Meyer Franz. A Handbook of Ornament

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ENCLOSED

ORNAMEXT

271

The

Lunette, and

the

Spanrail

Panels.

Plate 167,

272

The Lunette,

and the

Spanrail

Panels.

—

Various Panels.

same as two

conjoined

Trianguloids.

lias

vertical central

axi=;

Another

well-known shape

results when

two

smaller

semicircles

are taken-away from a

larger,

when, for

instance, two round-headed

\viiidown lights are enclosed by a

common

arch. Finally

may

mention the

Quadrant, which is not infrequently

used in the

angles

of ceilings (figures 7

and

of Plate

166).

Plate

166.

The

Lunette, and the Spanrail Panels.

Roman,

(VuUiamy).

Italian Renascence,

(Gewerbehalle).

Arabian, (Prisse

d'Avenues).

Early Gothic

Spanrail,

Stone

Church,

England.

—

Arabian, mosaic Spanrail, (Prisse

d'Avennes).

—8.

Modern.

Plate 167.

The

Lunette,

and the

Spanrah.

Panel.

Renascence, intarsia, Sta.

Maria in Organo,

Verona,

Italian.

Wrought-iron

Grill.

Renascence, Wrougth-iron

Grill,

German.

Renascence, plinth of a

column, St.

Antonio,

Padua,

(Meurer)

Modern, Vaudeville

theatre, Paris,

(Raguenet).

—

Renascence, by

Vredeman de

Vries.

The

Lozenge

Panel. (Plate

168.)

The

Lozenge in

decorative art

includes the

Rhombus, and

the

Square

when one

of its

diagonals

vertical.

The

Lozenge is

treated

either as

upright panel,

symmetrical

to one

axis

(figs.

2, 4,

and

5)r

the two

diagonals are

the

axes of

symmetry

for a

bi-

axial

pattern

(figs.

and

3).

In the

former

case, the

ornament

consists

two;

and

in the

latter

case

four,

similar parts.

The

Lozenge

not

often

employed.

Occasionally

finds

place as a

panel

Lattices,

Doors,

Dadoes,

Ceilings, &c.

Plate

168. The

Lozenge

Panel.

Door,

Nordlingen

church,

17th century.

—

Grill,

Townhall,

Wiirzburg,

German

Renascence.

—

Modem

decorative

painting.

Various

Panels.

(Plates

169

—

170.)

Plate

169

and

170

give

number

incidents

Panel-shapes.

which

there is

great

variety.

The

principle

decoration

must

ENCLOSED

ORNAMENT.

273

The

Lozengp

Panel.

Jieyer,

Handbook

Ornament.

Plate

168.

274

ENCLOSED OENAMENT.

Plate

169.

Various

Panels.

ENCLOSED

OENAMENT. 275

Various

Panels.

Plate

170.

18*

276 Various Panels.

adapted

each case;

and

should follow

the analogy of the prin

ciples enunciated above.

Thus,

for example,

regular polygons with

convex

concave

sides (Plate 170. 1

and

2);

are treated similarly

to polygons with

straight sides.

Figures like those

on Plate 169. 7 and

are decorated in

the

manner of an Oblong or

an Elhpse.

The

ornament of Plate 169.

recalls

the

decoration of

the Lunette.

The Trapezoid

is treated

either as an upright panel,

the central

axis being

perpendicular

the two

parallels;

or the

ornamentation

approaches that of a

bi-axial Oblong

panel; but it will

somewhat

modified,

fit the

angles (Plate 170. 4

and

5).

This

latter

cir-

cumstance has

also

be taken

into

consideration in the case of a

right-angled

Triangle

of unequal sides,

when the line of bisection of

the

right-angle is

used as the

axis

symmetry (Plate

170.

6);

unsymmetrical

arrangement

is best

in this case,

see figures

to 9

the

same

plate. This latter

free style

design,

which is not bound

axial

lines-,

may also be

recommended for

the

Raking Parallelo-

grams

which

occur on

staircases.

Plate

169. Various

Panels.

"Wrought-iron

Grill,

Townhall,

Villingen, late

German

Re-

nascence.

—

Balaustrade

staircase,

Frankfort on

the

Main, German 16th

century,

(Gewerbehalle).

—

Grill,

Pulpit-steps,

Thann,

German

16th century,

(Gewerbe-

halle).

Grill, Padua,

Italian

Renascence.

7."

Detail of

Lattice,

late

German

Renascence.

Grill,

late

German

Renascence.

Plate

170.

Various

Panels.

Trefoil

tracery,

Gothic, (Jacobsthal).

Mural

painting,

Swedish, Romanesque,

(Racinet).

Louvre,

Paris.

—

Marble

inlaid-work.

Pulpit,

Cathedral,

Savona,

Italian Renascence,

(Meurer).

—

Triangular

panels.

Stalls

of the

Laurentian

Library, Florence,

ascribed

Michel Angelo.

277

REPEATING

ORNAMENT.

PIAPERS.)

It is

the

essence, of

repeated

ornament^

that

it may be

ex-

tended on

all sides at

discretion,

the

component

parts

of the

design

(i.

the pattern)

admitting

tminterrupted

repetition.

The ele-

ments

are either

geometrical,

organic,

or,

in the

majority

of cases,

geometrical

are combined

with

organic

elements,

sometimes

with

the

addition of

figures

and artificial

accessories.

Diaper

ornament

has

either a

poly-axial or a

bi-axial

character.

the

former case, the

decoration

expands

regularly

all sides;

the

basis is

a system

of inter-

secting axes of

symmetry, as

shown

in the

square

triangular Nets on

Plate

1. In the second

case, the

decoration

consists

growth in an up-

ward direction,

the repetition on

each

side

being

secured by

"turning

the

pattern over"

symmetrically,

or by

juxtaposition

(in the usual

sense

the word). Here, also,

combination

frequently

occurs to

this

extent that many patterns have

poly-axial basis

while

single panels

and

medallions have upright

decoration.

Growth in

downward

direction,

in an

oblique

upward di-

rection,

&c.,

must

classed as

exceptions

the

rule.

When Diaper patterns are

applied to

circumscribed

surfaces, e.

Walls: they are either cut-off

abruptly, as

Wall-papers, or

are stopped- short of the limits,

and a

Border is

applied. There

seldom much

difficulty

in the

case

geometrical

patterns;

but

with

organic

designs the sides of

the

upright

patterns

usually

terminate

the axis of symmetry.

Diaper ornament is applied

many purposes.

Mosaic,

Parquetry,

Marquetry, using geometrical

patterns;

the

Textile,

Wall-paper, and

278

The

Square Diaper,

Circle Diaper,

&c.

Wall

-painting

crafts

using the

organic elements;

and Floor

-cover-

ings,

Glass-painting,

Inlaying,

and similar Metal

-decorations, using

both.

The

treatment

large

Grills

sometimes demands

repeated

pattern,

that

may

be expanded

will,

so that we may

add

this

branch

to the

others.

The

Squake

Diaper.

(Parquetry.)

(Plate

171.)

Parquetry

is the

term

applied to the overlaying

of flooring with

mosaic

of hard

woods.

The

patterns are almost

exclusively geo-

metrical;

the

basis is the

quadrangular

triangular

Net. The

single

parts

are first

put

together

form square or regular

hexagonal

figures,

which are

then tongued

and

grooved, and fixed to the

boards.

The

Plate

shows

a number

of modern

Parquet- patterns: figures

and

10 being based

on the

triangular; and the others on the

qua

drangular

Net. Parquet-patterns

which

are

designed that the

floor

has

the effect

projections

and hollows, are inadmissible because

they

are

unsuited

to a Floor,

which

intended

be walked on,

and

should,

therefore,

flat

in design

well as

reality.

Plate 171. The

Squaee

Diaper, &c.

—10.

Modem

Parquet-patterns.

The

Circle

Diaper.

(]\Iosaic.)

(Plate

172.)

Mosaic

(opus musivum)

is, in its

wider sense, the designing

and

inlaying

pieces of

stone,

wood, glass, leather, straw, <fcc.,

to make

a picture

or pattern.

More strictly: Mosaic means pictures and

patterns

composed

of pieces

stone, pottery, pearl, and

glass,

the

last

being

coloured

or underlaid

with

metal-foil.

There are

two principal classes of such

Mosaic. The

opiis

tesse-

latum

composed

of small pieces,

mostly

cubes,

held

together

being

inlaid

kind

of cement.

The

opus

sectile is composed

little

slabs,

varying

in shape according to the object to be repre-

sented.

Mosaic

work is very ancient; and is

mentioned

as early

the

Book of

Esther.

A large number of Roman

mosaic pavements,

opus

tesselatum,

have been preserved to us.

Early Christian art

also

decorated

walls

and piers with

geometrical

mosaic (optis

Orecanicum),

numerous

examples

of which are

to be

found in

Ravenna,

Palermo,

Venice,

and

elsewhere.

All kinds

mosaic have

been

practised in

Italy

down

to the

present

day, less, it is

true, for the decoration

walls and

pavements

than for

Ornaments,

Pictures,

Table-tops,

&c.

REPEATING

ORNAMENT

279

The

Square

Diaper,

&c.

riate 171.

280

REPEATING ORNAMENT

Plate 172. The Circle

Diaper, &c.