Пыхтина Т.Ф. Философия
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Çàäà÷à 10
Âñÿêîå íàó÷íîå èññëåäîâàíèå íà÷èíàåòñÿ ñ ïðîáëåìû. ×òî òàêîå ïðîáëåìà? ×åì îíà îòëè÷àåòñÿ
îò çàäà÷è èëè âîïðîñà?
Ïðîàíàëèçèðóéòå ïðåäëàãàåìûå íèæå âàðèàíòû îòâåòîâ íà ýòè âîïðîñû. Êàêîé èç íèõ, íà âàø
âçãëÿä, íàèáîëåå òî÷íî ðàñêðûâàåò ñîäåðæàíèå ýòîãî ïîíÿòèÿ?
1. Ïðîáëåìà – ýòî âîïðîñ, êîòîðûé êàñàåòñÿ ñóùíîñòè êàêîãî-ëèáî ÿâëåíèÿ.
2. Íàó÷íàÿ ïðîáëåìà – ýòî òàêîé âîïðîñ, îòâåò íà êîòîðûé íåëüçÿ ïîëó÷èòü ïóòåì ëîãè÷åñêîãî
ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ èìåþùåãîñÿ â íàóêå çíàíèÿ, îí ïðåäïîëàãàåò âûõîä çà ïðåäåëû íàëè÷íîãî
çíàíèÿ.
3. Íàó÷íàÿ ïðîáëåìà – ýòî òàêàÿ çàäà÷à, ó êîòîðîé íåò ãîòîâîãî àëãîðèòìà äëÿ åå ðåøåíèÿ.
4. Ïðîáëåìà – ýòî âîïðîñ, êîòîðûé èìååò áîëüøóþ âàæíîñòü äëÿ òåîðèè èëè ïðàêòèêè; èìåííî
çíà÷èìîñòü, èíòåðåñ îïðåäåëÿþò, êàêîé âîïðîñ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðîáëåìíûì.
5. Правила установления балльной оценки выполнения контрольной работы
Êàæäûé ýëåìåíò çàäàíèÿ êîíòðîëüíîé ðàáîòû îöåíèâàåòñÿ ïî áàëëüíîé øêàëå. Âñÿ âûïîëíåííàÿ
êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà îöåíèâàåòñÿ â áàëëüíîì ýêâèâàëåíòå. Ìàêñèìàëüíîå êîëè÷åñòâî áàëëîâ çà âñå
ýëåìåíòû çàäàíèé ñîñòàâëÿåò 100 (ñòî) áàëëîâ. Ñóììà íàáðàííûõ áàëëîâ íà çàêëþ÷èòåëüíîì ýòàïå
ïåðåâîäèòñÿ â øêàëó «çà÷òåíî» èëè «íå çà÷òåíî»:
Íå çà÷òåíî......... 0–70 áàëëîâ
Çà÷òåíî .............. Ñâûøå 70 áàëëîâ
Áàëëüíàÿ øêàëà îöåíêè çàäàíèé êîíòðîëüíîé ðàáîòû:
Òåîðåòè÷åñêîå çàäàíèå ....... 60 áàëëîâ
Ñèòóàöèîííîå çàäàíèå ......... 40 áàëëîâ
Øêàëà äëÿ ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ áàëëîâ äëÿ îöåíêè îòâåòà íà òåîðåòè÷åñêîå çàäàíèå:
Îïðåäåëåíèå ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé ïðîáëåìû â ñèñòåìå ôèëîñîôèè ................ Îò 0 äî 3 áàëëîâ
Ñîäåðæàíèå ñâåäåíèé îá àâòîðå, îïèñàíèå åãî ôèëîñîôñêèõ ïîçèöèé ...... Îò 0 äî 3 áàëëîâ
Ñòðîãîå ñëåäîâàíèå òåêñòó àíàëèçèðóåìîé ðàáîòû ........................................ Îò 0 äî 40 áàëëîâ
×åòêîñòü îòâåòà íà âîïðîñû ................................................................................ Îò 0 äî 14 áàëëîâ
Øêàëà äëÿ ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ áàëëîâ äëÿ îöåíêè îòâåòà íà ñèòóàöèîííîå çàäàíèå:
Îïðåäåëåíèå ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé ïðîáëåìû â ñèñòåìå ôèëîñîôèè ................ Îò 0 äî 3 áàëëîâ
Îáîñíîâàííîñòü è ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü îòâåòà................................................. Îò 0 äî 8 áàëëîâ
Ãëóáèíà ðàñêðûòèÿ âîïðîñà ................................................................................. Îò 0 äî 25 áàëëîâ
×åòêîñòü îòâåòà íà âîïðîñû ................................................................................ Îò 0 äî 4 áàëëîâ
6. Процедура оценки контрольной работы
Ñðîê äëÿ ïðîâåðêè êîíòðîëüíûõ ðàáîò – 10 (äåñÿòü) êàëåíäàðíûõ äíåé. Íà÷àëî òå÷åíèÿ ñðîêà:
• äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ ÈÇÎ – äàòà ïîñòóïëåíèÿ êîíòðîëüíîé ðàáîòû íà êàôåäðó;
• äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ ÈÄÎ – äàòà ñîîáùåíèÿ íà êàôåäðó ñâåäåíèé î íàëè÷èè êîíòðîëüíîé ðàáîòû â
ÈÄÎ.
Ðåçóëüòàò ïðîâåðêè êîíòðîëüíîé ðàáîòû ôèêñèðóåòñÿ íà òèòóëüíîì ëèñòå.
 ñëó÷àå íåóäîâëåòâîðèòåëüíîé îöåíêè ïðåïîäàâàòåëåì ñîñòàâëÿåòñÿ ðåöåíçèÿ, êîòîðàÿ äîëæíà
ñîäåðæàòü ñëåäóþùèå ýëåìåíòû:
• îáùàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ðàáîòû â öåëîì ñ èçëîæåíèåì äàííûõ ïî áàëëüíîé îöåíêå êàæäîãî
ýëåìåíòà çàäàíèé;
• îöåíêà íåâûïîëíåííûõ ýëåìåíòîâ çàäàíèÿ;
• ñòåïåíü ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîñòè àâòîðà ïðè íàïèñàíèè ðàáîòû;
• óêàçàíèÿ íà õàðàêòåð îøèáîê, âûÿâëåííûõ ïðè ïðîâåðêå ðàáîòû;
• íåäîñòàòêè íåçà÷òåííîé ðàáîòû è ïóòè èõ óñòðàíåíèÿ.
Ðåöåíçèÿ îñòàåòñÿ íà êàôåäðå (äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ, îáó÷àþùèõñÿ â ã. Íîâîñèáèðñêå) èëè ïåðåäàåòñÿ â
ÈÄÎ (äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ èíîãîðîäíèõ ó÷åáíûõ ïðåäñòàâèòåëüñòâ ÍÃÓÝÓ).
Ñðîêè ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ êîíòðîëüíîé ðàáîòû è äîðàáîòêè ïî âûÿâëåííûì çàìå÷àíèÿì îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ
â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ óòâåðæäåííûì âóçîì ãðàôèêîì ó÷åáíîãî ïðîöåññà.
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Содержание
Ðàáî÷àÿ ïðîãðàììà ..............................................................................................................................................3
Òåêñòû ëåêöèé
Ðàçäåë 1. Ôèëîñîôèÿ, åå ðîëü â æèçíè ÷åëîâåêà è îáùåñòâà ....................................................................11
Òåìà 1.1. Ìåñòî ôèëîñîôèè â ñèñòåìå êóëüòóðû ...................................................................................11
Òåìà 1.2. Îñîáåííîñòè ôèëîñîôñêîãî çíàíèÿ .........................................................................................12
Òåìà 1.3. Ïðåäìåò ôèëîñîôèè....................................................................................................................13
Òåìà 1.4. Ñòðóêòóðà ôèëîñîôñêîãî çíàíèÿ è åãî ôóíêöèè...................................................................14
Ðàçäåë 2. Ñòàíîâëåíèå ôèëîñîôèè
è ôîðìû åå èñòîðè÷åñêîãî ðàçâèòèÿ ........................................................................................................17
Òåìà 2.1. Âîçíèêíîâåíèå ôèëîñîôèè .......................................................................................................17
Òåìà 2.2. Äðåâíåâîñòî÷íàÿ ôèëîñîôèÿ ....................................................................................................18
Òåìà 2.3. Àíòè÷íàÿ ôèëîñîôèÿ ..................................................................................................................22
Òåìà 2.4. Ñðåäíåâåêîâàÿ ôèëîñîôèÿ ........................................................................................................34
Òåìà 2.5. Ðàçâèòèå ôèëîñîôèè â íîâîåâðîïåéñêîé êóëüòóðå ..............................................................37
Òåìà 2.6. Íåìåöêàÿ êëàññè÷åñêàÿ ôèëîñîôèÿ ........................................................................................50
Òåìà 2.7. Ôèëîñîôèÿ ìàðêñèçìà................................................................................................................56
Òåìà 2.8. Ðóññêàÿ ôèëîñîôèÿ .....................................................................................................................59
Òåìà 2.9. Îñíîâíûå òåíäåíöèè è íàïðàâëåíèÿ ñîâðåìåííîé ôèëîñîôèè .........................................62
Ðàçäåë 3. Ôèëîñîôñêîå ó÷åíèå î áûòèè ........................................................................................................68
Òåìà 3.1. Êàðòèíà ìèðà è ôèëîñîôñêîå ìèðîâîççðåíèå .......................................................................68
Òåìà 3.2. Ôèëîñîôñêîå ïîíÿòèå áûòèÿ ....................................................................................................69
Òåìà 3.3. Ôèëîñîôñêîå ïîíÿòèå äâèæåíèÿ..............................................................................................71
Òåìà 3.4. Äèàëåêòèêà áûòèÿ .......................................................................................................................73
Òåìà 3.5 Ïðîñòðàíñòâî è âðåìÿ .................................................................................................................76
Ðàçäåë 4. Ïðîáëåìà ñîçíàíèÿ â ôèëîñîôèè ..................................................................................................79
Òåìà 4.1. Ïîíÿòèå ñîçíàíèÿ è åãî îñíîâíûå ñâîéñòâà ..........................................................................79
Òåìà 4.2. Ãíîñåîëîãè÷åñêèé ïîäõîä ê ñîçíàíèþ. Ïîíÿòèå èäåàëüíîãî .............................................80
Òåìà 4.3. Îíòîëîãè÷åñêèé ïîäõîä â èññëåäîâàíèè ñîçíàíèÿ...............................................................81
Òåìà 4.4. Ñîçíàòåëüíîå è áåññîçíàòåëüíîå..............................................................................................81
Ðàçäåë 5. Ïðîáëåìà ÷åëîâåêà â ôèëîñîôèè ..................................................................................................82
Òåìà 5.1. Ñïåöèôèêà ôèëîñîôñêîãî ïîäõîäà ê èçó÷åíèþ ÷åëîâåêà ..................................................82
Òåìà 5.2. ×åëîâåê è ïðèðîäà ......................................................................................................................84
Òåìà 5.3. Äóõîâíàÿ ñòîðîíà æèçíåäåÿòåëüíîñòè ÷åëîâåêà ..................................................................85
Òåìà 5.4. Ñîöèàëüíîñòü ÷åëîâåêà. Ïðîáëåìà ñâîáîäû ëè÷íîñòè ........................................................87
Òåìà 5.5. Ñìûñë æèçíè è íàçíà÷åíèå ÷åëîâåêà .....................................................................................90
Ðàçäåë 6. Ïîçíàíèå è æèçíåäåÿòåëüíîñòü .....................................................................................................91
Òåìà 6.1. Ïðîáëåìà ïîçíàíèÿ â ôèëîñîôèè .............................................................................................91
Òåìà 6.2. Ïîçíàíèå êàê âèä îáùåñòâåííîé äóõîâíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè...................................................93
Òåìà 6.3. Ïîíÿòèå çíàíèÿ ............................................................................................................................95
Òåìà 6.4. Ïðîáëåìà èñòèíû ........................................................................................................................96
Òåìà 6.5. Îñîáåííîñòè íàó÷íîãî ïîçíàíèÿ. Ýìïèðè÷åñêèé è òåîðåòè÷åñêèé óðîâíè
íàó÷íîãî ïîçíàíèÿ ......................................................................................................................97
Ðàçäåë 7. Îáùåñòâåííàÿ æèçíü .....................................................................................................................100
Òåìà 7.1. Ïîíÿòèå îáùåñòâà. Îñíîâíûå ñîöèàëüíî-ôèëîñîôñêèå êîíöåïöèè îáùåñòâà .............100
Òåìà 7.2. Ñôåðû ñîöèàëüíîé æèçíè ........................................................................................................103
Òåìà 7.3. Ôîðìû öåííîñòíîãî îñâîåíèÿ áûòèÿ ....................................................................................107
Òåìà 7.4. Ïðîáëåìà ðàçâèòèÿ îáùåñòâà..................................................................................................109
Ðàçäåë 8. Êóëüòóðà è öèâèëèçàöèÿ ................................................................................................................111
Òåìà 8.1. Ïîíÿòèå êóëüòóðû .....................................................................................................................111
Òåìà 8.2. Ýëåìåíòû è ñòðîåíèå êóëüòóðû .............................................................................................112
143
Ðàçäåë 9. ×åëîâåê â ñîâðåìåííîì ìèðå ......................................................................................................115
Òåìà 9.1. Ïîñòèíäóñòðèàëüíîå îáùåñòâî è åãî îñíîâíûå ÷åðòû ......................................................115
Òåìà 9.2. Ïðîáëåìû ÷åëîâåêà ïîñòèíäóñòðèàëèçìà............................................................................116
Òåìà 9.3. Ãëîáàëüíûå ïðîáëåìû ñîâðåìåííîñòè ..................................................................................118
Ðàçäåë 10. Áóäóùåå ÷åëîâå÷åñòâà: ïðîãíîçû è ïåðñïåêòèâû .................................................................119
Òåìà 10.1. Âîçìîæíîñòè ïðåäâèäåíèÿ áóäóùåãî ..................................................................................119
Òåìà 10.2. Íîâûå ïóòè ïîçíàíèÿ ÷åëîâåêà è ïåðñïåêòèâû áóäóùåãî ..............................................120
Òåñòîâàÿ ñèñòåìà .............................................................................................................................................122
Ñëîâàðü òåðìèíîâ ............................................................................................................................................132
Ìåòîäè÷åñêèå óêàçàíèÿ ïî âûïîëíåíèþ êîíòðîëüíûõ ðàáîò ................................................................135
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Ïûõòèíà Òàòüÿíà Ôåäîðîâíà
ÔÈËÎÑÎÔÈß
Ó÷åáíî-ìåòîäè÷åñêèé êîìïëåêñ
Êîððåêòîð Ã.À. Åñåâà
Ïîäïèñàíî â ïå÷àòü 31.10.2008. Ïå÷àòü îôñåòíàÿ. Áóìàãà îôñåòíàÿ.
Ôîðìàò 60õ84/8. Óñë. ï. ë. 18. Äîï. òèðàæ 850 ýêç.
Íîâîñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò ýêîíîìèêè è óïðàâëåíèÿ
630099, Íîâîñèáèðñê, óë. Êàìåíñêàÿ, 56