Mavko G., Mukerji T., Dvorkin J. The Rock Physics Handbook
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
Appendices
A.1 Typical rock properties
Chalks
Chalk data are plotted in Figures A.1.1 and A.1.2 and summarized in Table A.1.1.
Low-porosity samples (Brevik, 1995) are from a Cretaceous gas-condensate reser-
voir. Each data point represents average values (averaged over an interval of
porosity). Saturation (gas–brine) in these samples is highly correlated with poros-
ity: S
w
0.70 at f 0.1 and S
w
0.15 at f 0.35. High-porosity samples
(Urmos and Wilkens, 1993), water-saturated.
Measurement type: sonic logs, log porosity.
Data source: Urmos and Wilkens (1993); Brevik (1995).
Table A.1.1 Properties of chalk shown in Figures A.1.1 and A.1.2.
Minimum Maximum Mean
Standard
deviation
V
P
(km/s) 1.53 4.30 2.16 0.32
V
S
(km/s) 1.59 2.51 2.03 0.30
V
P
/V
S
1.62 1.79 1.67 0.06
Porosity 0.10 0.75 0.50 0.08
Density (g/cm
3
) 1.43 2.57 1.85 0.13
Impedance 10
6
(kg/m
3
)(m/s) 2.30 10.99 4.02 0.89
437
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Density (g/cm
3
)
V
P
(km/s)
r = 1.045 + 0.373 V
P
R = 0.886
0 50 100 150 200 250
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
Count
Density (g/cm
3
)
Mean: 1.8498
Std. dev: 0.128 45
No. of points: 552
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
V
S
(km/s)
V
P
(km/s) V
P
(km/s)
V
S
= 0.345 + 0.495 V
P
R =0.988
1.6
1.7
1.8
2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
V
P
/V
S
V
P
/V
S
= 1.388 + 0.082 V
P
R = 0.845
Figure A.1.1 Properties of chalk.
438 Appendices
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Count
Porosity
Mean: 0.502
Std. dev: 0.075
No. of points: 552
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
V
P
(km/s)
Porosity
V
P
= 5.059f
2
− 8.505f + 5.128
R = 0.922
V
S
(km/s)
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Porosity
V
S
= 2.766 − 2.933f
R = 0.992
Impedance 10
6
(kg/m
3
)(m/s)
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Porosit
y
I = 16.78f
2
− 27.12f + 13.33
R = 0.965
0 50 100 150 200
2
4
6
8
10
12
Count
Mean: 4.024
Std. dev: 0.885
No. of points: 552
Impedance 10
6
(kg/m
3
)(m/s)
012
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
Count
V
S
(km/s)
Mean: 2.030
Mtd. dev: 0.302
No. of points: 12
0 50 100 150
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Count
V
P
(km/s)
Mean: 2.157
Std. dev: 0.305
No. of points: 552
Figure A.1.2 Properties of chalk.
439 A.1 Typical rock properties
Dolomite
Dolomite data are plotted in Figures A.1.3 and A.1.4 and summarized in Table A.1.2.
Saturation: Water-saturated, calculated from dry data using Gassmann’s equations.
Measurement type: Ultrasonic.
Effective pressure: 10, 15, 35 MPa.
Data source: Geertsma (1961); Yale and Jamieson (1994).
Table A.1.2 Properties of dolomite shown in Figures A.1.3 and A.1.4.
Minimum Maximum Mean
Standard
deviation
V
P
(km/s) 3.41 7.02 5.39 0.69
V
S
(km/s) 2.01 3.64 2.97 0.37
V
P
/V
S
1.59 2.09 1.82 0.07
Porosity 0.00 0.32 0.13 0.06
Density (g/cm
3
) 2.27 2.84 2.59 0.12
Impedance 10
7
(kg/m
3
)(m/s) 0.78 1.93 1.40 0.23
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
345678
Density (g/cm
3
)
V
P
(km/s)
r = 1.843 + 0.137 V
P
R = 0.824
0 5 10 15 20
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
Count
Density (g/cm
3
)
Mean: 2.567
Std. dev: 0.253
No. of points: 131
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
345678
V
S
(km/s)
V
P
(km/s)
V
S
= 0.255 + 0.503V
P
R = 0.953
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
345678
V
P
/V
S
V
P
(km/s)
V
P
/V
S
= 1.655 + 0.029V
P
R = 0.275
Figure A.1.3 Properties of dolomite.
440 Appendices
0
5
10
15
20
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Count
Porosity
Mean: 0.129
Std. dev: 0.064
No. of points: 130
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
V
P
(km/s)
Porosity
V
P
= 6.606 − 9.380f
R = 0.877
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
V
S
(km/s)
Porosity
V
S
= 3.581− 4.719f
R = 0.836
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Impedance 10
7
(kg/m
3
)(m/s)
Porosit
y
I = 1.833 − 3.308f
R = 0.924
0 5 10 15 20
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Count
Impedance 10
7
(kg/m
3
)(m/s)
Mean: 1.401
Std. dev: 0.232
No. of points: 130
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Count
V
S
(km/s)
Mean: 2.969
Std. dev: 0.366
No. of points: 130
0 5 10 15 20 25
3
4
5
6
7
8
Count
V
P
(km/s)
Mean: 5.390
Std. dev: 0.693
No. of points: 130
Figure A.1.4 Properties of dolomite.
441 A.1 Typical rock properties
Sandstones
Sandstone data are plotted in Figures A.1.5 and A.1.6 and summarized in Table A.1.3.
Saturation: Water-saturated.
Measurement type: Ultrasonic.
Effective pressure: 30, 40 MPa.
Data source: Han (1986).
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
Density (g/cm
3
)
V
P
(km/s)
r = 1.569 + 0.195V
P
R = 0.731
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
V
S
(km/s)
V
P
(km/s)
V
S
= −0.733 + 0.768V
P
R = 0.978
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
V
P
/V
S
V
P
(km/s)
V
P
/V
S
= 2.190 − 0.117V
P
R = 0.714
0 5 10 15
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
Count
Density (g/cm
3
)
Mean: 2.367
Std. dev: 0.134
No. of points: 108
Figure A.1.5 Properties of sandstone.
Table A.1.3 Properties of sandstone shown in Figures A.1.5 and A.1.6.
Minimum Maximum Mean
Standard
deviation
V
P
(km/s) 3.13 5.52 4.09 0.51
V
S
(km/s) 1.73 3.60 2.41 0.40
V
P
/V
S
1.53 1.89 1.71 0.08
Porosity 0.04 0.30 0.16 0.07
Density (g/cm
3
) 2.09 2.64 2.37 0.13
Impedance 10
6
(kg/m
3
)(m/s) 6.60 13.97 9.73 1.64
442 Appendices
0
5
10
15
20
0 0.4
Count
Porosity
Mean: 0.164
Std. dev: 0.070
No. of points: 108
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
0 0.4
V
P
(km/s)
V
P
(km/s)
Porosity
V
P
= 4.944 − 5.201f
R = 0.728
V
S
= 2.981− 3.484f
R = 0.621
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 0.4
V
S
(km/s)
V
S
(km/s)
Porosity
I = 12.954 − 19.612f
R = 0.846
Impedance 10
6
(kg/m
3
)(m/s)
Impedance 10
6
(kg/m
3
)(m/s)
Porosit
y
0 5 10 15
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
Count
Mean: 4.090
Std. dev: 0.505
No. of points: 108
0 2 4 6 8 10121416
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Count
Mean: 2.409
Std. dev: 0.396
No. of points: 108
02468101214
6
8
10
12
14
Count
Mean: 9.734
Std. dev: 1.637
No. of points: 108
6
8
10
12
14
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
0.1 0.2 0.3
0.1 0.2 0.3
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Figure A.1.6 Properties of sandstone.
443 A.1 Typical rock properties
Tight-gas sandstones
Tight-gas sandstone data are plotted in Figures A.1.7 and A.1.8 and summarized in
Table A.1.4.
Saturation: Dry.
Measurement type: Ultrasonic.
Effective pressure: 40 MPa.
Data source: Jizba (1991).
Table A.1.4 Properties of tight-gas sandstone shown in Figures A.1.7 and A.1.8.
Minimum Maximum Mean
Standard
deviation
V
P
(km/s) 3.81 5.57 4.67 0.38
V
S
(km/s) 2.59 3.50 3.06 0.23
V
P
/V
S
1.42 1.68 1.53 0.05
Porosity 0.01 0.14 0.05 0.04
Density (g/cm
3
) 2.26 2.67 2.51 0.11
Impedance 10
7
(kg/m
3
)(m/s) 0.89 1.49 1.17 0.13
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
Density (g/cm
3
)
Density (g/cm
3
)
V
P
(km/s)
r = 1.96 + 0.117V
P
R = 0.394
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
V
S
(km/s)
V
P
(km/s) V
P
(km/s)
V
S
= 0.485 + 0.551V
P
R = 0.899
12345678
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
Count
Mean: 2.511
Std. dev: 0.112
No. of points: 42
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
V
P
/V
S
V
P
/V
S
= 1.268 + 0.055V
P
R = 0.386
Figure A.1.7 Properties of tight-gas sandstone.
444 Appendices
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 0.1 0.2
Count
Porosity
Mean: 0.052
Std. dev: 0.036
No. of points: 42
Impedance 10
7
(kg/m
3
)(m/s)
I = 1.295 − 2.325f
R = 0.684
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
V
P
(km/s)
V
P
= 4.868 − 3.836f
R = 0.375
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
V
S
(km/s)
Impedance 10
7
(kg/m
3
)(m/s)
V
P
(km/s)V
S
(km/s)
V
S
= 3.149 − 1.703f
R = 0.272
Mean: 1.174
Std. dev: 12.562
No. of points: 42
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
Mean: 3.060
Std. dev: 0.231
No. of points: 42
01234567
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
Count
01234567
Count
01234567
Count
Mean: 4.668
Std. dev: 0.377
No. of points: 42
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
0.05 0.15
0 0.1 0.2
Porosity
0.05 0.15
0 0.1 0.2
Porosity
0.05 0.15
0 0.1 0.2
Porosit
y
0.05 0.15
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Figure A.1.8 Properties of tight-gas sandstone.
445 A.1 Typical rock properties
Limestone
Limestone data are plotted in Figures A.1.9 and A.1.10 and summarized in Table A.1.5.
Saturation: Some water-saturated; others water-saturated as calculated from dry
data using Gassmann’s equations.
Measurement type: Ultrasonic, resonant bar.
Effective pressure: 10, 30, 40, 50 MPa.
Data source: Lucet (1989); Cadoret (1993); Yale and Jamieson (1994).
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
3456
Density (g/cm
3
)
Density (g/cm
3
)
V
P
(km/s)
r = 1.513 + 0.202V
P
R = 0.892
0246810
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
Count
Mean: 2.426
Std. dev: 0.157
No. of points: 55
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
V
S
(km/s)
V
P
(km/s)
V
S
= −0.039 + 0.544V
P
R = 0.958
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
V
P
/V
S
V
P
(km/s)
V
P
/V
S
= 1.951− 0.017V
P
R = 0.141
Figure A.1.9 Properties of limestone.
Table A.1.5 Properties of limestone shown in Figures A.1.9 and A.1.10.
Minimum Maximum Mean
Standard
deviation
V
P
(km/s) 3.39 5.79 4.63 0.66
V
S
(km/s) 1.67 3.04 2.44 0.37
V
P
/V
S
1.72 2.04 1.88 0.08
Porosity 0.03 0.41 0.15 0.09
Density (g/cm
3
) 2.00 2.65 2.43 0.16
Impedance 10
7
(kg/m
3
)(m/s) 0.69 1.51 1.43 0.22
446 Appendices