Meyer Franz. A Handbook of Ornament

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NATURAL

FORMS.

The

Griftio,

Plate

45.

NATURAL

FORMS

Plate

The Griffin,

The

Lion

Head,

&c.

—

The Goat

Head,

&c.

remaikable

form by

the

direct

tinion of the

Lion head

with one

leg, to

form

the

support of

Table, (See

Division U,

Supports,

Plates

143

and

144).

Plate

47.

TnE Lion

Head

,1.

Head,

prospectus

of Dr. Schubert's

Naturgeschichto.

Head,

painting by

Paul Meyerheim.

Gargoyle,

Metapontum, Greek,

(Gropius,

Ai'chiv.).

Gargoyle,

terracotta,

Athens, (Gropius).

Gargoyle,

Parthenon,

Athens.

and 7.

Front

and side view

antique head,

Vatican.

Plate

48. The

Lion

Head.

Door knocker,

Cathedral,

Mainz, Romanesque.

—

Heads,

in basrelief, by

Ghiberti,

Medallions

inside the bronze

doors.

Baptistry, Florence,

Italian Renascence,

(Gropius).

Head,

fountain of

the sacristy,

San

Lorenzo, Florence, Ita-

lian

Renascence.

Head, in

medallion,

Italian Renascence.

Head, Heidelberg

castle,

German Renascence.

Gargoyle,

Opera

House, Paris, Modern,

French,

Aicliitect

Garnier,

(Raguenet).

Head,

Modern,

French, Architect

Garnier,

(Raguenet).

Head,

profile.

Modern, French, by

the

sculptor

Cain

Paris,

(Raguenet).

10.

Head, by

Lienard, Modern, French.

11.

Head, by

Prof. Volz, of

Carlsruhe.

The Lion

Head, Goat

Head,

&c.

(Plates

49,

50.)

The

Tiger (Fdis

tigris)

and

the Panther

(Fells pardus)

are

sometimes found

antique

works.

Amorini, Bacchantes, and Maenuds,

gambol

about

on them or

drive

in carriages

drawn by these crea-

tures; and

decorate

themselves

and their

utensils with

their

skins.

Panther and

Tiger heads,

well

the

head of

the

Lynx

(Fdls

lynx),

find

from time to

time

similar application to the Lion

bead.

Ram heads

are a

favourite form

of corner

ornament for the

cornices

of altars,

and tripods;

or serve,

like the

skulls of Oxen, as

objects

from

which

to hang festoons.

The decorative use

both cases is

connected

with the use of

the Ram as a

sacrificial

animal,

(Cora-

pare

p. 71).

Instead

of real

animal heads

we sometimes

meet

with

fantastic

forms

which

may be described as

Chimaera

heads.

NATURAL

FORMS.

Plate

The

Lion

Ht-ad

NATURAL

FORMS. 75

Tlic Lioii Head

Plate 48.

Heads of

Various Animals.

Plate 49.

The

Panther

Head,

&c.

and

Front and side

view of Panther head.

Modern,

FrPDch.

and

Front

and

side

view

of Tiger head, from

Nature

and

6. Front and side

view of Lynx head,

Antique Gargoyle,

Vatican.

Plate

50.

The Ram

Head,

&c.

1 and

Front and side

view of

Chimaera head,

Coi'ner of antique

three -sided

altar.

3. ]Jara head,

Roman altar.

4. Ditto.

Ditto.

€

and

Front and side

view of Ram

head, Late

Renascence.

Heads of

Various Animals.

(Plate

51.)

The Horse (Equus)

offers certain

difficulties in the

way

artistic imitation. The

legs, for

example, are too

thin

for rendering

Statues, except

Metal. This circumstance

presents

less

hin-

drance

representations

bas-relief.

isolated

figure the

Horse seldom occurs;

he is

frequent in groups

forming

teams

two, three,

and more (higa,

triga,

quadriga), intended

to be

the crowning

feature of

monumental

edifices (San Marco, Venice;

Brandenburger

Thor, Altes

Museum,

Berlin,

Propylaea, Munich)

mostly

along with

the figure of

the

man

who leads him (Horse-tamers on

the Monte

Cavallo, Rome)

or rides

him

(Statue of the Condottiere

Bartolommeo

Colleoni

1476,

Venice,

the colossal statues in the Burg-

hof at

Vienna; the Grosser

Kurfiirst, the

Alter Fritz, the battle

scenes

Kiss

and

Wolff

the staircases

of the

Museum at Berlin).

bas-relief:

the horse

is,

almost

without exception,

represented only

profile

(hunting

scenes

from

the ancient

Assyrian royal palaces, the

frieze

of the

Parthenon). In

grottesque

Painting- he furnishes the

fore parts

of various

monsters,

the

hinder parts being formed

fish tails,

or in some

other

way

The

use

of the horse

head as a

medallion, on

Stables,

Riding schools. Prize-cups,

and numerous

objects

connected

with

sport, is

common

Modern

art. In Heraldry

the

Horse occurs

few

cases

(Shield of

Stuttgart). In Japan;

the

Horse is

symbolical,

and

connected

with the

hours.

Still less

adapted to

ornamental

purposes is the Ox;

and

repre-

sentations

are therefore exceedingly

rare

The same is true of

the

Dog,

the Pig,

the Fox, the

Stag,

the

Hare, &c., whose forms, either

entire or

heads, are only

used

symbolically, on such objects

a-S

have some

connection

with Hunting

(hunting

weapons, powder boras,

targets).

NATURAL

FORMS

The

Panther

Head,

&c.

Plate

49.

NATURAL

FORMS.

NATURAL

FORMS.

The

Horse

Head.

ike.

Plate

51.

80 Heads of Various

Animals.

—

The

Ragle,

Plate

51.

The

Horse Head,

&c.

Horse head,

Parthenon, Athens.

2 Horse head, Assyrian basrelief, British Muse am.

3—4.

Antique Horse head.

Horse head, .Modern, German.

Head of

hunting Dog,

Head

of a Fox,

, , ,

^ .,

Head of

Boar,

HabenschadPn,

of Mfinch^n.

9. Head of

an Ox,

The Eagle.

(Plates 52—54.)

the

lion among

quadrupeds,

the

Engle

(Aquila,

Falco

fulvus)

is the most important representative of the

feathered

tribes.

His

size and strength, his majestic flight, his

keen vision, distinguish

him

above

all other birds. He

has

been used in decorative

art since

the

earliest times, e.

in the Persian, Assyrian, and

Egyptian styles

With

the Greeks:

was the

companion of Zeus,

whose thunder-

bolts he

keeps and guards; he carried off Ganymede on

his wings

The Romans

used

him in the apotheoses of their

emperors; and

chose him

for- the

standards

of their

legions.

Napoleon I., imitnfing

Roman

caesarism,

granted

his armies the French Eagle

1804.

Hence the

frequent

appearance

of the Eagle on trophies, and emblems

of war

In ecclesiastical art:

the

Eagle

the symbol of the

evangelist

S. John, whom

either

accompanies, or symbolises independently

The Eagle

appears in

Heraldry

at a very early

period,

about

the

time of Charlemagne. Next

the Lion he

the most-

used

heraldic creature

(e.

the United Sbxtes,

Germany,

Austria, Prussia, and

France

under the

second

empire, all possess the Eagle).

His

heraldic

forms

vary considerably from the

natural

one. Blue excepted, he

appears in

all

the tinctures.

The

double-headed

Eagle is a Byzantine

invention. The heraldic eagle is a

highly

ornamental figure,

that,

from the middle ages up to the

present

time, he

has been

employed

not only for

heraldic,

but

also for

purely decorative purposes: he is

seen in

manifold forms

intarsia, cut or etched in metal,

cut

leather, embroidered,

woven,

and

painted;

weapons and tools, furni-

ture,

ceilings, and

walls, (See the

Heraldic

treatment

Division

III,

Heraldry).

Our figures show him,

natural ns

well as idealised, in

various

positions and conceptions; plate 53 shows bis

heraldic

forms, (Comp,

plate

284).