Takhtajan Armen. Flowering Plants

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Synopsis xlv

Family 1. Taccaceae

2. Stenomeridaceae

3. Dioscoreaceae

4. Trichopodaceae

Subclass III. Arecidae

SUPERORDER ARECANAE

Order 22. Arecales

Family 1. Arecaceae

Subclass IV. Commelinidae

SUPERORDER BROMELIANAE

Order 23. Bromeliales

Family 1. Bromeliaceae

SUPERORDER ZINGIBERANAE

Order 24. Zingiberales (Cannales)

Family 1. Strelitziaceae

2. Lowiaceae

3. Musaceae

4. Heliconiaceae

5. Zingiberaceae

6. Costaceae

7. Cannaceae

8. Marantaceae

SUPERORDER COMMELINANAE

Order 25. Commelinales

Family 1. Hanguanaceae

2. Commelinaceae

3. Philydraceae

4. Pontederiaceae

5. Haemodoraceae

Order 26. Xyridales

Family 1. Mayacaceae

2. Xyridaceae

3. Rapateaceae

4. Eriocaulaceae

5. Hydatellaceae

Order 27. Dasypogonales

Family 1. Baxteriaceae

2. Lomandraceae

3. Dasypogonaceae

4. Calectasiaceae

SUPERORDER JUNCANAE

Order 28. Juncales

Family 1. Thurniaceae

2. Juncaceae

3. Cyperaceae

SUPERORDER POANAE

Order 29. Typhales

Family 1. Sparganiaceae

2. Typhaceae

Order 30. Restionales

Family 1. Flagellariaceae

2. Joinvilleaceae

3. Restionaceae

4. Anarthriaceae

5. Ecdeiocoleaceae

6. Centrolepidaceae

Order 31. Poales

Family 1. Poaceae

A. Takhtajan, Flowering Plants, 1

The characteristic features of the phylum (division) of

Magnoliophyta are: (1) ovules are enclosed in a more

or less completely closed cavity formed by one or by

several to many separate or united carpels; (2) pollen

grains are deposited not directly on the micropyle of

the ovule but on the stigmatic surface, which is capable

not only of receiving the pollen but also of assisting in

the development of the pollen tube (initially the stig-

matic surface stretches along more or less free carpel-

lary margins, but in the majority of ﬂ owering plants it

is localized and forms a specialized stigma); (3) both

male and female gametophytes are devoid of gametan-

gia (antheridia and archegonia) and are extremely sim-

pliﬁ ed and specialized; (4) triple fusion: one of the two

male gametes fuses with the egg cell (syngamy), and

the other with two free or already fused polar nuclei of

the central cell of the female gametophyte; as a result

of triple fusion a diploid zygote and a triploid primary

nucleus of the endosperm are formed; although in the

Podostemaceae and Orchidaceae the endosperm fails

to develop or degenerates early in ontogeny, the triple

fusion is a characteristic feature of magnoliophytes,

sharply distinguishing them from all other plants; (5)

sieve elements with companion cells.

The ﬂ owering plants, also known as the angiosperms,

constitute the largest and most conspicuous group of

modern plants. They predominate in number of spe-

cies and number individuals, and constitute the domi-

nant vegetation of the Earth’s surface today. Flowering

plants inhabit the most diversiﬁ ed environments and

may be found wherever higher plants can survive.

They have evolved a remarkable variety of life forms,

a much greater variety than is to be found in the other

phyla of the plant kingdom. They range in life span

from a few weeks to several thousand years.

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A. Takhtajan, Flowering Plants, 7

Embryo usually with two cotyledons, sometimes one,

rarely with three or four. Cotyledons commonly with

three vascular bundles. Leaves mostly petioled.

Venation typically reticulate, either pinnate or palmate,

and mostly not closed (with free vein endings). Leaf

traces 1–3, seldom more. Prophylls and bracteoles

are usually paired. Plumule terminal. Vascular bundles

usually arranged in a ring, seldom in two or more rings

or scattered. The root system mostly that of a tap root

from which side branches arise. The root cap and

epidermis mostly of a common ontogenetical origin.

Plants woody or herbaceous, frequently secondarily

arborescent. Epicuticular wax ultrastructure mostly of

Aristolochia-type, but in Winteraceae and Canellaceae

they are of Berberis-type. Plastids of the sieve ele-

ments of S-type or less often of P-type. Flowers mostly

5- or (less frequently) 4-merous and only in some

mainly archaic groups 3-merous. Floral nectaries of

various types but never septal or nectaries absent.

Pollen grains typically triaperturate or of triap- erturate-

derived type, except in some archaic families, where

they are distally uniaperturate or rarely biaperturate.

The class Magnoliopsida includes 8 subclasses,

125 orders, c. 440 families, almost 10,500 genera, and

no less than 195,000 species.

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sperms. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 90: 129–150.

Dicotyledonous Family of Incertae Position 9

Dicotyledonous Family of Incertae

Position

1. HAPTANTHACEAE

C. Nelson 2002. (Isonym: Haptanthaceae Shipunov in

Zhurn. Obshchei Biol. 64: 504. 2003, validated by a

diagnosis in Latin). 1/1. Honduras (from 5 km south-

east of Mataras, Alantida).

Evergreen glabrous tree. Vessels with scalariform

perforations or scalariform and reticulate; scalariform

perforations with 30–35 bars. Axial parenchyma

apotracheal; wood rays uniseriate and heterocellular.

Tracheids with circular pits; ﬁ bers storied. Leaves

opposite, estipulate. Flowers in axillary cymose, uni-

sexual (plant monoecious), 2-merous. Male ﬂ owers:

petal absent, stamen inserted at different levels on

androphore; each stamen with minute bracteole; ﬁ la-

ments ﬂ attened; anthers 2-locular, basiﬁ xed. Pollen

grains small, tricolpate and reticulate. Female ﬂ owers:

petals ? four, staminodes absent. Gynoecium of three

carpels, stipitate; styles three, thick, linear, arched,

united at the base; ovary superior, unilacunar, with

three parietal placentas, each with 8–15 two-ranked

ovules; ovules bitegmic; placentas and ovary wall

deeply intruded into the locule for part of the ovary.

Fruit unknown, perhaps a berry.

Haptanthus

Bibliography

Doust AN and PF Stevens. 2005. A reinterpretation of the stami-

nate ﬂ owers of Haptanthus. Syst. Bot. 30: 779–785.

Goldberg A and HA Alden. 2005. Taxonomy of Haptanthus

Goldberg & C. Nelson. Syst. Bot. 30: 773–778.

Goldberg A and C Nelson. 1989. Haptanthus, a new dicotyle-

donous genus from Honduras. Syst. Bot. 14: 16–19.

Nelson CH. 2002. Haptanthaceae C. Nelson, fam. nov. Ceiba 42: 33.