Недоливко Н.М. Исследование керна нефтегазовых скважин
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M]ebklhklv G_nl_gZkus_gghklv
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aZ]bikh\Zgghklv
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А Б
Jbk. 1.2. Mkeh\gu_ agZdb d eblheh]bq_kdbf dhehgdZf (1 qZklv),
ih [ 18], k g_agZqbl_evgufb bkijZ\e_gbyfb b ^h[Z\e_gbyfb Z\lhj Z
8
Kh^_j‘Zgb_ ijbf_k_c b \djZie_gbc \ ]hjguo ihjh^Zo
Ahh]_gguc
^_ljbl
JZklbl_evguc
^_ljbl
П
С
Ibjbl
Kb^_jbl
Г
Kn_jhebluNhknhjbl
Ф
NehjZ
=Zkljhih^u
DhglZdlu f_‘^m kehyfb
DZ\_jgu
Lj_sbgu
Kmlmju, klbeheblu,
iZjZklbeheblu
JZafuluc
Ihkl_i_gguc
]hjbahglZevguc
M]eh\h_ g_kh]eZkb_
Hheblu
Imklhlgh-ihjh\h_ ijhkljZgkl\h
;_e_fgblu
I_e_pbih^u
NjZ]f_glu dhjg_c
Djmigu_ g_hij_^_ebfu_
jZklbl_evgu_ hklZldb
Chondrites
NZmgbklbq_kdb_ hklZldb
Ke_^u ‘bag_^_yl_evghklb
Teichichnus
Skolithos
Palaeophycus
Terebelina
G_hij_^_ebfZy
[bhlmj[Zpby
Lbiu kehbklhklb
=eZmdhgbl
=hjbahglZevgZy
DhkZy h^gh-
gZijZ\e_ggZy
DhkZy jZagh-
gZijZ\e_ggZy
<hegbklZy
Dhkh-
\hegbklZy
Ebgah-
\b^gZy
Djbghb^_b
FrZgdb
Nehjbklbq_kdb_ hklZldb
Jbk. 1.3. Mkeh\gu_ agZdb d eblheh]bq_kdbf dhehgdZf (2 qZklv),
ih [ 18], k g_agZqbl_evgufb bkijZ\e_gbyfb b ^h[Z\e_gbyfb Z\lhjZ
9
GZ jbk . 1.1 \ dZq_kl\_ fZjdbjmxsbo ]hjbahglh\ mdZaZgu Zj]bee b-
lu [Z‘_gh\kdhc k\blu, ]ebgbklu_ ihjh^u gb‘g_\Zkx]Zgkdhc ih ^k\blu
b m]hevgu_ ieZklu, dhlhju_ bkihevamxlky ^ey jZkqe_g_gby jZ aj_ah\ b
dhjj_eypbb \_ jog_xjkdbo hleh‘_gbc AZiZ^gh -Kb[bjkdh]h hk Z^hqgh]h
q_oeZ.
GZ ko_fm gZghkyl bgl_j\Zeu hl[hjZ b ghf_jZ d_jgZ, ^Zggu_ h \ u-
oh^_ d_jgZ; j _amevlZlu bkiulZgbc.
HibkZgb_ jZaj_ah\ – wlh kZfZy hl\_lkl\_ggZy hi_jZpby ijb h[j Z-
[hld_ fZl_jbZeh\ ihbkdh\h]h, jZa\_^hqgh]h, hihjgh]h, iZjZf_ljbq_kd h-
]h beb kljmdlmjgh]h [mj_gby.
Hgh ^he‘gh ijh\h^blvky ihke_^h\Zl_evgh, ]jZfhlgh b hq_gv ls Z-
l_evgh b ^he‘gh [ulv iheguf b k f_lh^bq_kdhc lhqdb aj_gby klZg^Zj l-
guf . Wlh \ ^Zevg_cr_f h[e_]qbl khklZ\e _gb_ jZaj_aZ (eblheh]bq_kdhc
dhehgdb) k ijbf_g_gb_f mkeh\guo agZdh\ b khihklZ\e_gby jZaj_ah\
kd\Z‘bg.
Ijb hibkZgbb jZaj_ah\ g_h[oh^bfh bkihevah\ Zgb_:
1) dhfie_dkZ dZjhlZ‘guo ^bZ]jZff ^ey ijh\_jdb ijb\yadb d_jgZ,
mklZgh\e_gby bklbgghc fhsghklb keh_\ b ^j.;
2) i jhkl_crbo ijbkihkh[e_gbc ^ey bamq_gby f_edbo ^_lZe_c, g_ \ b-
^bfuo g_\hhjm‘_gguf ]eZahf, – emiu k 6 –12 djZlguf m\_ebq _-
gb_f ^ey ba mq_gby f_edbo ^_lZe_c;
3) j_Zdlb\h\, g_h[oh^bfuo ^ey \uykg_gby dZj[hgZlghklb ihjh^
(ihevamxlky kheyghc dbkehlhc k h[t_fghc dhgp_gljZpb_c 1 d 10);
4) j_Zdlb\h\ ([_gabg) ^ey h [gZjm‘_gby gZebqby g_nl_ijh^mdlh\, \
qZklghklb, [blmfZ
1
.
1.2. H[sbc hkfhlj d_jgZ
HibkZgb_ jZaj_aZ gZqbgZ_lky с общего осмотра керна (beb _]h
qZklb) b mlhqg_gby _]h f_klhiheh‘_gby \ jZaj_a_ kd\Z‘bgu. D_jg, i h^-
gyluc b hqbs_gguc hl [mjh\h]h jZkl\hjZ , mdeZ^u\Zxl \ ki _pbZevgu_
d_jgh\u_ y sbdb (jbk. 1. 4), ba]hlh\e_ggu_ ba ^_j_\Z b jZa^ _e_ggu_ gZ
ijh^hevgu_ k_dpbb rbjbghc qmlv [he__ ^bZf_ljZ d_jgZ k iylvx (^ey
d_jgZ d=80ff), q_lujvfy (^ey d_j gZ d=100 ff) beb r_klvx ( ^ey d_jgZ
d=60 ff) ijh^hevgufb k_d pbyfb, k jZaf_jhf ih ^ebg_ f _‘^m \gm l-
j_ggbfb kl_gdZ fb , jZ\guf 1 f. Bgh]^Z d_jg ihf_sZxl \ ieZklbdh\u_
i_gZeu beb dZjlhggu_ d hjh[db.
1
Qlh[u g_ aZ]jyagylv d_jg dbkehlhc beb [_gabghf bkke_^h\Zgby ijh\h^yl g _ gZ
\k_f dmkd_ d_jgZ, Z gZ hl[ blhf hl g_]h hkdhed_.
10
< ysbdZo b dhjh[dZo d_jg mdeZ^u\Z_lky ihke_^h\Zl_evgh (ke_\Z
gZijZ\h) \ ihjy^d_ \hajZklZgby ]em[bgu kd\Z‘bgu \ kljh]hf khhl\_ l-
kl\bb k _ ]h iheh‘_gb_f \ dhehgdh\hc ljm[_ . Meh‘_gguc d_jg khijh\ h-
‘^Z_lky wlbd_ldZfb, dhlhju_ ihf_sZxlky \ gZqZe_ b dhgp_ bgl_j\ ZeZ.
GZ wlbd_ldZo mdZau\Z_lky gZa\Zgb_ iehsZ^b (f_klhjh‘^ _gby), ghf_j
kd\Z‘bgu b d_jgZ (_]h gZqZeh, ijh^he‘_gb_, dhg_p d_jgZ), bgl_j\Ze h l-
[hjZ, ij hoh^dZ (f_lju), \uoh^ (\ughk) d_jgZ (f_lju, %).
Верх Ящ. 1 скв. 131 Нюрольская
К 5 (прод., .К. в Ящ. 7) 2395,0-2401,0; 6 - 5,1 - 95 %
Н
К 5. К.К.
К 6. Н.К.
К 6 2401,0-2405,5; 4,5 - 4,5 - 100 %
Ящик 8, Керн 5
(продолжение, начало в ящ. 7)
Интервал 2395,0-2401,0 м;
Проходка 6,0 м;
Выход керна 5,1 м - 95 %
Ящик 8, Керн 6
( начало керна)
Интервал 2401,0 - 2405,5м;
Проходка 4,5 м;
Выход керна 4,5 м - 100 %
Ящик 8, Керн 5
(конец керна)
Интервал 2395,0-2401,0 м;
Проходка 6,0 м;
Выход керна 5,1 м - 95 %
Ящик 8, Керн 6
( начало керна)
Интервал 2401,0 - 2405,5м;
Проходка 4,5 м;
Выход керна 4,5 м - 100 %
(продолжнение керна в ящике 7)
Jbk. 1.4. Iheh‘_gb_ d_jgZ b wlbd_lhd \ d_jgh\hf ysbd_,
ijbf_j gZ^ibk_c gZ wlbd_ldZo h i_j\bqghc bgnhjfZpbb ih d_jgm
Iheh‘_gb_ dhgpZ b gZqZeZ d_jgZ nbdkbjm_lky gZ i_j_]hjh^d_ a Z-
jm[dhc lhihjhf. K ^\mo klhjhg hl g__ ih^ibku\Zxlky bgl_j\Zeu hl[ h-
jZ d_jgZ (jbk. 1.4) k ihf_ldhc «dhg_p d_jgZ» (ke_\Z) b «gZqZeh d_ j gZ»
(kijZ\Z); klj_edhc hl gZqZeZ bgl_j\ZeZ mdZau\Z_lky gZijZ\e_gb_.
Ysbdb k d_jghf, oZjZdl_jbamxsbf jZaj_a, jZ kklZ\eyxl: Z) ijb
i_j\bqghf hibkZgbb d_jgZ – \ ihjy^d_ m\_ebq_gby ]em[bg kh]eZkgh i h-
ke_^h\Zl_evghklb _]h ba\e_q_gby ba g_^j beb [) ijb ^_lZevghf hibk Z-
gbb d_jgZ – \ ihjy^d_ mf_gvr_gby ]em[bg kh]eZkgh ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb
hkZ^dhh[jZah\Zgby.
11
Ijb hkfhlj_ d_jgZ , ij_‘^_ \k_]h , hij_^_ey_lky ijZ\bevghkl v _]h
mdeZ^db (dhlhjZy ijh\_jy_lky khkludh\dhc dmkdh\ ih fhjnheh]bb kd h-
eZ, iml_f kh\f_s_gby [hjha^hd, ihemq_gguo ijb [mj_gbb, i h l_dklm j-
guf hkh[_gghklyf b p\_lm ihjh^ ) b gZ^ibk_c gZ wlbd_ldZo.
< oh^_ h kfhljZ \uykgyxl ky hkh[_gghklb kljh_gby lhesb (kl_i_gv
fZdjh g_h^ghjh^ghklb, khklZ\ ihjh^, oZjZdl_j bo i_j_keZb\Zgby, ihke _-
^h\Zl_evghklv gZieZklh\Zgby , oZjZdl_j dhglZdlh\ b i_j_ju\h\ ). <u^ _-
eyxlky gZb[he__ yjdb_ ijbagZdb (eblheh]bq_kdbc khklZ\, hdjZkdZ, ]j Z-
gmehf_ljby, kehbk lhklv, djmigu_ jblfu, ih\_joghklb jZafu\Z) , ih d h-
lhjuf jZaj_a jZa[b\Z_lky gZ h^ghjh^gu_ bgl_j\Zeu b iZqdb ihjh^. Ijb
wlhf nbdkbjmxlky ]jZgbpu g_kh]eZkby, bgl_j\Zeu k hklZldZfb hj] Z-
gbafh\, [bh]_jfZfb b l.^.
Ih aZf_jm \ dhehgd_ d_jgZ hij_^_eyxl \b^bfmx fhsg hklv dZ‘-
^h]h ba \u^_e_gguo ijb hi bkZgbb keh_\. Bklbggmx fhsghklv ^Zggh]h
kehy mdZau\Zxl \ hdhgqZl_evghf jZaj_a_, khklZ\ey_fhf gZ hkg h\Zgbb
bamq_gby g_ lhevdh d_jgZ b reZfZ, gh b j_amevlZlh\ ]_hnbabq_kdbo b k-
ke_^h\Zgbc kd\Z‘bg (hkh[_ggh dhfie_dkZ dZjhlZ‘guo ^bZ]jZff we_ d-
ljbq_kdbo, Zdmklbq_kdbo, jZ^bhZ dlb\guo f_lh^h\ b dZ\_jghf_ljbb).
GZ jZ[hq_c ko_f_ (jbk. 1 .1) ijh\h^blky m\yadZ iheh‘_gby fZjd b-
jmxsbo keh_\, \u^_e_gguo \ jZaj_a_, k bo iheh‘_gb_f, mlhqgy_lky
]em[bgZ aZe_]Zgby fZjdbjmxsbo keh_\ b ijh\_jy_lky ijZ \bevghklv i h-
bgl_j\Zevghc ijb\yadb d_jgZ. Hij_^_e_gb_ bklbgghc ]em[bgu aZe_] Z-
gby ihjh^ hkh[_ggh \Z‘gh ijb hij_^_e_gbb iheh‘_gby ijh^m dlb\guo
ieZklh\.
H^gh\j_f_ggh hlf_qZxlky gZebqb_ beb h lkmlkl\b_ dZ\_jg b lj _-
sbg, ijh\h^blky \bamZevgZy hp_gdZ oZjZdl_jZ gZkus_gg hklb.
1.3. <u^_e_gb_ keh_\ –
hkgh\ guo we_f_glh\ jZaj_aZ
HkZ^hqgu_ lhesb bf_xl kehbklh_ (qZklh jblfbqgh_) kljh_gb_ b
ij_^klZ\eyxl fgh]hdjZlgh_ b jZaghfZkrlZ[gh_ ih\lhj_gb_ (q_j_^h\ Z-
gb_) ihjh^. Ihwlhfm ijb hkfhlj_ b hibkZgbb d_jgh\uo dhehghd, ij_ ‘-
^_ \k_]h, \u^_eyxlky kehb – ]_heh]bq_kdb_ l_eZ, bf_xsb_ kms_kl\_ggh
h^ghjh^guc eblheh]bq_kdbc khklZ\ (qZklh h^bgZdh\mx hdjZkdm), h[e Z-
^Zxsb_ ykgh \ujZ‘_ggufb ih^hr\hc b djh\e_c b agZqbl_evghc lh e-
sbghc (fh s ghklvx) .
<gmljb keh_\ \u^_eyxlky kehcdb – i_j\bqgu_ we_f_glu kehbkl h-
klb, «h[hkh[e_ggu_ \ l_e_ kehy we_f_glu [he__ f_edh]h fZkrlZ[Z,
bf_xsb_ \bamZevgh jZaebqbfu_ ]jZgbpu h]jZgbq_gby» [ 8].
Kehcdb fh]ml [ulv k]jmiibjh\Zgu \ k_jbb.
7
Ba\_klgydb
^hehfblbabjh\Zggu_
Ihjh^u
;j_dqbb, s_[_gv
Dhg]ehf_jZlu, ]jZ\_eblu,
]Ze_qgbdb
I_kdb
I_kqZgbdb
=ebgu (:)
Zj]beeblu (;)
Ba\_klgydb
[hehfblu
F_e
F_j]_eb
:e_\jheblu
Dj_fgbklu_ ihjh^u
DjbklZeebq_kdbc
nmg^Zf_gl
M]hev
:e_\jheblu k
ijhkehyfb ]ebg
:e_\jheblu k
ijhkehyfb i_kqZgbdh\
I_kqZgbdb k
ijhkehyfb Ze_\jheblh\
Lhgdh_ i_j_keZb\Zgb_ ]ebg,
Ze_\jheblh\ b i_kqZgbdh\
;bh]_jfgu_ b
jbnh]_ggu_ h[jZah\Zgby
Ijbf_ju khq_lZgby ihjh^
Ijhy\e_gby \ ]hjguo ihjh^Zo
I_j_djbklZeebaZpby
[hehfblbaZpby
M]ebklhklv G_nl_gZkus_gghklv
=ZahgZkus_gghklv
<h^hghkghklv
DZevpblbaZpby
;blmfbghaghklv
=biku b
aZ]bikh\Zgghklv
:g]b^jblu b
Zg]b^jblbaZpby
Ihjh^u dhju
\u\_ljb\Zgby
А Б
Jbk. 1.2. Mkeh\gu_ agZdb d eblheh]bq_kdbf dhehgdZf (1 qZklv),
ih [ 18], k g_agZqbl_evgufb bkijZ\e_gbyfb b ^h[Z\e_gbyfb Z\lhj Z
8
Kh^_j‘Zgb_ ijbf_k_c b \djZie_gbc \ ]hjguo ihjh^Zo
Ahh]_gguc
^_ljbl
JZklbl_evguc
^_ljbl
П
С
Ibjbl
Kb^_jbl
Г
Kn_jhebluNhknhjbl
Ф
NehjZ
=Zkljhih^u
DhglZdlu f_‘^m kehyfb
DZ\_jgu
Lj_sbgu
Kmlmju, klbeheblu,
iZjZklbeheblu
JZafuluc
Ihkl_i_gguc
]hjbahglZevguc
M]eh\h_ g_kh]eZkb_
Hheblu
Imklhlgh-ihjh\h_ ijhkljZgkl\h
;_e_fgblu
I_e_pbih^u
NjZ]f_glu dhjg_c
Djmigu_ g_hij_^_ebfu_
jZklbl_evgu_ hklZldb
Chondrites
NZmgbklbq_kdb_ hklZldb
Ke_^u ‘bag_^_yl_evghklb
Teichichnus
Skolithos
Palaeophycus
Terebelina
G_hij_^_ebfZy
[bhlmj[Zpby
Lbiu kehbklhklb
=eZmdhgbl
=hjbahglZevgZy
DhkZy h^gh-
gZijZ\e_ggZy
DhkZy jZagh-
gZijZ\e_ggZy
<hegbklZy
Dhkh-
\hegbklZy
Ebgah-
\b^gZy
Djbghb^_b
FrZgdb
Nehjbklbq_kdb_ hklZldb
Jbk. 1.3. Mkeh\gu_ agZdb d eblheh]bq_kdbf dhehgdZf (2 qZklv),
ih [ 18], k g_agZqbl_evgufb bkijZ\e_gbyfb b ^h[Z\e_gbyfb Z\lhjZ
9
GZ jbk . 1.1 \ dZq_kl\_ fZjdbjmxsbo ]hjbahglh\ mdZaZgu Zj]bee b-
lu [Z‘_gh\kdhc k\blu, ]ebgbklu_ ihjh^u gb‘g_\Zkx]Zgkdhc ih ^k\blu
b m]hevgu_ ieZklu, dhlhju_ bkihevamxlky ^ey jZkqe_g_gby jZ aj_ah\ b
dhjj_eypbb \_ jog_xjkdbo hleh‘_gbc AZiZ^gh -Kb[bjkdh]h hk Z^hqgh]h
q_oeZ.
GZ ko_fm gZghkyl bgl_j\Zeu hl[hjZ b ghf_jZ d_jgZ, ^Zggu_ h \ u-
oh^_ d_jgZ; j _amevlZlu bkiulZgbc.
HibkZgb_ jZaj_ah\ – wlh kZfZy hl\_lkl\_ggZy hi_jZpby ijb h[j Z-
[hld_ fZl_jbZeh\ ihbkdh\h]h, jZa\_^hqgh]h, hihjgh]h, iZjZf_ljbq_kd h-
]h beb kljmdlmjgh]h [mj_gby.
Hgh ^he‘gh ijh\h^blvky ihke_^h\Zl_evgh, ]jZfhlgh b hq_gv ls Z-
l_evgh b ^he‘gh [ulv iheguf b k f_lh^bq_kdhc lhqdb aj_gby klZg^Zj l-
guf . Wlh \ ^Zevg_cr_f h[e_]qbl khklZ\e _gb_ jZaj_aZ (eblheh]bq_kdhc
dhehgdb) k ijbf_g_gb_f mkeh\guo agZdh\ b khihklZ\e_gby jZaj_ah\
kd\Z‘bg.
Ijb hibkZgbb jZaj_ah\ g_h[oh^bfh bkihevah\ Zgb_:
1) dhfie_dkZ dZjhlZ‘guo ^bZ]jZff ^ey ijh\_jdb ijb\yadb d_jgZ,
mklZgh\e_gby bklbgghc fhsghklb keh_\ b ^j.;
2) i jhkl_crbo ijbkihkh[e_gbc ^ey bamq_gby f_edbo ^_lZe_c, g_ \ b-
^bfuo g_\hhjm‘_gguf ]eZahf, – emiu k 6 –12 djZlguf m\_ebq _-
gb_f ^ey ba mq_gby f_edbo ^_lZe_c;
3) j_Zdlb\h\, g_h[oh^bfuo ^ey \uykg_gby dZj[hgZlghklb ihjh^
(ihevamxlky kheyghc dbkehlhc k h[t_fghc dhgp_gljZpb_c 1 d 10);
4) j_Zdlb\h\ ([_gabg) ^ey h [gZjm‘_gby gZebqby g_nl_ijh^mdlh\, \
qZklghklb, [blmfZ
1
.
1.2. H[sbc hkfhlj d_jgZ
HibkZgb_ jZaj_aZ gZqbgZ_lky с общего осмотра керна (beb _]h
qZklb) b mlhqg_gby _]h f_klhiheh‘_gby \ jZaj_a_ kd\Z‘bgu. D_jg, i h^-
gyluc b hqbs_gguc hl [mjh\h]h jZkl\hjZ , mdeZ^u\Zxl \ ki _pbZevgu_
d_jgh\u_ y sbdb (jbk. 1. 4), ba]hlh\e_ggu_ ba ^_j_\Z b jZa^ _e_ggu_ gZ
ijh^hevgu_ k_dpbb rbjbghc qmlv [he__ ^bZf_ljZ d_jgZ k iylvx (^ey
d_jgZ d=80ff), q_lujvfy (^ey d_j gZ d=100 ff) beb r_klvx ( ^ey d_jgZ
d=60 ff) ijh^hevgufb k_d pbyfb, k jZaf_jhf ih ^ebg_ f _‘^m \gm l-
j_ggbfb kl_gdZ fb , jZ\guf 1 f. Bgh]^Z d_jg ihf_sZxl \ ieZklbdh\u_
i_gZeu beb dZjlhggu_ d hjh[db.
1
Qlh[u g_ aZ]jyagylv d_jg dbkehlhc beb [_gabghf bkke_^h\Zgby ijh\h^yl g _ gZ
\k_f dmkd_ d_jgZ, Z gZ hl[ blhf hl g_]h hkdhed_.
10
< ysbdZo b dhjh[dZo d_jg mdeZ^u\Z_lky ihke_^h\Zl_evgh (ke_\Z
gZijZ\h) \ ihjy^d_ \hajZklZgby ]em[bgu kd\Z‘bgu \ kljh]hf khhl\_ l-
kl\bb k _ ]h iheh‘_gb_f \ dhehgdh\hc ljm[_ . Meh‘_gguc d_jg khijh\ h-
‘^Z_lky wlbd_ldZfb, dhlhju_ ihf_sZxlky \ gZqZe_ b dhgp_ bgl_j\ ZeZ.
GZ wlbd_ldZo mdZau\Z_lky gZa\Zgb_ iehsZ^b (f_klhjh‘^ _gby), ghf_j
kd\Z‘bgu b d_jgZ (_]h gZqZeh, ijh^he‘_gb_, dhg_p d_jgZ), bgl_j\Ze h l-
[hjZ, ij hoh^dZ (f_lju), \uoh^ (\ughk) d_jgZ (f_lju, %).
Верх Ящ. 1 скв. 131 Нюрольская
К 5 (прод., .К. в Ящ. 7) 2395,0-2401,0; 6 - 5,1 - 95 %
Н
К 5. К.К.
К 6. Н.К.
К 6 2401,0-2405,5; 4,5 - 4,5 - 100 %
Ящик 8, Керн 5
(продолжение, начало в ящ. 7)
Интервал 2395,0-2401,0 м;
Проходка 6,0 м;
Выход керна 5,1 м - 95 %
Ящик 8, Керн 6
( начало керна)
Интервал 2401,0 - 2405,5м;
Проходка 4,5 м;
Выход керна 4,5 м - 100 %
Ящик 8, Керн 5
(конец керна)
Интервал 2395,0-2401,0 м;
Проходка 6,0 м;
Выход керна 5,1 м - 95 %
Ящик 8, Керн 6
( начало керна)
Интервал 2401,0 - 2405,5м;
Проходка 4,5 м;
Выход керна 4,5 м - 100 %
(продолжнение керна в ящике 7)
Jbk. 1.4. Iheh‘_gb_ d_jgZ b wlbd_lhd \ d_jgh\hf ysbd_,
ijbf_j gZ^ibk_c gZ wlbd_ldZo h i_j\bqghc bgnhjfZpbb ih d_jgm
Iheh‘_gb_ dhgpZ b gZqZeZ d_jgZ nbdkbjm_lky gZ i_j_]hjh^d_ a Z-
jm[dhc lhihjhf. K ^\mo klhjhg hl g__ ih^ibku\Zxlky bgl_j\Zeu hl[ h-
jZ d_jgZ (jbk. 1.4) k ihf_ldhc «dhg_p d_jgZ» (ke_\Z) b «gZqZeh d_ j gZ»
(kijZ\Z); klj_edhc hl gZqZeZ bgl_j\ZeZ mdZau\Z_lky gZijZ\e_gb_.
Ysbdb k d_jghf, oZjZdl_jbamxsbf jZaj_a, jZ kklZ\eyxl: Z) ijb
i_j\bqghf hibkZgbb d_jgZ – \ ihjy^d_ m\_ebq_gby ]em[bg kh]eZkgh i h-
ke_^h\Zl_evghklb _]h ba\e_q_gby ba g_^j beb [) ijb ^_lZevghf hibk Z-
gbb d_jgZ – \ ihjy^d_ mf_gvr_gby ]em[bg kh]eZkgh ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb
hkZ^dhh[jZah\Zgby.