Singh N. (ed.) Radioisotopes - Applications in Physical Sciences
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RADIOISOTOPES –
APPLICATIONS IN
PHYSICAL SCIENCES
Edited by Nirmal Singh
Radioisotopes – Applications in Physical Sciences
Edited by Nirmal Singh
Published by InTech
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First published October, 2011
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Radioisotopes – Applications in Physical Sciences, Edited by Nirmal Singh
p. cm.
978-953-307-510-5
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Contents
Preface IX
Part 1 Radioisotopes and
Some Physical Aspects 1
Chapter 1 Natural Occurring Radionuclide Materials 3
Raad Obid Hussain and
Hayder Hamza Hussain
Chapter 2 Research Reactor Fuel
Fabrication to Produce Radioisotopes 21
A. M. Saliba-Silva, E. F. Urano de Carvalho,
H. G. Riella and M. Durazzo
Chapter 3 Application of Enriched Stable Isotopes in
Element Uptake and Translocation in Plant 55
Shinsuke Mori, Akira Kawasaki,
Satoru Ishikawa and Tomohito Arao
Chapter 4 Diffusion Experiment in Lithium Ionic
Conductors with the Radiotracer of
8
Li 69
Sun-Chan Jeong
Chapter 5 Determination of Chemical State and
External Magnetic Field Effect on the Energy Shifts and
X-Ray Intensity Ratios of Yttrium and Its Compounds 89
Sevil Porikli and Yakup Kurucu
Chapter 6 Angular Dependence of Fluorescence X-Rays and
Alignment of Vacancy State Induced by Radioisotopes 115
İbrahim Han
Chapter 7 Determination of Actinides Using
Digital Pulse Processing Analysis 125
B. de Celis, V. del Canto, R. de la Fuente,
J.M. Lumbreras, J. Mundo and
B. de Celis Alonso
VI Contents
Chapter 8 The Newly Calculations of Production Cross
Sections for Some Positron Emitting and Single
Photon Emitting Radioisotopes in Proton Cyclotrons 141
E. Tel, M. Sahan, A. Aydin, H. Sahan, F. A.Ugur and A. Kaplan
Chapter 9 History of Applications of Radioactive Sources in
Analytical Instruments for Planetary Exploration 155
Thanasis E. Economou
Part 2 Radioisotopes in Environment 173
Chapter 10 Environmental Dosimetry –
Measurements and Calculations 175
Mats Isaksson
Chapter 11 Radiological Survey in Soil of South America 197
María Luciana Montes and Judith Desimoni
Chapter 12 Radioactivity in Marine Salts and Sediments 225
Manuel Navarrete, José Golzarri, Guillermo Espinosa,
Graciela Müller, Miguel Angel Zúñiga and Michelle Camacho
Chapter 13 Utilizing Radioisotopes for Trace
Metal Speciation Measurements in Seawater 247
P.L. Croot, M.I. Heller, C. Schlosser and K. Wuttig
Chapter 14 Cesium (
137
Cs and
133
Cs), Potassium and
Rubidium in Macromycete Fungi and Sphagnum Plants 279
Mykhailo Vinichuk, Anders Dahlberg and Klas Rosén
Chapter 15 Body Composition Analyzer Based on PGNAA Method 311
Hamed Panjeh and Reza Izadi-Najafabadi
Chapter 16 Transportation Pathway of
Potassium and Phosphorous in Grape Fruit 325
Zhenming Niu, Yi Wang, Yanqing Lu, Xuefeng Xu and Zhenhai Han
Chapter 17 Intercellular Communication in Response to
Radiation Induced Stress: Bystander Effects in Vitro
and in Vivo and Their Possible Clinical Implications 335
Maria Widel
Chapter 18 The Potential Of I-129 as an Environmental Tracer 367
Andrej Osterc and Vekoslava Stibilj
Chapter 19 Hydrodynamic Characterization of
Industrial Flotation Machines Using Radioisotopes 391
Juan Yianatos and Francisco Díaz
Contents VII
Part 3 Radioisotopes in Power System Applications 417
Chapter 20 Radioisotope Power:
A Key Technology for Deep Space Exploration 419
George R. Schmidt, Thomas J. Sutliff and Leonard A. Dudzinski
Chapter 21 Radioisotope Power Systems for Space Applications 457
Antonio Sanchez-Torres
Chapter 22 U.S. Space Radioisotope Power Systems
and Applications: Past, Present and Future 473
Robert L. Cataldo and Gary L. Bennett
Preface
Isotopes are atoms of the same element having different atomic mass because they
have a different number of neutrons in their nuclei with the identical number of
protons. Some isotopes are unstable due to a specific combination of neutrons and
protons which occurs naturally or can be artificially produced by bombarding the
target atoms with neutrons in a nuclear reactor or with charged particles in an
accelerator. These unstable nuclei attain their stability by emitting nuclear
radiations such as neutrons, alpha particles, beta (positron/electron) or gamma rays
and are termed as radioisotopes, while the term radioactivity is used to describe
these spontaneous, energy emitting, atomic transitions that involve changes in the
state of the nucleus of an atom. Radioactivity was discovered by A. H. Becquerel in
l896 when he was investigating the fluorescence of a double sulphate of uranium
and potassium, using a photographic plate. Marie Curie coined the word
radioactivitè, investigated this property in a number of minerals containing
uranium, which she found to be more active and subsequently polonium was
discovered. Readers are referred to read more in NCRP Report No.58, A Handbook
of Radioactivity Measurements and Procedures. Readers are referred to read more
in NCRP Report No.58, A Handbook of Radioactivity Measurements and
Procedures.
Radiation from radioisotopes plays a very important role in all fields, useful in our
life such as soil and earth science, radioactive dating, environment, archeology,
agriculture, biochemical analysis, radiotherapy and cancer treatment, medical
diagnosis, nuclear medicine, biological sciences, sterilization of medical products,
non-destructive elemental analysis and testing of materials, oceanography,
pharmaceutical, radioisotope power systems for space applications and many
more.
The basic aim of this book is to present a very comprehensive review. Applications of
radioisotopes have been reviewed and compiled in chapters contributed by world
known authors in their respective specialized fields of research. The book contains
three sections; Radioisotopes and some physical aspects, Radioisotopes in
environment and Radioisotopes in power system for space applications.
X Preface
In Tech Open Access Publisher has put in a lot of effort to complete the task of
publishing this book for the immense benefit of the scientific and technical
community, to discharge their social obligation and serve mankind all over the world.
With this background I acknowledge the contributions put in these volumes by my
expert colleagues and I endorse my special thanks to In Tech Open Access Publisher to
assign me the job as an editor and for giving me an opportunity to review the all
chapters published in the book.
Nirmal Singh
Emeritus Professor,
Department of Physics,
Panjab University, Chandigarh,
India