J?ABKLHJU
J_abklhju (khijhlb\e_gby) y\eyxlky hq_gv jZkijhkljZg_gguf lbihf ba^_ebc we_dljh-
gbdb. Hkgh\guf ^jZ]hp_gguf f_lZeehf \ khklZ\_ wlbo ba^_ebc y\ey_lky k_j_[jh. >ey g_dh-
lhjuo lbih\ i_j_f_gguo khijhlb\e_gbc (KI-5 b^j.) oZjZdl_jgh bkihevah\Zgb_ iZeeZ^by.
Hq_gv j_^dh (\ bfihjlguo ba^_ebyo) ijbf_gyxl ah eh lh . H[uqgh j_abklhju ij _^klZ \eyxl pb-
ebg^jbq_kdbc d_jZfbq_kdbc dhjim k (nZjnhj, Zemg ^) k f_lZeebq_kdhc h[_q Zcd hc b \u\h^Zfb k
dZ` ^h]h dhgpZ , F_lZeebq_kdZy h[_qZcdZ b \u\h ^Z ba]hlh\e_gu ba f_^b. K_j_[jh gZg_k_gh gZ
ih\_joghklv \u \h^h\, ZlZd`_ \oh ^b l \ khklZ\ ijbihy ^ey dj_ie_gby \u\h^ h\ d h[_qZcd_. LZd
dZd k_j_[jh gZg_ k _ g h gZ ih\_joghklv \u\h ^h\, lh \ ijhp_kk_ fhglZ`Z iZcdhc b ihke_^mxs_c
\uiZcdhc (kj_adhc) j_abklhjh\ k_j_[jh l_jy_lky k ijbih_f b kj_aZggufb dhgpZfb \u\h^h \,
hklZxsboky gZ ba^_ebb.
:gZeba j_abklhjh\ ihdZau\Z_l, qlh ihke_ bo batylby k ba^_ebc, fZkkZ k_j_[jZ b_]h kh-
^_j`Zgby g_ ij_ \urZxl 50-70 % hl iZkihjlguo agZq _ gb c.
>hklZlhqgh ^hklh\_jgh_ hijh[h\Zgb_ j_abklhjh\ fh`gh ijh\h^blv \u[hjdhc 5-20 % bo
fZkku ^Z`_ ^ey kf_kb ba^_ebc jZaebqguo lbih\ b jZaf_jh\. Iheghklvx ^hklh\_jgh \u[h-
jhqgh_ hijh[h\Zgb_ ba^_ebc h^gh]h lbiZ, g_ bkihevah\Zgguo\ jZ[hl_ (g_\hklj_[h\Zggu_ k
aZ\h^Z-ba]hlh\bl_ey),
GZb[he__ p_e_khh[jZagZ b j_glZ[_evgZ i_j_jZ[hldZ j_abklhjh\ gZ f_^_ieZ\bevguo
ij_^ij by lbyo, qlh h[_ki_qb\Z_l ih egmx mlbebaZpbx f_^b b k_j_[jZ.
Ki_pbnbq_kdZy ]jmiiZ j_abklhjh\ — i_j_f_ggu_. Dhjimk j_abklhjh\ \uiheg_g ba Zex-
fbgb_\h]h kieZ\Z beb ba ieZklbdZ, \bglh\Zy klhcdZ — ba g_j`Z\_xs_c klZeb beb f_^gh-
gbd_e_\h]h kieZ\Z. We_f_gl khijhlb\e_gby (dhgklZglZgh\Zy beb fZg]Zgbgh\Zy ijh\hehdZ)
gZfhlZg gZ f_^gmx ijh\hehdm [hevrh]h ^bZf_ljZ. K_j_[jh kh^_j`blky\ dhglZdlZo, ihk_-
j_[j_gguo \u\h^Zo b\ nhjf_ kieZ\Z k f_^vx beb iZeeZ^b_f — \ lhdhkt_fghf iheamgd_.
IZeeZ^bc kh^_j`blky \qbklhf \b ^_ beb \ nhjf_ kieZ\Z k k_j_[jhf (hl 20 ^h 70 %) \fZl_-
jbZe_ iheamgdZ.
>ey i_j_f_gguo ljZgabklhjh\ gZb[he__ ^hklh\_jguf f_lh^hf hijh[h\Zgby y\ey_lky
bo khjlbjh\dZ ih lbiZ f b\u[hjdZ (5-10 % fZkku). >Zevg_crZy hi_jZpby — h[`b] eb[h ^jh[-
e_gb_ b hijh[h\Zgb_ f_lZeebq_kdhc njZdpbb.
>ey i_j_jZ[hldb khijhlb\e_gbc \ ieZklbdh\hf dhjimk_ lZd`_ fh`gh j_dhf_g^h\Zlv
^jh[e_gb_, k_iZjZpbx f_lZeebq_kdhc njZdpbb b__ i_j_jZ[hldm. >ey ba^_ebc \ Zexfbgb_-
\hf dhjimk_ fh`gh j_dhf_g^h\Zlv eb[h m^Ze_gb_ dhjimkZ \us_eZqb\Zgb_f \s_ehqb, eb[h
ieZ\dh c khreZdh\Zgb_f Zexf bgby.
I?J?F?GGU?KHIJHLB<E?G BY
I_j_f_ggu_ khijhlb\e_gby jZaebqguo lbih\ ij_^klZ\eyxl mkljhckl\Z, khklhysb_ ba
j_hohj^ Z k gZfhldhc ijh\h^hf ba fZ]gZgbgZ, dhgklZglZgZ (kieZ\h\ k hq_gv fZeuf l_fi_jZ-
lmjguf dhwnnbpb_glhf khijhlb\e_gby) biheamgdZ, l. _. dhglZdlZ, k dhlhjh]h kgbfZ_lky gZ-
ijy`_gb_ . We_f_glZfb, kh^_j`Zsbfb [eZ]hjh^gu_ f_lZeeu, y\eyxlky iheamghd b \u\h^Z
khijhlb\e_gby. <u\h^Z h[uqgh ihk_j_[j_gu (2-5% k_j_[jZ). Iheamghd eb[h ihk_j_[j_g (lbi
KIA), eb[h ^ey gZb[he__ dZq_kl\_gguo (KI5, IIA-43, 45) ba]hlh\e_g ba kieZ\h\ iZeeZ^bc-
k_j_[jh, iZeeZ^bc-gbd_ev . Dh jimk khijhlb\e_gby ba]hlh\e_g eb[h ba kieZ\Z Zexfbgby, eb[h
ba ieZklbdZ. Hl^_evgu_ ^_lZeb (\bgl, klhcdb) eb[h klZevgu_, eb[h ba kieZ\h\ gZ hkgh\_ `_-
e_aZ. Kh^_j`Zgb_ iZeeZ^by b k_j_[jZ \ gZb[he__ jZkijhkljZg_gguo lbiZo khijhlb\e_gbc
khklZ\ey_l 0,2-0,6%, Z\ we_f_glZo (iheamghd) \u^_e_gguo ba gbo, hl 15 ^h 70%.
<ke_ ^kl\b_ klZ [bevghklb kh^_j`Zgby iZeeZ^by (\ f_gvr_c f_j_ k_j_[jZ) hijh[h\Zgb_
i_j_f_gguo khijhlb\e_gbc emqr_ \k_]h hj]Zgbah\Zlv deZkkbnbdZpb_c bo ih lbiZf: \u[hjdhc
5-10% fZ kku dZ`^h]h lbiZ b hijh[h\Zgb_f khdjZs_gghc ijh[u. >hklZlhqgh ihegu_ ^Zggu_
^Z_l ZgZeba 10-20 rl. ba^_ebc h^gh]h lbiZ, <wlhf kemqZ _ gZb[he__ p_e_khh[jZagh ijhb a\_-
klb \u_ f dm ba ba^_ebc we_f_glh\, kh^_j`Zsbo ^jZ]hp_ggu_ f_lZeeu, bbo ZgZeba ijb_fguf
jZkl\hj_gb_f.