Poole Ch.P., Jr. Handbook of Superconductivity
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
246
Chapter 6: Crystal Structures of Classical Superconductors
O. Pefia, R. Horyn, C. Geantet, P. Gougeon, J. Padiou, and M. Sergent,
J. Solid State Chem.
63, 62-69
(1986).
A. Perrin, M. Sergent, and O. Fischer,
Mater. Res. Bull.
13, 259-264 (1978).
C. Perrin, R. Chevrel, M. Sergent, and O. Fischer,
Mdter. Res. Bull.
14, 1505-1515 (1979).
A. Perrin, R. Chevrel, M. Sergent, and O. Fischer,
J. Solid State Chem.
33, 43-47 (1980).
N. Pessall, R. E. Gold, and H. A. Johansen,
J. Phys. Chem. Solids
29, 19-38 (1968).
H. Pfisterer and K. Schubert, Z
Metallk.
41, 358-367 (1950).
J. C. Phillips,
Physics ofHigh-T c Superconductors.
Academic Press, Boston, 1989.
A. Pialoux, M. L. Joyeux, and G. Cizeron,
J. Less-Common Met.
87, 1-19 (1982).
J. Y. Pivan, R. Guerin, E. H. El Ghadraoui, and M. Rafiq,
J. Less-Common Met.
153, 285-292
(1989).
E. G. Ponyatovskii and A. I. Zakharov,
Sov. Phys. Crystallogr.
7, 367-369 (1962).
M. Potel, R. Chevrel, M. Sergent, M. Decroux, and O. Fischer,
C. R. Aead. Sc. C
288, 429-432 (1979).
M. Potel, R. Chevrel, and M. Sergent,
Acta Crystallogr. B
36, 1545-1548 (1980).
M. Potel, R. Chevrel, and M. Sergent,
Acta Crystallogr. B
37, 1007-1010 (1981).
M. Potel, P. Gougeon, R. Chevrel, and M. Sergent,
Rev. Chim. Min.
21, 509-536 (1984).
K. Prassides, C. Christides, I. M. Thomas, J. Mizuki, K. Tanigaki, I. Hirosawa, and T. W. Ebbesen,
Science
263, 950-954 (1994).
M. E Pye and P. G. Dickens,
Mater. Res. Bull.
14, 1397-1402 (1979).
M. V. Raevskaya, I. G. Sokolova, E. M. Sokolovskaya, G. N. Ronami, S. M. Kuznetsova, and V. A.
Aleshina,
Moscow Univ. Chem. Bull.
23, 41-42 (1968).
S. Ramakhrisnan and G. Chandra,
Phys. Lett. A
100, 441-444 (1984).
S. E. Rasmussen and R. G. Hazell,
Acta Crystallogr. B
35, 1677-1679 (1979).
S. E. Rasmussen and B. Lundtoft,
Powder Diffr.
2, 29-30 (1987).
H. Rassaerts, H. Nowotny, G. Vinek, and E Benesovsky,
Monatsh. Chem.
98,
460-468 (1967).
Ch. Raub,
Z. Metallk.
55, 195-199 (1964).
Ch. J. Raub, W. H. Zachariasen, T. H. Geballe, and B. T. Matthias,
J. Phys. Chem. Solids
24, 1093-1100
(1963).
Ch. J. Raub, V. B. Compton, T. H. Geballe, B. T. Matthias, J. P. Maita, and G. W. Hull, Jr.,
J. Phys. Chem.
Solids
26, 2051-2057 (1965).
J. P. Remeika, T. H. Geballe, B. T. Matthias, A. S. Cooper, G. W. Hull, and E. M. Kelly,
Phys. Lett. A
24,
565-566 (1967).
E. Revolinsky, G. A. Spieling, and D. J. Beemtsen,
J. Phys. Chem. Solids
26, 1029-1034 (1965).
E. Riedel, J. Pickardt, and J. S6chtig,
Z anorg, allg. Chem.
419, 63-66 (1976).
D. L. Ritter, B. C. Giessen, and N. J. Grant,
Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME
230, 1259-1267 (1964).
C. Ritter, E. Gocke, C. Fischer, and R. Sch611hom,
Mater. Res. Bull.
27, 1217-1225 (1992).
M. Robbins, R. H. Willens, and R. C. Miller,
Solid State Commun.
5, 933-934 (1967).
B. W. Roberts,
J Phys. Chem. Ref Data
5, 581-821 (1976).
E Roeske, Jr., H. R. Shanks, and D. K. Finnermore,
Phys. Rev. B
16, 3929-3935 (1977).
R. Roesky, A. Meerschaut, J. Rouxel, and J. Chen,
Z. anorg, allg. Chem.
619, 117-122 (1993).
P. Rogl,
Monatsh. Chem.
111, 517-527 (1980).
P. Rogl, P. E. Potter, and H. R. Haines,
J Nucl. Mater.
149, 283-288 (1987).
P. Rogl, H. Klesnar, and P. Fischer,
J. Am. Ceram. Soe.
71, C450-C452 (1988).
W. Rong-Yao,
J Mater. Sci. Lett.
5, 87-88 (1986).
M. J. Rosseinsky, D. W. Murphy, R. M. Fleming, R. Tycko, A. P. Ramirez, T. Siegrist, G. Dabbagh, and
S. E. Barrett,
Nature
356, 416-418 (1992).
M. J. Rosseinsky, D. W. Murphy, R. M. Fleming, and O. Zhou,
Nature
364, 425-427 (1993).
E J. Rotella, H. E. Flotow, D.M. Green, and J. D. Jorgensen, J
Chem. Phys.
79, 4522-4531 (1983).
S. Rundqvist, E. Hassler, and L. Lundvik,
Aeta Chem. Scand.
16, 242-243 (1962).
V. Sadagapan and H. C. Gatos,
J Phys. Chem. Solids
27, 235-238 (1966).
T.
Sakai, G.-Y. Adachi, and J. Shiokawa,
J Less-Common Met.
84, 107-114 (1982).
G. W. Samsonow and W. W. Morosow,
Monatsh. Chem. 102,
1667-1678 (1971).
References
247
D. E. Sands, Q. C. Johnson, A. Zalkin, O. H. Krikorian, and K. L. Kromholtz,
Acta Crystallogr.
15,
832-834 (1962).
J. L. Sarrao, M. C. de Andrade, J. HelTmann, S. H. Han, Z. Fisk, M. B. Maple, and R. J. Cava,
Physica C
229, 65-69 (1994).
E. M. Savitskii, Yu. V. Efimov, Ch. Raub, and H. Khan,
Superconductivity in Alloys of Nobel Metals
(in
Russian). Metallurgiya, Moscow, 1985.
E. M. Savitskiy, M. A. Tylkina, and O.Kh. Khamidov,
Russ. Metall.
4, 130-135 (1969).
O. Schob and E. Parth6,
Monatsh. Chem.
95, 1466-1472 (1964).
N. Sch6nberg,
Acta Chem. Scand.
8, 226-239 (1954).
A. J. Schultz, H. Horiuchi, and H. B. Krause,
Acta Crystallogr. C
42, 641-644 (1986a).
A. J. Schultz, H. H. Wang, J. M. Williams, and A. Filhol,
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
108, 7853-7855 (1986b).
H. Schulz and K. H. Thiermann,
Solid State Commun.
23, 815-819 (1977).
J. Schuster, E. Rudy, and H. Nowotny,
Monatsh. Chem.
107, 1167-1176 (1976).
U. Schwanitz-Schiiller and A. Simon,
Z. Naturforsch. B
40, 710-716 (1985).
C. U. Segre, H. E Braun and K. Yvon, in
Ternary Superconductors. Proc. Int. Conf.
(G. K. Shenoy, B.
D. Dunlap, and F. Y. Fradin, Eds.), pp. 243-246. Elsevier North Holland, New York, 1981.
M. Sergent and R. Chevrel,
C. R. Acad. Sci. C
274, 1965-1967 (1972).
M. Sergent and R. Chevrel,
J. Solid State Chem.
6, 433-437 (1973).
M. Sergent, O. Fischer, M. Decroux, C. Perrin, and R. Chevrel,
J. Solid State Chem.
22, 87-92 (1977).
M. Sergent, R. Chevrel, C. Rossel, and O. Fischer,
J. Less-Common Met.
58, 179-193 (1978).
V. E Shamrai, G. M. Leitus, and A. V. Tandid,
Sov. Phys. Crystallogr.
32, 671-673 (1987).
V. E Shamrai, G. M. Leitus, and S. G. Zhukov,
Sov. Phys. Crystallogr.
35, 197-200 (1990).
B. D. Sharma and J. Donohue, Z.
Kristallogr.
117, 293-300 (1962).
R. N. Shelton,
J. Less-Common Met.
62, 191-196 (1978).
R. N. Shelton, A. C. Lawson, and D. C. Johnston,
Mater. Res. Bull.
10, 297-302 (1975).
R. N. Shelton, R. W. McCallum, and H. Adrian,
Phys. Lett. A
56, 213-214 (1976).
R. N. Shelton, A. C. Lawson, and K. Baberschke,
Solid State Commun.
24, 465-468 (1977).
R. N. Shelton, B. A. Karcher, D. R. Powell, R. A. Jacobson, and H. C. Ku,
Mater. Res. Bull.
15, 1445-
1452(1980).
R. N. Shelton, H. E. Horng, A. J. Bevolo, J. W. Richardson, R. A. Jacobson, S. D. Bader, and H. C.
Hamaker,
Phys. Rev. B
27, 6703-6712 (1983).
R. P. Shibaeva and L. P. Rozenberg,
Sov. Phys. Crystallogr.
33, 834-837 (1988).
R. P. Shibaeva, V. F. Kaminskii, and V. K. Bel'skii,
Sov. Phys. Crystallogr.
29, 638-640 (1984).
R. P. Shibaeva, V. F. Kaminskii, and E. B. Yagubskii,
Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst.
119, 361-373 (1985).
R. P. Shibaeva, R. M. Lobkovskaya, E. B. Yagubskii, and E. E. Kostyuchenko,
Sov. Phys. Crystallogr.
31,267-271 (1986).
I. Shirotani, G. Iwasaki, I. Kaneko, C. Sekine, S. Todo, and T. Yagi,
Solid State Commun.
104, 217-221
(1997).
O. I. Shulishova and I. A. Shcherbak,
Inorg. Mater.
3, 1304-1306 (1967).
T. Siegrist, R. J. Cava, J. J. Krajewski and W. E Peck, Jr.,
J. Alloys Comp.
216, 135-139 (1994a).
T. Siegrist, H. W. Zandbergen, R. J. Cava, J. J. Krajewski, and W. E Peck, Jr.,
Nature
367, 254-256
(1994b).
A. Simon,
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.
36, 1788-1806 (1997).
A. Simon, Hj. Mattausch, R. Eger, and R. K. Kremer,
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.
30, 1188-1189
(1991).
A. Simon, A. Yoshiasa, M. Bhcker, R. W. Henn, C. Felser, R. K. Kremer, and Hj. Mattausch, Z.
anorg.
allg. Chem.
622, 123-137 (1996).
A. W. Sleight, J. L. Gillson, and P. E. Bierstedt,
Solid State Commun.
17, 27-28 (1975).
Yu. M. Smimov and V. A. Finkel',
Sov. Phys. JETP
22, 750-753 (1966).
T. F. Smith and H. L. Luo,
J. Phys. Chem. Solids
28, 569-576 (1967).
J. E Smith and V. L. Schneider,
J. Less-Common Met.
7, 17-22 (1964).
G. S. Smith, A. G. Tharp and Q. Johnson,
Acta Crystallogr. B
25, 698-701 (1969).
248
Chapter 6: Crystal Structures of Classical Superconductors
J. L. Smith, Z. Fisk, J. O. Willis, A. L. Giorgi, R. B. Roof, H. R. Ott, H. Rudigier, and E. Felder,
Physica
B 135, 3-8 (1985).
R. B. Somoano, V. Hadek, and A. Rembaum,
J Chem. Phys.
58, 697-701 (1973).
R. B. Somoano, V. Hadek, A. Rembaum, S. Samson, and J. A. Woollam,
J. Chem. Phys.
62, 1068-1073
(1975).
R. E. Somekh and J. E. Evetts,
Solid State Commun.
24, 733-737 (1977).
E H. Spedding, A. H. Daane, and K. W. Herrmann,
Acta Crystallogr.
9, 559-563 (1956).
E H. Spedding, K. Gschneidner, Jr., and A. H. Daane,
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
80, 4499-4503 (1958).
E J. Spooner and C. G. Wilson,
Acta Crystallogr.
17, 1533-1538 (1964).
J. Staun Olsen, L. Gerward, S. Steenstrup, and E. Johnson, J.
Appl. Crystallogr.
27, 1002-1005 (1994).
R. Steadman and P. M. Nuttall,
Acta Crystallogr.
17, 62-63 (1964).
F. Steglich, J. Aarts, C. D. Bredl, W. Lieke, D. Meschede, W. Franz, and H. Sch~ifer,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
43,
1892-1896 (1979).
P. W. Stephens, L. Mihaly, P. L. Lee, R. L. Whetten, S.-M. Huang, R. Kaner, E Deiderich, and K.
Holczer,
Nature
351, 632-634 (1991).
P. W. Stephens, G. Bortel, G. Falgel, M. Tegze, A. Jfinossy, S. Pekker, G. Oszlanyl, and L. Forr6,
Nature
370, 636-639 (1994).
G. R. Stewart and A. L. Giorgi,
Solid State Commun.
28, 969-972 (1978).
R. P. Stratton and W. J. Kitchingman,
Acta Crystallogr.
17, 1471 (1964).
B. Stritzker, Z
Phys.
268, 261-264 (1974).
O. A. W. Strydom and L. Alberts,
J Less-Common Met.
22, 511-515 (1970).
G. V. Subba Rao, M. W Shafer, S. Kawarazaki, and A. M. Toxen,
J. Solid State Chem.
9, 323-329
(1974).
G. V. Subba Rao, K. Wagner, G. Balakrishnan, J. Janaki, W Paulus, R. Sch611hom, V. S. Subramanian,
and U. Poppe,
Bull. Mater. Sci. India
7, 215-228 (1985).
C. Susz, R. Fliikiger, J. L. Jorda, J. Muller, and R. M. Waterstrat,
J. Less-Common Met.
63, P45-P52
(1979).
A. R. Sweedler and D. E. Cox,
Phys. Rev. B
12, 147-156 (1975).
E. G. Szklarz and A. L. Giorgi,
J. Less-Common Met.
81, 349-351 (1981).
H. Takei, M. Yamawaki, A. Oota, and S. Noguchi,
J. Phys. F
15, 2333-2338 (1985).
Y. Tak6uchi and W. Nowacki,
Schweiz. Mineral Petrogr. Mitt.
44, 105-120 (1964).
K. Tanigaki, I. Hirosawa, T. W Ebbesen, J. Mizuki, Y. Shimakawa, Y. Kubo, J. S. Tsai, and S.
Kuroshima,
Nature
356, 419-421 (1992).
J. M. Tarascon and G. W. Hull,
Mater Res. Bull.
21, 859-869 (1986).
J. M. Tarascon, J. V. Waszczak, G. W. Hull, Jr., E J. DiSalvo, and L. D. Blitzer,
Solid State Commun.
47,
973-979 (1983).
J. M. Tarascon, F. J. DiSalvo, D. W. Murphy, G. W. Hull, E. A. Rietman, and J. V. Waszczak,
J Solid
State Chem.
54, 204-212 (1984a).
J. M. Tarascon, F. J. DiSalvo, D. W Murphy, G. Hull, and J. V. Waszczak,
Phys. Rev. B
29, 172-180
(1984b).
J. M. Tarascon, G. W. Hull, and F. J. DiSalvo,
Mater. Res. Bull.
19, 915-924 (1984c).
J. M. Tarascon, G. W. Hull, and J. V. Waszczak,
Mater. Res. Bull.
20, 935-946 (1985).
A. Taylor, B. J. Kagle, and N. J. Doyle,
J. Less-Common Met.
5, 26--40 (1963).
L. R. Testardi, J. H. Wemick, and W. A. Royer,
Solid State Commun.
15, 1-4 (1974).
L. E. Toth, V. F. Zackay, M. Wells, J. Olson, and E. R. Parker,
Acta Metall.
13, 379-385 (1965).
W. Trinkl, S. Cors6pius, and G. R. Stewart,
J. Alloys Comp.
240, 96-100 (1996).
W. Trzebiatowski and J. Niemiec,
Rocz. Chem.
29, 277-283 (1955).
M. A. Tylkina, E. M. Savitskiy, and V. E. Alyushin,
Russ. Metall.
4, 159-162 (1973).
A. M. Umarji, G. V. Subba Rao, M. P. Janawadkar, and T. S. Radhakrishnan,
J. Phys. Chem. Solids
41,
421-429 (1980).
H. Urayama, H. Yamochi, G. Saito, S. Sato, A. Kawamoto, J. Tanaka, T. Mori, Y. Maruyama, and H.
Inokuchi,
Chem. Lett.
463-466 (1988).
References 249
M. H. van Maaren and G. M. Schaeffer,
Phys. Lett.
20, 131 (1966).
N. H. van Maaren, G. M. Schaeffer, and E K. Lotgering,
Phys. Lett. A
25, 238-239 (1967).
E. C. van Reuth and R. M. Waterstrat,
Acta Crystallogr B
24, 186-196 (1968).
J. M. Vandenberg,
Mater. Res. Bull.
15, 835-847 (1980).
J. M. Vandenberg and H. Barz,
Mater Res. Bull.
15, 1493-1498 (1980).
J. M. Vandenberg and B. T. Matthias,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
74, 1336-1337 (1977).
G. Venturini, M. M6ot-Meyer, E. McRae, J. E Mar6ch6, and B. Roques,
Mater. Res. Bull.
19, 1647-
1652 (1984).
G. Venturini, M. Kamta, E. McRae, J. E Mar6ch6, B. Malaman, and B. Roques,
Mater. Res. Bull.
21,
1203-1208 (1986).
G. Venturini, B. Malaman, and B. Roques,
J Less-Common Met.
152, 51-66 (1989).
P. Villars,
Pearson "s Handbook,
Vols. 1, 2. ASM International, Materials Park, OH 44073, 1997.
E W. von Batchelder and R. E Raeuchle,
Acta Crystallogr.
10, 648-649 (1957).
S. V. Vonsovsky, Yu. A. Izyumov, and E. Z. Kurmaev,
Superconductivity of Transition Metals, Springer
Series in Solid-State Sciences,
Vol. 27. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1982.
V. D. Vorob'ev and V. A. Mel'nikova,
Sov. Phys. Crystallogr.
19, 397 (1974).
H. H. Wang, M. A. Beno, U. Geiser, M. A. Firestone, K. S. Webb, L. Nunez, G. W. Crabtree, K. D.
Carlson, J. M. Williams, L. J. Azevedo, J. E Kwak, and J. E. Schirber,
Inorg. Chem.
24, 2465-2466
(1985).
D. R. Wanlass and M. J. Sienko,
J Solid State Chem.
12, 362-369 (1975).
Y. Watanabe, H. Iwasaki, and H. Takei,
Acta Crystallogr. C
40, 1644-1646 (1984).
Y. Watanabe, H. Iwasaki, H. Iwasaki, and Y. Muto,
Acta Crystallogr. C
42, 1469-1472 (1986).
R. M. Waterstrat, E Haenssler, and J. Mfiller,
J Appl. Phys.
50, 4763-4766 (1979).
S. T. Weir, Y. K. Vohra, and A. L. Ruoff,
Phys. Rev. B
36, 4543-4546 (1987).
R. H. Willens, E. Buehler, and B. T. Matthias,
Phys. Rev.
159, 327-330 (1967).
J. M. Williams, T. J. Emge, H. H. Wang, M. A. Beno. P. T. Copps, L. N. Hall, K. D. Carlson, and G. W.
Crabtree,
Inorg. Chem.
23, 2558-2560 (1984a).
J. M. Williams, H. H. Wang, M. A. Beno, T. J. Emge, L. M. Sowa, P. T. Copps, E Behroozi, L. N. Hall,
K. D. Carlson, and G. W. Crabtree,
Inorg. Chem.
23, 3839-3841 (1984b).
J. M. Williams, A. M. Kini, U. Geiser, H. H. Wang, K. D. Carlson, W. K. Kwok, K. G. Vandervoort, J. E.
Thompson, D. L. Stupka, D. Jung, and M.-H. Whangbo, in
Organic Superconductivity
(V. Z. Kresin
and W. A. Little, Eds.), pp. 39-50. Plenum, New York, 1990a.
J. M. Williams, A. M. Kini, H. H. Wang. K. D. Carlson, U. Geiser, L. K. Montgomery, G. J. Pyrka, D.
M. Watkins, J. M. Kommers, S. J. Boryschuk, A. V. Strieby Crouch, W. K. Kwok, J. E. Schirber, D. L.
Overmyer, D. Jung and M.-H. Whangbo,
Inorg. Chem.
29 3272-3274 (1990b).
J. M. Williams, J. R. Ferraro, R. J. Thorn, K. D. Carlson, U. Geiser, H. H. Wang, A. M. Kini, and M.-H.
Whangbo,
Organic Superconductors (Including Fullerenes).
Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ,
1992.
C. G. Wilson,
Acta Crystallogr.
16, 724-730 (1963).
E. A. Wood and V. B. Compton,
Acta Crystallogr.
11,429-433 (1958).
S. Wiichner, N. Keller, J. L. Tholence, and J. Flouquet,
Solid State Commun.
85, 355-360 (1993).
W. Xian-Zhong, B. Chevalier, J. Etourneau, and P. Hagenmuller,
Mater Res. Bull.
20, 517-523 (1985).
H. D. Yang, R. N. Shelton, and H. E Braun,
Phys. Rev. B
33, 5062-5065 (1986).
E Yang, N. Tang, J. Wang, W. Qin, Z.-X. Li, and J. Luo,
J. Phys. Condens. Matter
7, 2369-2373 (1995).
J. Ye, T. Shishido., T. Kimura, T. Matsumoto, and T.
Fukuda, Acta Crystallogr. C
52, 2652-2655 (1996).
T. Yildirim, O, Zhou, J. E. Fischer, N. Bykovetz, R. A. Strongin, M. A. Cichy, A. B. Smith III, C. L. Lin,
and R. Jelinek,
Nature
360, 568-571 (1992).
S.-C. Yu, I. L. Spain, and E. E Skelton,
J. AppL Phys.
49, 4741-4745 (1978).
K. Yvon, Acta Crystallogr. B
30, 853-861 (1974).
K. Yvon, in
Current Topics in Materials Science 3
(E. Kaldis, Ed.), pp. 53-129. North-Holland,
Amsterdam, 1979.
250
Chapter 6: Crystal Structures of Classical Superconductors
K. Yvon and A. Griittner, in
Superconductivity in d- andriBand Metals
(H. Suhl and M. B. Maple,
Eds.), pp. 515-519. Academic Press, New York, 1980.
K. Yvon and D. C. Johnston,
Acta Crystallogr. B
38, 247-250 (1982).
K. Yvon, A. Paoli, R. Fliikiger, and R. Chevrel,
Acta Crystallogr. B.
33, 3066-3072 (1977).
K. Yvon, R. Baillif, and R. Fliikiger,
Acta Crystallogr. B
35, 2859-2863 (1979).
K. Yvon, R. Chevrel, and M. Sergent,
Acta Crystallogr. B
36, 685-687 (1980).
W. H. Zachariasen,
Acta Crystallogr
5, 17-19 (1952).
H. W. Zandbergen and R. J. Cava,
Nature
374, 682 (1995).
H. W. Zandbergen, R. J. Cava, J. J. Krajewski, and W. E Peck, Jr.,
J. Solid State Chem.
110, 196-199
(1994a).
H. W. Zandbergen, J. Jansen, R. J. Cava, J. J. Krajewski, and W. E Peck, Jr.,
Nature
372, 759-761
(1994b).
H. W. Zandbergen, W. G. Sloof, R. J. Cava, J. J. Krajewski, and W. E Peck, Jr.,
Physica C
226, 365-376
(1994c).
H. W. Zandbergen, E. J. van Zwet, J. C. Sarrac, M. C. de Andrade, J. Hermann, S. H. Hart, Z. Fisk, M. B.
Maple, and R. J. Cava,
Physica C
229, 29-34 (1994d).
S. T. Zegler,
Phys. Rev.
137 A1438-A1440 (1965).
O. Zhou, J. E. Fischer, N. Coustel, S. Kycia, Q. Zhu, A. R. McGhie, W. J. Romanow, J. P. McCauley, Jr.,
A. B. Smith III, and D. E. Cox,
Nature
351, 462-464 (1991).
O. Zhou, R. M. Fleming, D. W. Murphy, M. J. Rosseinsky, A. P. Ramirez, R. B. van Dover, and R. C.
Haddon,
Nature
362, 433-435 (1993).
Q. Zhu, D. E. Cox, and J. E. Fischer,
Phys. Rev. B
51, 3966-3969 (1995).
N. N. Zhuravlev,
Sov. Phys. JETP
5, 1064-1072 (1957).
N. N. Zhuravlev,
Sov. Phys. JETP
7, 571-573 (1958).
N. N. Zhuravlev and V. P. Melik-Adamyan,
Sov. Phys. Crystallogr.
6, 99-100 (1961).
N. N. Zhuravlev, T. A. Mingazin, and G. S. Zhdanov,
Sov. Phys. JETP
7, 566-571 (1958).
N. N. Zhuravlev, G. S. Zhdanov, and Ye. M. Smirnova,
Phys. Met. Metallogr.
13, 55-61 (1962).
E. Zintl and A. Harder,
Z. Phys. Chem. B
16, 206-212 (1932).
Chapter 7
Cuprates
Charles P. Poole
Jr
Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Superconductivity,
University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
Frank J. Owens
Army Armament Research, Engineering, and Development Center,
Picatinny, New ]ersey, and Department of Physics, Hunter College,
City University of New York, New York
A~
B.
C.
D.
E.
E
Introduction 251
Multislab Structure 252
Aligned and Body-Centered types 257
Role of the Binding Slab 262
Particular Cuprate Superconductors 262
Infinite-Layer and Related Phases 265
References 265
A
Introduction
The previous two chapters discussed the classical and the more recently
discovered types of superconductor, meaning all major classes of superconduc-
tors except the cuprates, and now we tum to examine this last group. The present
chapter emphasizes overall characteristics of cuprates, and the next chapter
provides crystallographic data on specific compounds. The general features
arise from the layered structure involving the altemation between conduction
slabs and binding slabs, with each slab consisting of one or more individual
layers of atoms. We begin the chapter by delineating this arrangement. Then we
ISBN: 0-12-561460-8 HANDBOOK OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
$30.00 Copyright 9 2000 by Academic Press.
All fights of reproduction in any form reserved.
251
252
Chapter 7: Cuprates
TABLE
7.1
Crystallographic characteristics of the main families of the cuprates, where Z is the number of atoms in
the unit cell, A denotes aligned, and S staggered CuO 2 layers. Lattice constants a 0 and c o are in
angstrom
units. For orthorhombic compounds
a 0 = l(a + b) and %Anis = 200(b -
a)/(b + a).
Compound Symbol Space Pearson
Type Z a 0 c o %Anis T c
group code
Lal.85 Sr0.15CuO 4 0201 I4/mmm iT14 S 2 3.779 13.23 0 37.5
Lal.8sSr0.15CuO 4 0201 Bmab oS28 S 4 3.7824r2 13.18 0.57 37.5
YBa2Cu306 1212 P4/mmm tP12 A 1 3.857 11.79 0
YBa2Cu307 1212 Pmmm oP13 A 1 3.853 11.68 1.68 91
T1Ba2CaCu207 1212 P4/mmm tP13 A 1 3.847 12.72 0 80
T1Ba2CazCu309 1223 P4/mmm tP17 A 1 3.808 15.23 0 120
T1Ba2Ca3Cu4Oll 1234 P4/mmm tP21 A 1 3.848 19.00 0 114
HgBa2CuO 4 1201 P4/mmm tP8 A 1 3.881 9.53 0 95
HgBa2CaCu206 1212 P4/mmm tP12 A 1 3.858 12.66 0 114
HgBa2Ca2Cu308 1223 P4/mmm tP16 A 1 3.850 15.78 0 133
HgBa2Ca3Cu4010 1234 P4/mmm tP20 A 1 3.853 18.97 0 125
HgBa2Ca4CusO12 1245 P4/mmm tP24 A 1 3.852 22.10 0 101
HgBazCasCu6O14 1256 P4/mmm tP28 A 1 3.852 25.33 0 114
Bi2Sr2CuO 6 2201 Amaa oS44 S 4 3.796V/2 24.62 0.22 9
Bi2Sr2CaCu208 2212 A2aa oS60 S 4 3.829~/2 30.86 0.018 92
Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3010 2223 A2aa oS76 S 4 3.83~/2 37.07 0.23 110
TlzBa2CuO 6 2201 I4/mmm ti122 S 2 3.866 23.24 0 90
T12BazCaCu208 2212 I4/mmm tI30 S 2 3.855 29.32 0 110
TlzBa2Ca2Cu3010 2223 I4/mmm ti38 S 2 3.850 35.88 0 125
TlzBazCa3Cu4OI2 2234 I4/mmm ti46 S 2 3.849 40.05 0 109
YBa2Cu408 Ammm oS30 2 3.8 27.24 0.80 80
describe the roles of the conduction and binding slabs and differentiate particular
types of cuprates. We end with some comments on infinite layer phases. Table
7.1 summarizes the crystallographic characteristics of the compounds discussed
here.
Many authors use the notation "conduction and binding layers," with each
layer comprising "individual planes of atoms." Our notation "conduction and
binding slabs" consisting of "layers of atoms" is consistent with that used in the
next chapter.
Multislab Structure
All of the cuprates have the same ordered arrangement of slabs parallel to each
other, and stacked along the c axis. This multislab structure is summarized in a
general way in Fig. 7.1, and sketched with actual atom positions for the thallium
B. Muitislab Structure
253
Fig. 7.1.
h '
il
P_
,,
.................. II
BINDING SLABS
,., .... . 9 :,,, ,,.,,,,, , ,, . .. ~,
li' + ..... " .......... ' - -'~ ....
II Co~ucTIoN SLABS
WITH CuO2
II
,,
...... + .....................................
.............. -~ .......... i-",
BINDING SLABS !
....... . ~ _~ ..... :.,
CONDUCTION SLABS with CUO~
M
!1 ....... .... ~.- .... 9 , 9 9 , -- .... ,~_; :. , .. ..... ~- , .......... ...... 't
a BINDING SLABS a
ii ....... ' ............. "'" '" 16
II
CONDUCTION SLABS WITH Cu02 !!
II ~ , ~ :-~- ~+-~ ~ .... . _ -- ... .. . - . .... ,,, ,, , ........
il ........ ' "" ....... "-- " " - ...... - " 'd
BINDING SLABS
~'_
......... ....................................... ~ -., -, ....
~I
Layering scheme of the cuprate superconductors. Figure 7.4 shows details of the conduction
slabs for different sequences of copper oxide layers, and Figs. 7.5 and 7.6 present details of the
binding slabs for several cuprates. [Owens and Poole, 1996, p. 99.]
series of compounds in Fig. 7.2. Both figures show that there are alternating
conduction slabs where the super current flows and binding slabs that hold
together the conduction slabs. The conduction slabs consist of copper oxide
(CuO2) layers with each copper ion Cu 2+ surrounded by four oxygen ions O z-
and each oxygen bonded to two coppers, as illustrated in Fig. 7.3. The
conduction slabs have one, two, three, or more CuO2 layers, and for n > 1 the
layers are held in place within the slab by calcium Ca 2+ ions located between
them, as shown in Fig. 7.4, with the exception of YBazCu30 7, in which the
intervening cations are yttrium, y3+, instead of calcium. The ease of current flow
along the CuO2 layers of the slabs, compared to flow in the perpendicular
direction, helps to explain the anisotropic properties of the cuprates.
Each particular cuprate compound has its own specific binding slab,
consisting mainly of layers of metal oxides (MO). Figure 7.5 gives the layer
sequences within these slabs for compounds in which the layers are odd in
number, and Fig. 7.6 sketches the even cases. The odd case is called aligned
because the copper ions of all the conduction slabs are arranged one above the
other along the c axis. In other words, the CuO 2 layers of successive conduction
slabs stack in alignment. The barium ions are also aligned above one another
along c, and to emphasize this they are all listed in Fig. 7.5 as BaO groups. In
254
Chapter 7: Cuprates
Fig. 7.2.
9 q "-""-'-- (:D~4 h
-- 11
, % %
___ ,,
-C-
.-~ ~
"----
T!
....
TI
9 '---- Cu
---- Ca
TI2OaJ2CuOe TIzBa2CaCu~eOaj TlzOa2CazCu30 0o
Crystal structures of the
T12Ba2Can_lCUnO2n+4
compounds with n = 1, 2, 3, arranged to
display the layering schemes. The BizSrzCa,_ 1Cu, O2,,+ 4 compounds have the same respective
structures. [Courtesy of C. C. Torardi; see Poole
et al.
1988, p. 106.]
Fig. 7.3.
OXYGEN COPPER
!
I I
I t
I I
eO 9 Oe
0 0 0
o 0 oO 9
0 0 0
o OO 0 9
Arrangement of copper and oxygen ions in
a CuO 2
layer of a conduction slab. [Owens and
Poole, 1996, p. 99.]
B. Multislab Structure
255
Fig. 7.4.
II ' ....... " ...................... ' ' " " ....... -" 211
....... . ..... , .................. ~
Conduction slab with one copper oxide layer
. , .. -, :..,-,-,,: .............
h .....
Cu02
Ca
Cu02
Conduction slab with two copper oxide layers
,I ........... ., - i ,.. ,,, -.,,, _ ,~ .- - , , - . ~ ;T,, ,,., j ,
CuO~ I
Y U
Cu02 I
...................
!~
...... " . ,.-:.,, ..... - ~ , ..................
q
Conduction slab of yttrium campound with two copper oxide layers,
n
.......... ' ', ' , ,, 9 :.,..r ...... , .. ,,
Cu02
,
Ca
Cu02
H Ca
U
~. ' , ................ __ _ .....
Cu02
., L
~.
'~II
I
'"", -I
Conduction slab with three copper oxide layers
Conduction slabs of the various cuprate superconductors showing sequences of CuO2 and Ca
(or Y) layers in the conduction slabs of Fig. 7.1. [Owens and Poole, 1996, p. 100.]
contrast to this, in the even case, each binding slab has half MO and half OM
groups for each metal ion M. Thus, the even thallium compounds
TlzBazCa,_ 1Cu,O2,+4 have BaO, OT1, T10, and OBa arrangements within the
binding slab sketched at the bottom of Fig. 7.6. Within the individual conduction