Sikalidis C. (ed.) Advances in Ceramics - Synthesis and Characterization, Processing and Specific Applications

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ADVANCES IN CERAMICS -

SYNTHESIS AND

CHARACTERIZATION,

PROCESSING AND SPECIFIC

APPLICATIONS

Edited by Costas Sikalidis

Advances in Ceramics - Synthesis and Characterization, Processing

and Specific Applications

Edited by Costas Sikalidis

Published by InTech

Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia

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First published July, 2011

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Advances in Ceramics - Synthesis and Characterization, Processing and

Specific Applications, Edited by Costas Sikalidis,

p. cm.

ISBN 978-953-307-505-1

free online editions of InTech

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Contents

Preface IX

Part 1 Synthesis and Characterization of

Advanced Ceramic Materials 1

Chapter 1 Advanced Ceramic Target Materials Produced by

Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis for

Deposition of Functional Nanostructured Coatings -

Part 1: Four Elements and Less Systems 3

Evgeny A. Levashov, Yury S. Pogozhev and Victoria V. Kurbatkina

Chapter 2 Advanced Ceramic Target Materials Produced by

Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis for

Deposition of Functional Nanostructured Coatings -

Part 2: Multicomponent Systems 41

Evgeny A. Levashov, Yury S. Pogozhev and Victoria V. Kurbatkina

Chapter 3 Combustion Synthesis of Ceramic Powders with

Controlled Grain Morphologies 49

Guanghua Liu, Jiangtao Li and Kexin Chen

Chapter 4 Molten Salt Synthesis of Ceramic Powders 75

Toshio Kimura

Chapter 5 Advanced SnO

-Based Ceramics:

Synthesis, Structure, Properties 101

Mihaiu Maria Susana, Scarlat Oana,

Zuca Stefania and Zaharescu Maria

Chapter 6 Synthesis and Thermoluminescent

Characterization of Ceramics Materials 127

Teodoro Rivera

Chapter 7 Synthesis and Characterizations of

Ba(Mg

1/3

2/3

Powder 165

Wanwilai Vittayakorn and Rachanusorn Roongtao

VI Contents

Chapter 8 SiC

/SiC Composite: Attainment Methods,

Properties and Characterization 173

Marcio Florian, Luiz Eduardo de Carvalho

and Carlos Alberto Alves Cairo

Chapter 9 Ceramic Preparation of Nanopowders and

Experimental Investigation of Its Properties 191

Sergey Bardakhanov, Vladimir Lysenko,

Andrey Nomoev and Dmitriy Trufanov

Part 2 Topics in Processing of Advanced Ceramic Materials 205

Chapter 10 Last Advances in Aqueous Processing of

Aluminium Nitride (AlN) - A Review 207

S.M. Olhero, F.L. Alves and J.M.F. Ferreira

Chapter 11 Advanced Design and Fabrication of Microwave

Components Based on Shape Optimization and 3D

Ceramic Stereolithography Process 243

N. Delhote, S. Bila, D. Baillargeat,

T Chartier and S Verdeyme

Chapter 12 Sinterability and Dielectric Properties of

ZnNb

– Glass Ceramic Composites 277

Manoj Raama Varma, C. P. Reshmi and P. Neenu Lekshmi

Chapter 13 Net-Shaping of Ceramic Components by

Using Rapid Prototyping Technologies 291

Xiaoyong Tian, Dichen Li and Jürgen G. Heinrich

Chapter 14 Optimization of Ceramics Grinding 311

Eduardo Carlos Bianchi, Paulo Roberto de Aguiar,

Anselmo Eduardo Diniz

and Rubens Chinali Canarim

Chapter 15 Reducibility of Ceria-Based Materials Exposed

to Fuels and under Fuel/Air Gradients 337

Domingo Pérez-Coll, Pedro Núñez and Jorge R. Frade

Chapter 16 Reinforcement of Austenitic Manganese

Steel with (TiMo) Carbide Particles

Previously Synthesized by SHS 363

Jose Ignacio Erausquin

Chapter 17 Surface Equilibrium Angle for Anisotropic

Grain Growth and Densification Model

in Ceramic Materials 383

Sergio Cava, Sergio M. Tebcherani, Sidnei A. Pianaro,

Elson Longo and José A. Varela

Contents VII

Chapter 18 Microstructural Evolution in α-Al

Compacts During Laser Irradiation 393

Marina Vlasova, Mykola Kakazey and

Pedro Antonio Márquez -Aguilar

Part 3 Special Topics in Advanced Ceramic Materials 421

Chapter 19 Ceramic Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 423

H. A. Taroco, J. A. F. Santos,

R. Z. Domingues and T. Matencio

Chapter 20 Laser Applications of Transparent

Polycrystalline Ceramic 447

Qihong Lou, Jun Zhou, Yuanfeng Qi and Hong Cai

Chapter 21 Co-Ionic Conduction in Protonic Ceramics

of the Solid Solution, BaCe

(x)

(y-x)

(1-y)

3-

Part I: Fabrication and Microstructure 479

W. Grover Coors

Chapter 22 Co-Ionic Conduction in Protonic Ceramics

of the Solid Solution, BaCe

(x)

(y-x)

(1-y)

3-

Part II: Co-Ionic Conduction 501

W. Grover Coors

Preface

Today’s advanced ceramics, characterized by improved and specific properties, are

studied and/or utilized in a variety of manners in most if not all the scientific and

technological research fields, thus ultimately extending an impressive and multilateral

contribution via their numerous applications in a broad spectrum of areas.

To obtain such useful materials, conventional methods have been modified and vari-

ous innovative techniques have been developed many of which over the past recent

years.

Some of the most interesting such techniques/methods include: self propagating high

temperature synthesis for functional nanostructured materials, combustion and mol-

ten salt synthesis for ceramic powders with special characteristics, partial-pressureless

sintering and freeze-casting for high strength porous ceramics as well as hot isostatic

pressing for tin oxide ceramics with specific optical and other characteristics, precipita-

tion and sol-gel techniques followed by specific thermal treatments for thermo-

luminescent ceramics, modified sintering techniques for microwave dielectric ceram-

ics, chemical vapor deposition followed by pyrolysis under nitrogen conditions, argon

and hydrogen for SiC and other types of ceramic fibers.

Since advanced ceramics demonstrate specific properties, their characterization pre-

figures the employment of a combination of well known and advanced techniques for

material characterization like XRD, TEM-SEM, AFM, TG-DTA etc., with that of specif-

ic, advanced and in often times innovative techniques e.g. thermoluminescence.

Furthermore, the demand for advanced ceramics with specific applications enforced

the in-depth investigation in addition to the improvement and the optimization of

processing techniques as well as the development of new ones. The connection of pro-

cesses to the obtained properties of the ceramics, as well as with parameters such as ef-

ficiency, cost, environmental impact and others, are taken under consideration today

much more so than in the past.

Examples of the aforementioned research philosophy in problem-solving approaches

include: The healthier and more environmentally friendly production at lower and

more competitive costs for the nitride-based ceramics by aqueous processing that

X Preface

needs to be investigated considering the susceptibility to hydrolysis of the nitride

powders, particularly in the case of aluminium nitride. The shape and size optimiza-

tion problem of ceramic components for space and terrestrial telecommunication sys-

tems, which could be tackled by applying sophisticated design methodologies and

manufacturing technologies like the 3D stereolithography based rapid prototyping

technique. The high sintering temperature problem that precludes ZnNb

-oxide ceram-

ics (used in the new era of communication technology) application potential in the

multilayer technologies (e.g. low temperature co-fired ceramics), which can be over-

come by the usage of nano-sized ZnNb-oxide powders instead of micron-size pow-

ders. The case of grinding optimization in which several aspects and parameters of the

process need to be carefully considered which include but are not limited to: the prop-

erties of grinding media and the work piece, the energy required and its transfor-

mation to heat, the temperature generated and its affection of the machined part, the

possible generation of undesired stresses. The potential of ceria-based and related ma-

terials as solid electrolytes for alternative solid oxide fuel cells, as catalysts etc, needs

to be connected to their redox behaviour and the corresponding effects imposed by

fuels and fuels conditions. The alloy reinforcement by the addition of ceramic material

to the molten metal, needs to overcome matching problems of ceramic materials and

molten metals by way of adding the ceramic particles in a complex carbide form pre-

paring a master alloy which in turn will be further used to produce composite castings

or parts composed e.g. by a matrix of austenite and discrete carbide particles. The

problems arising in certain applications of sintering, which consists the main operation

in powder technology, can be identified and described using modern techniques based

on the Atomic Force Microscopy, by determining the dihedral surface angle of defined

compacts sintered in solid-phase under certain conditions. The surface modification

and properties induced by a laser beam in pressings of ceramic powders.

Finally, research on new production technologies and on new raw materials led to the

development of many of today’s advanced ceramics with unique properties suitable

for modern applications, i.e. research on deposition technology of slurries or suspen-

sions constituted of ceramic powders, dispersants, binders, solvents and plasticizers

for the preparation of solid oxide fuel cells (environmentally friendly energy conver-

sion systems to produce electrical energy with minimal environmental impact) and of

perovskite type ceramics as cathodes, lanthanum strodiun manganites for high tem-

perature cells, zirconia and ceria based ceramics as well as lanthanum gallate as elec-

trolytes in the cells, yttria stabilized zirconia as anodes etc.; research on economical

and efficient fabrication techniques and on the properties of many ceramic materials

and components for lasers applications; research on fabrication, characterization and

modeling of protonic ceramics for applications in intermediate temperature fuel cells

and steam electrolyzers, hydrogen separation membranes, and various membrane re-

actors for chemical synthesis.

The current book contains twenty-two chapters and is divided into three sections.