

3aIIOJIH51roT

paCTHTeJIbHble

MOTMBbI.

JIHCTbH

H

lI.BeTbl

o6pa3yroT

Hap51)I.HhIe

6YKeTbl,

B

KOTOPbIX

cTe6·

JlH

H

BeTBH

HMeroT

BTopOCTerreHHoe

3HaqeHHe.

<PaHTaCTHQeCI<He

qmrYPbl

CHPHHOB

H C<pMHKCOB

C

>KeHCKOii

rOJIOBO~

B

KopOHe

MJIH

HHOM

y6ope,

a

HHor~a

H

6e3

Hero,

MO)KBO

BCTpeTHTb

BCroJlY;

OHM

YKpamaroT

CTeHbl

rrOCTpoeK,

60raTYro

YTBapb,

ueH-

HeiimHe

PYKOIIHCH

apMHHCI<MX

MOHaCTblpeii.

11

Be3-

-

.

.lle

OHH

TpaKTYIOTCH

O)I.HHaKoBo.

Pa3Be

He

npOHBJISI-

roT

6JIii3KOrO

CXO)I.CTBa

H306pa)KeHH51

CHPHHOB

B

307

I

aHTpBOJIbTaX

uepKBH

THrpaHa

OHeHua

H

Ha

qaIIIe

H3

BHJIbrOpTa

(Ta6JI.

80) H

pa3Be

He

nOXO)KH

.n.pyr

Ha

.n.pyra

qmryphI

CCPHHKCOB

B

HopaBaHKe

H .Il.BHHe

(Ta6JI.

79),

Ha

06JIOMKe

BOCTOt{Horo

cepe6pHHoro

COCy.n.8,

HaH.n.eHHoro

Ha

ceBepHOM

YpaJIe

(Ta6JI.

78),

H B

MHHHaTlOpax

pYKonHceH

BaHCKOH

IIIKOJIhI

XIV

B.

Oco6oe

nOCTOHHCTBO

npOHBJIHIOT

Xy.n.O)KHBKH B

Ha

:

qep,TaHHH

KphIJIa,

BbJpaCTalOur.ero

HaJ{

JIOnaTKOH,

06H3aTeJIBHO

OXBaqeHHOH

xapaKTepHoA

"IIIrIopoA

G

c

3aBHTKOM,

KOTOPYIO

MbI

BH,lI.HM

eur.e

Ha

cepe6pHHbIX

.

H3.ll.eJIHHX CaCaHH.LJ.CKOro

BpeMeHH

B

H306pa>KeHHHX

cpaHTaCTHqeCKOH

C06aKH-rITHUbI.

CTOJIb

JKe nOCTO-

HHHbI

OHH H B

pa3pa6oTKe

paCTHTeJlbHOrO

4>oHa,

Ha

KOTOPOM

pacnOJIaraIOTCH

cpHrYPbI;

.n.OCTaTOqHO

cpaB-

·

HHTb

Me)K.n.y

C060H

cpparMeHTbI

H3

HopaBaHKa

H

,UBHHa

H

qeKaHHhIe

3BeHbH

BHJIbrOpTCKOH

qaIIIH,

~

qTO·

6h1

y6e~HTbCH

B

6JIHJKaHllIeM

CXOll.CTBe

pHcyHKa

JIB-

CTbeB

H

"UBeTOB",

O.LJ.eBalOur.HX

no6erH.

CCPHHKCOB

HeT

Ha

3TOH

qaIIIe,-HX

3aMeHHIOT

napHbIe

rpHcpOHbI;

HeT

BX

H

Ha

aHBHCKHX

uepKBax

HaqaJIa

XIII

B.

(THr-

paHa

OHeHua,

5aXTareKli

H .n.p.).

BepOHTHO

OHH K

3TOMY

BpeMeHH

eur.e

He

nOJIY4HJIH

TaKoro

pacnp

0-

CTpaHeHHH,

KaK

CHpliHbI,

TaK

KaK

HHatIe

eJ(Ba

JIH

Ma-

CTepa

y.n.eP)K3JJHCb

6bI

OT

C06JIa3Ha

yKpacHTb

BMB

CTeHbI

Uep

·

KBH

H

.n.paro~eHHoe

cepe6pHHoe

H3,l1.eJlHe.

A BOT B

XIV

B.

B

6oraTo

y6paHHoH

uepKBH

50ro-

PO,llHUbI B

HopaBalIKe,

r.n.e

Ha

cpaca,ll.ax,

KaK

B

aHHH-

CKBX

uepKBax,

npHMeHeHbI

.n.eKopaTHlJHble

KOJIOHKIt

B

apOqKH.

aTM

KpbI)JaTble

cpHrYPbl

3anOJIHHlOT

He-

CKOJIbKO

aHTpBOJIbTOB,

YKa3l:iBaSl

Ha

BpeMH,

K KOTO-

pOMy

OHH BOIIIJJH B

TBOpqeCKHH

06HXO,ll.·

uaCTepOB.

Oco60

TOHKaH,

a)KypHaH

pe3b6a

HaWJla

CB

oe

MeCTO

Ha

KpeCTHhIX

KaMHHX-XaqKapax.

3TH

opHa

..

MeHTHpOBaHHble

KaMeHHble

nJIHThI

C

06H3aTeJIbHhlM

H306paIKeHHeM

KpeCTa

JIH60

YCTaHaBJIHBaJIHCb

Bep-

THKaJIbHO

Ha

nOCTaMeHTe,

JIH60

aa.u.eJIblSaJIHCb S

'

CTeHY

nocTpoflKH;

HHOr)la

)lJIH

HHX

YCTpaHSaJIH

06-

paMJIeHHe

B BH,ll;e

HHIIIH

C

IJ.HPKYJIbHhlM

BepxoM

H

.u.sycKaTHoH

KpOBJIeH

t

OCHOBaHHOH

TaKIKe

Ha

BhICO-

KOM

nbe,ll;eCTaJIe.

Hx

coopYIKaJIH

no

pa3HhIM

nOBO-

,llaM.

MbI

YIKe

yrroMHHaJIH

.u.sa

KpeCTHblX

KaMHH

t

Haxo.u.HI1T.HXCH B

CaHaHHe

H

AxnaTe.

nepBblH

6hIJI

nOCTaBJIeH

B 1205

r.

no

CJIYtIaIO

nocTpoHKIi

.

MOHa-

CTblPCKOM

rOCTHHIiII.bI,

BTOPOM

B03)lBMrHYT

B 1273 r.

napoHY

Ca.ll.YHY

B

.)lOJIrO)leHCTBHe

(I, ell1.e

npIi

IKHa'-

"

HH.

B 1200

r.

3axapHH

,llOJIropYKHfi.

03HaMeHOBaJI

coopy~eHHeM

KpecTHoro

KaMH5l

C

cooTBeTcTBYIOll1.eH

Ha)lrIHCblO

oCB060IK)leHHe

AH6ep.rr.a

OT

liH03eMueB.

-

CTaBHJIIi

HX

TaKIKe

Y

,ll;opor

H MOCTOB.

4all1.e

;Ke

Bcero

KpecTHble

KaMHIi

5IBJIHIOTCH

Ha,ll;rp06HblMIi

naM5ITHijKaMH,

. CMeHJ.iBIIIHMH

)lpeBHHe

CTeJIhI.

Ha

paHHHx

06pa3QaX

(O,lI.HH

Ii~

,ll;peBHe»IIIHx

XaqKapOB

orpoMHbIX

pa3MepoB

C

apXaOqeCKOM

opHa~eHToM

H

)laToH

952

r.

6hIJI

06HapYIKeH

H.

51.

Ma

"

ppoM

B

HOSOM

tIaCTH

AHIi)

pp.3b6a

6bIJIa

BeCbMa

npoc'ia

' R

OrpaHHtIHBaJIaCb

no

npeHMymecTBY

H306paIK

'

eHIieM

KpecTa,

YKpaIlleHHoro

Y OCHOBaHH5I

KpynHbIMIi

naJIb-

MeT3MIi.

B

paccMaTpHRaeMoe

IKe

BpeM5I

HeIicTOJlI.H-

MaH

cpaHTa3IiH,

6JIeCTHll1.a5I

TeXHIiKa

Ii

ynopHblH

TPY,t(

apMHHcKIiX

MacTepOB

oc06eHHO

5IpKO "

npOHBJIHIOT

'C"

fi

Ha

6eCtIHCJI~HHhIX

'

KpeCTHblx

KaMHHX,

KOTophIe

Mail{';

HO

BCTpeTHTb

BO

Bcex

KOHqax

apMHHCKOH

"

3eMJlH;

Tenepb

Bce

nOJIe

n

..

'lHTbI

CnJIOIlIb

nOKpbIBaeTCH

TOH:

qafiIIlHM

KpYIKeBOM

pe3h

'

6bI,

tIaCTO

B

neCKOJIbKIiX

'

309

nJlOCKOCTSIX,

KaK

STO C)l.eJJaHO,

HanpHMep,

B

Hop-

reTHKe,

r

~e

OOJJee

BbICOKHM

peJIbe<i>oM

BhIpe3aHbI

KpecT,

60JIbIlIaH

p03eTKa

no~

HHM H

3Be3~tIaTaSl

KaAMa

no

60KaM

(Ta6JI.

84).

Bepx

KaMHH

3aII.{H-

m.aeTC5I -oT

CTeKalOII.{eit

BO,lJ.hI

CHJIbHO

BblrHYThIM

Bnepe,L{

pe3HbIM

KapHH30M.

OT

pe3tIHKOB

no

KaMHIO

He

OTCTalOT

B

TBOP-

qecKoA

BhI,L{YMKe H

COBepIIIeHCTBe

HCnOJIHeHHH

Ma-

CTepa,

nOKpbIBalOIII.He

CBOHMR

Y30paMH

JI.epeBHHHble

qaCTH

nOCTpoeK.

CTBOPKH

.llBepH

H3

MYIlIa

(XIII

B.)

YKpaIlleHhI

npeBOCXO.llHhIM

3Be3,lJ.tIaTblM

opHaMeHTOM,

a

Ha

HaJIHtIHHKe

oc060e

BHHMaHHe

npHBJIeKalOT

Ma-

cTepcKH

BnJIeTeHhIe

B

BOJIH006pa3HYIO

BeTBb

<pH-

ryphI

6erYII.{HX

.lI.pyr

3a

,lJ.pyroM

>KH

'

BOTHblX

(Ta6JI.

94).

CeBaHcKaSI

,L{Bepb 1176

r.,

CIIJIOWb

nOKpuTas

HCKYCHOA

pe3b60it

C

60JIbIlIHM

KpecToM

~

IJ.eHTpe,

no

KOMn03HtJ.HH

HanOMHHaeT

JIyqIllHe

06pa3IJ.hI

Kpe-

CTHblX

KaMHeH

•

.D.eyxama3ICHble

l4ePH8U

8 Hopa8aHHe u EZ8apme. BoiiC1(o-

(JaR

qeDHosb

(J

AAaR3e.

KOAOKO.4bHU.

r

OnpaBHBlUHCb

OT

pa3pYXH

H 3aCTOSI,

HeHS6elK-

HhIX

B rO.ll.hI

KpOBOnpOJIHTHhIX

6HTB

C

TaKHM

CHJIb-

HhlM

H >KeCTOKHM

npOTHBHHKOM,

KaK

MOHrOJIbI,

H

HpHCnOc06HBillHCb

K

HOBblM

YCJIOBHHM,

CTpaHa

Ha-

wJla

B

ce6e

CHJIhI

,L{JIH

npO,L{OJI>KeHHSI

cTpOHTeJI

'

bCTBa,

n,epBaHHoro

HX

BToplKeHHeM.

TBOptIeCKHA

orOHb

apMHHcKHX

30.ll.tIHX .

BlIOBb

BcnhIxHYJI

B

3HaKOMblX

Y>Ke

HaM

..

npeBOCXO,lJ.HO

pa3pa60TaHHblX

npHTBopax,

~OTOPble

nOBClO.llY CTaJIH

npllCTpaHBaTbCH

K

nepK-

BaM.

B

OTHOIlleHHH

caMHX

uepKBeA

30.llQRe

no-

npe>KHeMY

HaXO,lJ.SITCSI

B

THCKax

KaKorO-TO

KaHoHa,-

310

Токарский Н.М. Архитектура древней Армении

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.