Schofield Victoria. Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War
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KASHMIR IN CONFLICT
Kashmir
IN CONFLICT
India, Pakistan and the Unending War
VICTORIA SCHOFIELD
New edition published in 2003 by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd
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175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010
www.ibtauris.com
In the United States of America and in Canada distributed by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of
St Martin’s Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010
Copyright © Victoria Schofield, 2000, 2003
The right of Victoria Schofield to be identified as the author of this work has been
asserted by the author in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof,
may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in
any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publisher
ISBN 1 86064 898 3
A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
A full CIP record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
Library of Congress catalog card: available
Typeset in Monotype Garamond by Wyvern 21 Ltd, Bristol
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Mackays of Chatham plc, Chatham, Kent
Contents
Maps vii
Acknowledgements ix
Preface xi
C : Introducing Kashmir
C : Independence
C : Accession
C : Special Status?
C : Diplomacy and War
C : Bravado and Despair
C : Vale of Tears
C : Hearts and Minds
C : Conflict or Consensus?
C : New Century, New Vision?
Glossary
Notes
Bibliography & Sources
Index
Maps
. The valley of Kashmir xvi
. The creation of the state of Jammu and Kashmir
. The Gilgit Agency
. Kashmir and its neighbours
. Gurdaspur district and access to the State of Jammu and Kashmir
. Partition boundaries in the Punjab
. The Azad State of Jammu and Kashmir
. An Independent State of Jammu and Kashmir?
. Jammu and Kashmir today
Acknowledgements
‘A country of such striking natural beauty must, surely, at some period of its
history have produced refined and noble people,’ writes Sir Francis Young-
husband in his History of Kashmir. So indeed, and during my own journey
through Kashmir’s contemporary history, I have been privileged to make
contact with some of them. In the present day, I am grateful to the three main
protagonists in the current struggle: the Indians, Pakistanis and the Kashmiris
and, by this, I include all the inhabitants of the once princely state. My thanks
also go to the Governments of India and Pakistan, whose representatives have
always received me openly, as well as their respective High Commissions in
London; in addition, I should like to thank the members of the Government
of the state of Jammu and Kashmir, the members of the All Parties Hurriyat
Conference, the ‘Azad’ Government of Jammu and Kashmir and numerous
officials and private individuals.
No book is written single-handedly. All those I interviewed, often at short
notice, could not have been more willing to open their hearts and homes to
me in order for me to understand their story. Where they have not been able
to resolve their differences at the negotiating table, I have attempted to sit with
them independently, listen to their grievances and share their dreams. They,
too, are contributors to this book. I am also grateful for permission to quote
from numerous works listed in the bibliography; I have done so with special
attention to those first-hand accounts which capture an event far better than it
is sometimes possible to do with the wisdom of hindsight. In quoting the
views and opinions of others, I have also wanted to give the reader the benefit
of their analyses as well as my own.
I am grateful to all those who assisted me during my long years of research
on Kashmir, especially David Page, who gave me invaluable advice. I am also
grateful to Lord Ahmed, the late Lynne Ali, Lord Avebury, Rahul Bedi, Gulam
Butt, Brian Cloughley, Alexander Evans, M.J. Gohel, Irfan Husain, Professor
Alastair Lamb, Margot Norman, Dr Rashmi Shankar, Leslie Wolf-Phillips and
Malcolm Yapp, as well as Philip Armstrong and Russell Townsend for drawing
the maps.
My thanks go to the staff of the British Library and the Oriental and India
Office Collection for the many hours I have spent researching in these
libraries. I am grateful for permission to quote from the books and
manuscripts I have used from their collections. I am also grateful to the
London Library for its liberal lending policy, the United Nations Library
and the Royal Geographical Society, whose collection of maps I have
consulted. Finally, I should like to thank my agent, Sara Menguc, my publisher,