Назад

  
2007
      ,   
       
   .     
 .     
 .
© INKERMAN
 .
 . . . 
  
c
299 792 458
/
 
e
-19
1,6021892 10

  
m
e
-31
9,109534 10

  
m
p
-27
1,6726485 10

  
m
n
-27
1,6749543 10

  
u
27
1 66057 10,

 
h
2
h
π
=¥
-34
6,626176 10
-34
1,054887 10


 
k
-23
1,380662 10
/
 
N
A
23
6,022045 10
-1



 
R
8,31441
 
F
4
9,648456 10
/
 
P
0
101325

 1   
V
0
22,41383
3
/
 
μ
0
-7
410
π
/
 
ε
0
-12
8,854188 10
/
22
 /
 
G
11
6 6732 10,
  
g
9,80665
2
/
  .
-   :
 L,  M,  t,  I
,  T,  n,  I;
-   :  ;
 .
  . . . . . .
 18  6  -1  -9
 15  3  -2  -12
 12  2  -3  -15
 9   1   -6  -18
.
.
. . 
l

S

x

t

v
/

a
2
/

ω
/
 
R

T

n
-1

ε
 
2
/
 .
,
S=
f
f
Jr
dS dr
dt dt
==
f
f
v ,
d
a
dt
=
f
f
v
;
 :
const
=
f
v
,
S=
f
f
vt
0
x
xt=+v
;
 :
,
a const=
f
0
at=+
ff
f
vv ,
2
0
2
at
St=+
f
f
f
v ,
2
00
2
X
X
at
xx t=+v+ ;
 .
d
dt
ϕ
ω
=
f
f
,
R
ω
⎡⎤
⎣⎦
f
f
f
v
,
[
]
a
ω
=
×
f
f
f
v
,
d
dt
ω
ε
=
f
f
,
aR
τ
ε
f
f
f
;
:
2
T
π
ω
=
,
1
T
=
n
,
R
ω
=v
,
2
2
aR
R
ω
==
v
;
:
0
t
ω
ωε
=
+
,
2
2
t
t
ε
ϕω
=+ ,
aR
τ
ε
=
,
0
at
τ
=
+vv
,
2
0
2
at
t
τ
=+lv ;
 .
, ;
n
aa a
τ
=+
ff f
2
n
aae Re
ττ
ω
=+
ff f
 .
  :  0
,
.F const==
f
f
v
  :
Fm= a
f
f
( m=const)
 :
dm
Fma
dt
=+
f
f
f
v
  :
Fdt dp
=
f
f
,
  :
12 21
FF=−
f
f
      .
FF+=
∑∑
 
ff
ma
f
 ()
1)    
2)   
3)   3  
4) )    , 

Fm=−
f
a
f
, 
a
f
-

)  

Fm=− a
f
f
)        
v

F
f
f
v

F
ω
f
f
[
]

sin22Fm
α
ω
ωαω
=
×= =
f
f
f
ff
vv v

ω
f
   :   
    ,  
  
ω
f
 :  
ω
( v),
4,   .
  :
0F
=
f
0M =
f
.
. 
F

p
 /

a
2
/

m


v
/

P
 
μ
. 
g
2
/

 
.
. 
W, E, U


A


N, P


t

J
2

 
L
2
 /
 
M

 
ω
/
 
   .
 MrF
⎡⎤
⎣⎦
ff
f
[
]
 sinLJ rp mr
α
ω
==×=
f
f
f
f
v
M
tJ L
ω
==
ff
f
JJJ
,  M-   .  
2
1
12
Jm= l
2
1
3
Jm= l
2
1
2
Jmr=
2
3
2
Jmr=
2
2
5
Jmr=
2
2
3
Jmr=
 -:
2
12
()
J
JMM=+ +
21
OO
a
  .
12
2

mm
FG
R
=
2
M
m
WG
a
=−
La
b
mGM
=
 
1.          

2.         

S
 
t
=−
J
J
s
1
2
sinsR
α
=
v
3.          
23
11
23
22
TR
TR
=
3/2
2
TR
π
GM
=
Y
 :
. . . .max
F
FN
μ
=
=
,


Fk=−
f
f
Jx -     .
 :
E
σ
ε
=
ε
=
Jl
l
 

F
S
σ
=  
E
  ( )
. . .
(
)
A
FS=⋅
f
f
- 
dA
N
dt
=
- 
NF
=
v
-  


A
A
η
=
2
2
m
E =
v
2
2
..
22
m
J
E
ω
=+
v
-   
Emg= h
-      .
2
2
kx
E = -   
 
EEE=+
 
AE
=
J
 .
pm=
f
f
v
-  .
   ()
     .
        .
       :
)     ;
)       -   , 
      ;
)   ,   ,   
    ;
)   ,     
.
   
     ,     
 ,      ,
  .
..
i
i
p
m
=
f
f
v
  :
   ()
     
.
1  2
EE=
    ( )
    .
      :
)      ;
)         ,  
    .
, .
. . 
/   
σ
/  
v
2
 S
/
3
 
ρ
m
V
ρ
=

F
P
S
=
h
Pg
ρ
=
(   h).
 :
A
FgV
ρ
=
 :
        .
F
S
F
S
1
1
2
2
=
- ( ).
  (  ):
111 2 2 2
SS
ρ
ρ
=
vv
 
 :
22
1122
12
,/
2121
PV
PP
 C
γγ
γ
γρ γρ
+=+ =
−−
vv
:
22
12
112
22
2
g
hPgh
ρρ
ρρ
++= ++
vv
P
)
     
22
11 11 2 2 22
()(SP SP
ρρ
+=+vv
 
Re
LR
T
ρ
μ
=
v
 Re<10   R   T. .
 ,  (-      
)
,;
;.,
1.1 1.2; 0.2 0.4; 0,04
 S      
      
      
ρ
−−
−−
= ÷
v
;
:
2
2
RCS
ρ
=
v
  , 
,(); .;
();, (6)
     L   
   B    
μ
π
−⋅
−−
v
TBL
μ
= v
  ( )
Tr6
=
π
μ
v
 
4
8
V
Q
t
πρ
η
==
JJ
J l
P
R
(    )
 
..
F
σ
= l
W
..
S
σ
=
-    .
 :
12
11
P
R
R
σ
⎛⎞
=+
⎜⎟
⎝⎠
J
2 cos
h
g
r
σ
θ
ρ
=
-    .
 ..
  : Q

=Q

Q=cm
Δ
T -    ()
Q=rm -  ()
Q=
λ
m -  ()
Q=qm - .
  ,
0
(1 )T
α
=+Jll
0
(1 )VV T
β
=
+ J
,
3
β
α
=
 .
N
n
V
=
,
0
mn
ρ
= ,
A
Nm
N
μ
=
=n
,
2
K
i
E
kT=
2
3

RT
μ
==vv
  :

2
1
2 dn
λ
π
=

R
t
λ
= v
     t
  :
2
1
0
3
Pmn= v
m
P
VR
μ
= T
P
-   ( - )
PnkT=
-    
     i=3,   i=5, 
   i=6.
 :
i
P=
(   )



P
P
ρ
ϕ
ρ
==
 :
0
g
h
R
T
h
PPe
μ
=
. .  . . 
P
 
μ
/  
V
3

n
 - 
T

i
- - . .
N
 
U
 .  
n
-3

Q
 - 
m
  -
C
/ 
m
0
  
η

T=const

PV=const
 -
P=const

V/T=const
 -
V=const

P/T=const
 
.
A
PV= J
-  .
2
i
UR= n
T
J
 
1. (      (.. >100%)) QAU=+J
2.      ( .   
 (.. =100%))
3.   
Q
C
mT
=
J
 
Q
T
μ
=
Jn
 

1)  (P=const)

QA U
=
+J
(1 )
2
P
Ri
C
μ
=
+
A
RT
=
Jn
(1 )
2
i
QRT=+Jn
2)  (V=const)
2
i
QU RT==JJn
2
V
R
i
C
μ
=
A=0
3)  (T=const)
1
2
ln
V
ART
V
= n
T
C →∞
4)  (Q=0) -  
constPV
γ
=
2
P
V
Ci
Ci
γ
+
==
)
)
a  
 V J
5)  (C=const) ,
n
PV const=
P
V
CC
n
CC
=
 
 
max min
 max

QQ
TT
QT
η
==
  ( )
12
TT>
  ( )
2
22
12
,,,  Q      
QT
ATT
η
−−==
  ( )
1
11
12
,,,  Q      
QT
ATT
η
−−==