Meyer Franz. A Handbook of Ornament

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HERALDRY.

511

Charges.

Plate 284.

512

Charges.

The

Leopard,

a lion

walking (passant),

the head frequently

turned to

the spectator

(guardant); the tail curled over,

the

back,

(see also

Plate

44).

The Ibex

jumping (salient), the

horns

large, and

(like the

claws)

of a

different

colour to

the

body, which is

usually sable.

4.'

The

Horse (rampant), mostly

without

saddle and

harness;

mane and

tail flying;

generally sable,

argent or

gules.

The

Boar (rampant), bristles

erect,

and

(like the

tusks

and

claws)

of a

different tincture to

the body.

The

Dog (rampant),

generally

with a collar,

with ears

erect.

—

The Eagle (displayed), the

talon

spread; the

head

usually

tur-

ned to

the dexter side, the

beak open;

the

tongue

protruding;

frequently barbed;

the tail is

sometimes

ornamentally

treated;

generally sable, gules,

or or, (see

also

Plate

53).

9. The

Goose (like the

swan) with

reverted

neck,

generally

arr

gent,

or sable.

10.

Tho

Martlet (w^iich is a

Swallow

without

beak

and feet,)

the

two upper

are passant, the

lower one is

displayed.

11.

The Dolphin

(rising),

often

with

dorsal

crest

and

ornamental

tail.

12.'

Two

Dolphins

(rising

and

respecting

each

other),

with open

mouths.

13.

The Serpent

(nowed), generally argenf,

azure,

vert.

Other

animals of frequent

occurrence

are the

Stag,

Bear,

Wolf,

Fox,

Bull, Cock,

Raven, Dove, Stork,

Crane,

Pelican,

Crab,

Whelk, &c.

Parts

animals

are also not

infrequent,

such as

the

wings,

head,

and

claws.

Both the

entire

human body and its

several

members

are used

heraldry; we

may

mention as examples:

14.

The

Triquetra,

legs

with

bent

knee,

conjoined,

and

regu-

laj-ly disposed

round a

point;

badge

antique

shields

Greek

vase-paintings,

and

the

Arms

of Isle

Man.

15.

The Moor's

-head,

with ear -rings

and crown.

16.

The Monk

with

extended arms,

the Arms of

Miinchen.

addition

the above: .

arms,

hands,

legs,

trunks,

clasped

hands,

&c.; also

angels, saints,

deities,

fools,

maidens^

knights, kings,

savages, &c.

Among

plants are:

17.

The

Lime, uprooted,

with few

leaves, (also

fruit-trees,

the

oak,

fir,

&c.).

18.

The

Oak -branch,

gnarled,

with few

fruits

and

leaves,

(alsc

withered

branches, or logs,

&c.).

Charges.

513

19. The

Eose, idealised

as a rosette,

single

or double,

five

eight

parts.

20.

The Lily

Fleur-de-lis,

conventional,

consisting

of three petals,

with

or without

stamens;

used

art long

before the birth

of heraldry;

common

in French

coats.

In addition

to the

above:

Clover, Nettle,

Water-lilies,

Grapes, Pome-,

granates,

Fir-cones

&c.

Plate

285.

Charges.

The

most frequent

imaginary

figures

and

monsters

are:

1. The

Griffin

(rampant),

with eagle's

head

and

wings,

lion's

body,

tail

curved

upward

or downward,

the upper

and lower

halves

often

different

colors.

2. The Panther,

similar

to the griffin,

but without

wings, usually

spitting

flame

(turned

towards

the

sinister side).

3. The

Dragon,

a winged

reptile

with two

lion's

paws

or eagle's

claws.

(The

wivem

is similar,

but with

hinder

feet.)

4. The

Dragon

with

wolfs

jaws, serpent's

body

and fish-tail.

5. The

two-headed

Eagle

(an

ordinary eagle

with

two heads

turned

away

from each

other, each

with nimbus),

the

coat of the Holy

Eoman

Empire.

6. The

Seiren

(an eagle

with

the

bust

a virgin),

the arms

Nuremberg.

The Mermaid

naked

female figure,

terminating

below the breast

in a

fish-tail),

the figure

also found

without arms

and also

symmetrical,

with

two tails

curved

upwards.

8. The

Sea-lion,

with the

fore-part

of a lion

terminating

in a fish-

tail.

the

heavenly

bodies there

occur:

9. The

Sun, with

face

and sixteen

rays, straight and

wavy

alternately;

always

gold.

10. The

Moon,

waxing

or waning,

with

or without

face (in

the

first

case

the

crescent

is argent

and the

face or).

11. The Star,

with

rays of five

to eight

points;

or.

Less common

arej

Comets,

and the

Earth, with the

lines of

latitude

and longitude.

Among

the

phenomena

of nature

we have:

11. The

Cloud,

very conventional,

argent or azure.

12. The

Rainbow,

gules,

or,

and azure (shown

in the

Plate

above

triple

hill).

Merer, Handbook

of Ornament.

514

HERALDRY.

Plate

285.

Charges.

Chargesr

515

addition: Storm

and

Wind,

depicted

by heads

blowing;

Lightning,

depicted

bundle of

flames.

To the

artificial objects which

are

employed

belong:

Architectural

constructions (towers,

gates,

castles, churches, bridges, fountains,

ships); Utensils (tools,

instruments,

weapons, anchors,

keys,

.banners);

Vessels (kettles, goblets,

mugs);

articles of attire (hats,

caps,

belts,

crowns, mantles, shoes);

family

and

trade Tokens, Monograms

and

Crosses of

all kinds. Some examples

are:

13. The

Wheel, with eight spokes

projecting beyond the felloe.

14.

The

Wheel of

Cleves, a rosette terminating

eight lUies.

15.

The

Maltese

Cross, and

the

cross ancr6e (the Plate shows one

half of each).

16. The Cross crampon^e.

17. Two crossed

Swords.

18. The Crancelin, a wreath of rue, resembling the hoop of a crown.

19. The Axe, and

the

two-headed Axe.

20.

The

Hat,

and the

Cap of

naaintenance.

Several charges

may

be combined

in the same coat, or

one charge

may

placed over another. The same

charge may

also

repeated

a coat. The

blazoning of the charges is

not

simple

as that

the

ordinaries;

and, when the technical

language of heraldry fails, we

must

have recourse to

the language of every-day

life. We will here

give a few

the commonest of these

technical expressions with

brief

explanations:

accompanied:

the main figure is

surrounded by

smaller figures.

accosted: a

figure has other

figures

its side.

armed, beaked,

membered: an

animal is

furnished

with

claws,

beak,

members,

&c.,

different colour

from the

animal

itself.

charged: when one

figure bears

another.

counterchanged: when

the

different tinctures

alternate

with

one

another.

couped:

when

part of a

figure

appears to

have

been

cut-

off

clean.

erased:

when a

part of

figure

appears to

have

been torn -off.

issuant:

when a

figure rises out

of the

bottom

ordinary

shield.

flauked: when one

figure stands by

the side of

another.

naissant: when

part

figure

rises

from

the centre of

ordinary.

passant: when

animal is

represented

walking

with one

foot

raised.

rampant: when an

animal rises on

its

hind feet;

the

usual posi-

tion

for

wild animals.

3.^»

516

Charges.

—

Forma

of the Helmet.

statant:

when

all four feet of an animal touch the ground.

sem6

or powdered:

when an arbitrary number of one

figure

scattered

over the shield.

and

three

figures, placed thus

and

five figures, placed

thus

•

and

1: five

figures, placed thus

• .

and

five

figures,

placed

thus

•

• •

and

so on.

Forms of the Helmet. (Plate

286.)

In the earliest

days

of Heraldry the

shield by

itself formed

tho

coat; and it

is, down

the

present time,

sufficient

for the

presentment

the bearings.

a complete coat, however,

belong

fui'ther the

Helmet,

and

the

Crest. Sometimes, particulary on

seals, the Helmet

and

Crest are used alone

badge. But just as

we saw that all

shields

are

not suitable

for heraldic

purposes,

here, too, there are

only

few

helmets

which have found acceptance

in heraldry;

such

as the

Tilting-helmets.

have to consider

four forms.

The

oldest

is the

Salade,

(fig.

1).

The Heaume,

the

lower

half of which is

cylindrical

and

the upper half

a truncated cone, rests

on the

shoulders,

(figs.

—

4).

The Tilting

helmet (figs.

—

9),

elegant

than

the

heaume;

it fits

better to the form of the head,

and has a

slit for

the

purpose

of vision, (fig.

shows an

intennediate

form

between the

Heaume

and

the Tilting

helmet). The latest

form is

that

with the

barred

Visor

(figs.

—

11).

This 'fits closer to

the

head

than the

Tilting-helmet;

the slit

has been enlarge'd to a

broad

opening,

guarded

either

by vertical bars

grating. The

Armet (fig.

12),

and

other helmets,

like the Burgonet, are unheraldic;

and

are

seldom seen

Arms.

Speaking

generally: the Salade belongs to

the 13th;

the Heaume

to the 14th;

the Tilting-helmet

the 15th

and

16th centuries;

the

Vizor also belongs

to the two latter centuries.

The first

three helmets

are known as.

"closed", the Vizor-helmet as

"open".

Plate

286.

The Helmet.

1. Salade,

first

half of

th century. Armory,

Berlin,

ll^/i

ins.

hi^h.

—8. Heaume, front

and side view, 14

century.

HERALDRY.

517

Forms

of the Helmet. plate

286.

518 Forms

of the Helmet

—

Helmet

Trappings.

Heaume, second half 'of the

th century,

from

the collec-

tion

ofGustav von Decker, Berlin,

'/2

i^is.

high,

(Warnecke),

Heaume, approximating

to the form

of the

Tilting

-helmet,

th century.

—9.

Tilting

helmets.

—11.

Helmets with barred Vizors.

12.

Armet.

Helmet Trappings.

(Plates 287—288.)

Plates

287

and

288

show the Helmet

conjunction

with the

coat of Arms.

the Helmet

was only worn

knights,

it belongs,

strictly speaking, only

to the coats of -knightly families;

towns

and

corporations, the clergy, and ladies,

do not bear the helmet, although

there are

exceptions.

regards style,

the Helmet

should match the form of the

Shield.

The Salade

and the Heaume belong to the

Triangular

shield:

the

Tilting

helmet also belongs to these and

still more

the

Tilting-

shield.

Helmets with

barred Vizors

are

most suitable to

Half-round-

shields. The size should- also

proportion

that of the

Shield.

The height varies between

^/j

and

^/g

the height of

the Shield.

The usual

position is

over the centre of the

upper

margin of

the

shield, and

resting upon it

(not free),

that it covers a

little of

the field (Plate

287,

5).

If the

shield

represented

in a

slanting

attitude;

the helmet rests on

the highest

angle (Plate 287.

6, 7,

8).

When

the

coat is

composite, several

Helmets may be

placed

upon the

Shield

they

are then

proportionately

smaller in

size.

Wlien the

number

of Helmets is

2, 4,

or 6:

they turn

their profile to

each

other; when

the

number

uneven, the central

one is

shown

full

face.

Only

one

helmet can be placed on a

slanting

shield.

Helmets

may also

be placed at

the side of

the shield, or

borne

the sup-

porters.

The

helmet

coloured as

if made of

p'olished iron,

frequently

with decorations

silver

gold;

the

entire

helmet

may be

gilt

cr silvered.

the bearer was

entitled

wear

any

Collar, he

might

show it on the Helmet (Plate 287.

5);

but these

appendages

are

non-

essential; and are not met -with

before the 15 th

century.

The

Helmet

usually

depicted as lined

with red cloth.

The essential

trappings

in a

complete

coat of

Arms

are:

the

Crest, 2. the

Mantling.

The Crest

probably originated

from the

custom

painting

heraldic figures

the helmet. At

a later

date,

plastic

ornaments

were

added to the

helmet; they have

some

figurative

connection

with

the,

coat.

the

coat is

blazoned with

heraldic

figures:

these

are

repeated

either

wholly,

partly,

in a

simple

manner, as

crest

Helmet Trappings.

519

Plate

288,

figs.

—

4);

if the blazoning is with

ordinaries: these

are

repeated on certain objects

selected as

Crests,

The

principal of

these objects are:

Horns,

pairs, curved as a

crescent or a lyre, in later

times

broadened out at the. ends like a

mouthpiece,

painted with

the tinctures or ordinaries of the

coat, surmounted

with

branches,

&c.

(Plates

287.

288. 4 and

5).

Wings, natural

or artificial, singly

or in pairs, displayed, or

profile; painted with

the tinctures or ordinaries of the coat

(Plates 287.

and

288.

6).

Cushions and screens,

round

or square

discs,

painted with the

blazoning of

the coat, hung

and surmounted with tassels, bells,

and

peacock's feathers (Plate

287.

6).

Caps,

pointed and turned

up, showing

the colours

and blazon-

ing

of the shield,

the tips

decorated

with coronets,

plumes,

&c,

(Plate

287.

5).

Quivers,

cylindrical

or conical 'tubes,

painted

with the colours

of the

shield, crowned

with coloured

feathers

(Plate

287.

8).

Human

beings,

animals,

and all Linds

of artificial

objects; the

former often

depicted

as half-figures.

We must refrain from

entering

into detail into

the

various

relations, often full of

meaning, between

the crest and

the shield;

example we

may

refer

Plate

287,

where

the blazon

of crossed

arrows and

pitcher on the shield

are

repeated as

a quiver and

a goblet in

the hands of

the maiden

who

forms the crest.

The

Mantling is the

connecting-link

between

the Helmet and

the

Shield.

the oldest

times

it was formed

cloth: at a later

date covers of

stiffened material,

leather,

metal-plate,

&c., were

used,

the

edges being

cut-out into

ornamental

shapes. The

same materials

were also

employed for

the Crest.

During

the

Renascence period:

the

Mantling

was cut into

ribbon-like

strips,

each

strip being treated

independently

Artificial

leaf.

The

Wreath

is interposed

between

the

Crest

and the

Helmet,

(Plate

288.

6).

It rarely

has

or less than

two tinctures.

Where

the Crest

is directly connected

with

the

Helmet:

the

tinctures

the Shield

are correspondingly

continued

the Wreath.

The

Mantling

shows the tinctures of the

coat

counterchanged

in such

a way

that

the colour

usually

visible

outside,

the metal

inside.

If it

have four

colours:

the

chief

ones

are

the

dexter,

the

others

on the

sinister

side.

should

corre-

spond

style

with the

rest

of the

Arms:

Salades

and

heauraes

require

simple

edges

(Plate

287.

7);

while Tilting

and Vizored helmets

require

jagged

or scalloped

edges.

620

Helmet

Trappings.

—

Crowns,

&c.

Plate 287.

The

Helmet

Trappings.

Tilting -helmet,

with rich

Mantling,

and Crest of double wings,

AJbrecht

Durer, coat

of arms of

Death,

1503.

Coat,

with

Tilting-helmet, rich

Mantling, and

Crest of

virgin,

German

Renascence,

(Pormenschatz).

Half-round-shield,

with

Vizored-helmet,

Mantling

ribbons,

and

Crest

two swans'

necks.

Tilting-shield, inclined to

the sinister

side, Vizored-helmet,

Mantl-

ling like

ribbons, and

Crest two horns

decorated.

German

shield, with

Vizored-helmet, and

Crest

Cap-of-main-

tenanse.

6. Shield,

inclined to the

dexter

side,

with

Vizored-helmet,

Mantling,

and

Crest

a cushion.

Triangular-shield,

inclined to

the dexter side,

withiSalade,

Mant-

ling, and Crest

double wings.

Half-round-shield,

inclined to

the

sinister side,

with

Vizored-helmet,

and high

Crest

and

Mantling,

(Dietz).

(Figs.

8 to 8

are from

Siebmacher's

Wappenbuch.)

Plate 288. The

Helmet

Trappings.

Tilting-shield, with

Vizored-helmet,

Mantling,

and Crest

eagle.

2. Tilting-shield,

with

Vizored-helmet,

Mantling,

and Crest

of a

naissant

figure,

German

Renascence,

(Pormenschatz).

Tilting-shield,

inclined to

the

dexter

side,

with

Tilting-helmet

and naissant bull as

Crest,

Italian

Renascence,

palace in Florence.

Tilting-shield,

inclined to

the

dexter

side,

with

Tilting-hel-

met,

Mantling, alid crest

horns.

—6.

Coats, by

Hans

Sebald

Beham, 1544.

Modem coat,

on seal, by

von

Werner,

Crowns, &c.

(Plate

289.)

The

principal

heraldic

badges

rank and

dignity are:

the

Crown,

Hat,

Cap

-of-

maintenance,

Wand,

Sword,

Key,

&c.,

and the

insignia

the

various

Orders

Knighthood.

The

Crown

-of-

rank,

which is not

confounded with

the

crown

the

shield,

placed

above

the

shield

the place

the

Helmet;

the

same

holds

good

the

Coronets,

and

Caps

(figs.

—

14).

These

latter

have

partly

conventional

form,

appertaining to

the

dignity;

and

they

have

special

forms

for

special

cases.