Poto?nik P. (Ed.) Natural Gas
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Natural Gas
edited by
Primož Potočnik
SCIYO
Natural Gas
Edited by Primož Potočnik
Published by Sciyo
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Copyright © 2010 Sciyo
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First published September 2010
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Natural Gas, Edited by Primož Potočnik
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-307-112-1
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Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Preface IX
Natural gas 1
Wan Azelee Wan Abu Bakar and Rusmidah Ali
Natural gas: physical properties and combustion features 39
Le Corre Olivier and Loubar Khaled
The importance of natural gas reforming 71
Laédna Souto Neiva and Lucianna Gama
Natural gas odorization 87
Daniel Tenkrat, Tomas Hlincik and Ondrej Prokes
Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) from coal and biomass:
a survey of existing process technologies, open issues
and perspectives 105
Maria Sudiro and Alberto Bertucco
Environmental technology assessment
of natural gas compared to biogas 127
Ola Eriksson
Natural Gas Hydrates 147
Geir Ersland and Arne Graue
The effect of H
2
S on hydrogen and carbon
black production from sour natural gas 163
M. Javadi, M. Moghiman and Seyyed Iman Pishbin
Soil gas geochemistry: significance
and application in geological prospectings 183
Nunzia Voltattorni and Salvatore Lombardi
Adsorption of methane in porous materials
as the basis for the storage of natural gas 205
Cecilia Solar, Andrés García Blanco, Andrea Vallone and Karim Sapag
Contents
VI
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Industrial application of natural gas 245
Alejandro Sáez
Combined operational planning of natural gas
and electric power systems: state of the art 271
Ricardo Rubio-Barros, Diego Ojeda-Esteybar,
Osvaldo Añó and Alberto Vargas
Compressed natural gas direct injection (spark plug fuel injector) 289
Taib Iskandar Mohamad
Hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas as a fuel for engines 307
Fanhua Ma, Nashay Naeve, Mingyue Wang,
Long Jiang, Renzhe Chen and Shuli Zhao
Looking for clean energy considering LNG assessment to provide
energy security in Brazil and GTL from Bolivia natural gas reserves 333
Miguel Edgar Morales Udaeta, Jonathas Luiz de Oliveira Bernal,
Geraldo Francisco Burani and José Aquiles Baesso Grimoni
Practical results of forecasting for the natural gas market 371
Primož Potočnik and Edvard Govekar
Statistical model of segment-specific relationship between natural
gas consumption and temperature in daily and hourly resolution 393
Marek Brabec, Marek Malý, Emil Pelikán and Ondřej Konár
Molecular dynamics simulations
of volumetric thermophysical properties of natural gases 417
Santiago Aparicio and Mert Atilhan
Static behaviour of natural gas and its flow in pipes 435
Ohirhian, P. U.
Steady State Compressible Fluid Flow in Porous Media 467
Peter Ohirhian
Natural gas properties and flow computation 501
Ivan Marić and Ivan Ivek
Rarefied natural gas transport 531
Huei Chu Weng
Consequence analysis of large-scale
liquefied natural gas spills on water 549
Hideyuki Oka
VII
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Risk assessment of marine LNG operations 571
Tarek Elsayed
Reliability measures for liquefied natural gas receiving terminal
based on the failure information of emergency shutdown system 591
Bi-Min Hsu, Ming-Hung Shu, and Min Tsao
The contributions in this book present an overview of utting edge research on natural gas
which is a vital component of world’s supply of energy. Natural gas is combustible mixture
of hydrocarbon gases, primarily methane but also heavier gaseous hydrocarbons such as
ethane, propane and butane. Unlike other fossil fuels, natural gas is clean burning and emits
lower levels of potentially harmful by-products into the air. Therefore, it is considered as one
of the cleanest, safest, and most useful of all energy sources applied in variety of residential,
commercial and industrial elds.
The book is organised in 25 chapters that are collected into groups related to technology,
applications, forecasting, numerical simulations, transport and risk assessment of natural gas.
The introductory chapter 1 provides a soft introduction about the background and history of
natural gas, what exactly it is and where it can be found in nature, and presents an overview
of applications and technologies related to natural gas. The introduction is extended in the
second chapter providing the physical properties and combustion features of natural gas.
The next group of chapters 3-10 is related to various technological aspects of natural gas
and describes the importance of natural gas reforming, its odorisation, synthetic natural gas,
comparison with biogas, natural gas hydrates, thermal decomposition of sour natural gas,
soil-gas geochemistry, and storage of natural gas in porous materials.
Chapter 11 provides an introduction to industrial applications of natural gas and the
application topics are further discussed in chapters 12-15. The relation of natural gas to electric
power systems is discussed in chapter 12. The next two chapters consider engine applications,
namely compressed natural gas direct injection engine and hydrogen-enriched compressed
natural gas as a fuel for engines. Chapter 15 discusses clean energy considerations provided
by the liquid natural gas.
Two chapters are dedicated to short-term forecasting of natural gas consumption. Daily
and hourly forecasting models for natural gas distributors are presented in chapter 16, and
statistical daily forecasting models for households and small and medium size commercial
customers are discussed in chapter 17.
Chapters 18-20 are concerned with numerical simulations in the eld of natural gas and
discuss molecular dynamics simulations of volumetric thermophysical properties of natural
gases, static behaviour of natural gas and its ow in pipes, and simulations of steady state
compressible ow in porous media.
Preface
X
Chapters 21 and 22 are related to transport of natural gas and discuss natural gas properties
and methods of precise ow computation, and transportation of rareed natural gas in
pipelines.
The last three chapters 23-25 are concerned with risk estimation in various natural gas
operations and discuss analysis of large-scale liqueed natural gas spills on water, risk
assessment of marine liquid natural gas operations, and reliability measures for liqueed
natural gas receiving terminal.
Editor
Primož Potočnik
University of Ljubljana
Ljubljana, Slovenia