Marulanda J.M. (ed.) Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
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ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES
OF CARBON NANOTUBES
Edited by Jose Mauricio Marulanda
Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
Edited by Jose Mauricio Marulanda
Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Copyright © 2011 InTech
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Image Copyright Yellowj, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com
First published July, 2011
Printed in Croatia
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Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes, Edited by Jose Mauricio Marulanda
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-307-499-3
free online editions of InTech
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Contents
Preface IX
Part 1 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 1
Chapter 1 Assembly of Carbon Nanotube Sheets 3
Mei Zhang and Ray Baughman
Chapter 2 A Close-Packed-Carbon-Nanotube Film
on SiC for Thermal Interface Material Applications 21
Wataru Norimatsu, Chihiro Kawai and Michiko Kusunoki
Chapter 3 Magnetic Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis,
Characterization and Anisotropic Electrical Properties 33
Il Tae Kim and Rina Tannenbaum
Chapter 4 Characterizing Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for
Improved Fabrication in Aqueous Solution Environments 55
Charles C. Chusuei and Mulugeta Wayu
Chapter 5 Selective Separation of Single-Walled
Carbon Nanotubes in Solution 69
Hongbo Li and Qingwen Li
Chapter 6 Fabrication of Carbon Nanotubes for
High-Performance Scanning Probe Microscopy 91
Ian Thomas Clark and Masamichi Yoshimura
Chapter 7 Carbon Nanotube AFM Probe Technology 105
Z. W. Xu, F. Z. Fang and S. Dong
Part 2 Electronic Properties and Structure 125
Chapter 8 One-Dimensional Crystals inside Single-Walled Carbon
Nanotubes: Growth, Structure and Electronic Properties 127
Andrei Eliseev, Lada Yashina,
Marianna Kharlamova and Nikolay Kiselev
VI Contents
Chapter 9 Geometric and Spectroscopic Properties of Carbon
Nanotubes and Boron Nitride Nanotubes 157
Metin Aydin and Daniel L. Akins
Chapter 10 Detection of Carbon Nanotubes Using
Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy 211
Jia Wang, Xiaobin Wu, Rui Wang and Mingqian Zhang
Chapter 11 Spectro-Microscopic Study of Laser-Modified
Carbon Nanotubes 247
Cheng-Hao Chuang, Chorng-Haur Sow and Minn-Tsong Lin
Chapter 12 Enhanced Control of Carbon Nanotube Properties
Using MPCVD with DC Electrical Bias 267
Placidus Amama, Matthew Maschmann and Timothy Fisher
Chapter 13 Spin Dependent Transport Through a Carbon
Nanotube Quantum Dot in the Kondo Regime 283
Stanisław Lipiński and Damian Krychowski
Chapter 14 A Density Functional Theory Study of Chemical
Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes - Toward Site
Selective Functionalization 309
Takashi Yumura
Chapter 15 Low-Energy Irradiation Damage
in Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes 329
Satoru Suzuki
Chapter 16 Exciton Dephasing in a Single Carbon Nanotube
Studied by Photoluminescence Spectroscopy 353
Kazunari Matsuda
Chapter 17 A Numerical Study of the Vibration Spectrum
for a Double-Walled Carbon Nanotube Model 369
Marianna A. Shubov
and Matthew P. Coleman
Chapter 18 Electronic Band Structure of Carbon Nanotubes
in Equilibrium and None-Equilibrium Regimes 391
Mehdi Pakkhesal and Rahim Ghayour
Chapter 19 An Alternative Approach to the Problem
of CNT Electron Energy Band Structure 409
Ali Bahari
Chapter 20 Electronic Structure and Magnetic
Properties of N@C
60
-SWCNT 423
Atsushi Suzuki and Takeo Oku
Contents VII
Chapter 21 Carbon Nanotubes Addition Effects
on MgB
2
Superconducting Properties 447
Adriana Serquis, Gabriela Pasquini and Leonardo Civale
Part 3 Carbon Nanotube Applications 473
Chapter 22 Carbon Nanotube as VLSI Interconnect 475
Mayank Kumar Rai and Sankar Sarkar
Chapter 23 Carbon Nanotube Based Magnetic Tunnel
Junctions (MTJs) for Spintronics Application 495
Elby Titus, Manoj Kumar Singh, Rahul Krishna,
Ricardo G. Dias, Antonio Ferreira and Jose Gracio
Chapter 24 Mechanisms of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube
Nucleation, Growth and Chirality-Control:
Insights from QM/MD Simulations 521
Alister J. Page, Ying Wang, K. R. S. Chandrakumar,
Stephan Irle and Keiji Morokuma
Chapter 25 Multiple Andreev Reflections and
Enhanced Quantum Interferences with
Reentrant Behavior in NbN/Network-Like
Carbon Nanotubes/NbN SNS Junctions 559
Yuan-Liang Zhong, Hayato Nakano, Tatsushi Akazaki
and Hideaki Takayanagi
Chapter 26 Quantum Calculation in Prediction the
Properties of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 575
Majid Monajjemi and Vannajan Sanghiran Lee
Chapter 27 Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes in the Presence
of Vacancies and Related Energy Gaps 603
Edris Faizabadi
Chapter 28 STM Observation of Interference Patterns near the
End Cap and Its Application to the Chiral Vector
Determination of Carbon Nanotubes 625
Tadahiro Komeda and Masayuki Furuhashi
Chapter 29 Liquid Crystal – Anisotropic Nanoparticles Mixtures 645
Vlad Popa-Nita, Matej Cvetko and Samo Kralj
Chapter 30 Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes 665
Steve F. A. Acquah, Darryl N. Ventura and Harold W. Kroto
Preface
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) discovered in 1991 have been a subject of intensive research
for a wide range of applications. These one-dimensional (1D) graphene sheets rolled
into a tubular form have been the target of many researchers around the world. This
book concentrates on the semiconductor physics of carbon nanotubes, it brings unique
insights into the phenomena encountered in the electronic structure when operating
with carbon nanotubes. This book also presents the reader with useful information on
the fabrication and applications of these outstanding materials. In the past decades,
carbon nanotubes have undergone massive research from countless institutions
around the world. The main objective of this book is to give in-depth understanding of
the physics and electronic structure of carbon nanotubes.
Readers of this book should have a strong background on physical electronics and
semiconductor device physics. Philanthropists and readers with strong background in
quantum transport physics and semiconductors materials could definitely benefit from
the results presented in the chapters focusing on the different applications of carbon
nanotubes.
This book has been outlined as follows: fabrication techniques followed by an analysis
on the physical properties of carbon nanotubes, including density of states and
electronic structures. Ultimately, the book pursues a significant amount of work in the
industry applications of carbon nanotubes. A list of the chapters is given below. It is
highly recommended for the reader to go over the following descriptions, as they
provide excellent insights into the contents and results of the book’s chapters.
Chapter 1. Assembly of Carbon Nanotube Sheets
This book starts with presenting the fabrication processes to making CNT sheets. The
purity of the nanotubes, the height of the forest, the morphology of the forest,
especially the 3D structure by self-assembly during CVD process, and the area density
of the nanotubes are the main factors of the draw-ability of the forest.
Chapter 2. A Close-Packed-Carbon-Nanotube Film on SiC for Thermal Interface Material
Applications
This chapter shows how carbon-nanotube (CNT)/silicon-carbide layered composite
materials made by thermal decomposition of SiC are been examined for use as thermal
X Preface
interface materials. Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron micro-
microscope observations revealed that the highly dense, well aligned, and catalyst-and
amorphous-free CNTs were strongly adhered to the SiC substrate.
Chapter 3. Magnetic Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Anisotropic
Electrical Properties
In this chapter, a CNT-inorganic hybrid system is demonstrated, especially, CNT/-
Fe
2
O
3
hybrid materials. It develops the synthesis method of MWCNT/-Fe
2
O
3
nanostructures via an easy and novel modified sol-gel process. The study shows that
NaDDBS molecules are intimately involved in inhibiting the formation of an iron
oxide gel.
Chapter 4. Characterizing Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Improved Fabrication in
Aqueous Solution Environments
The utility of XPS for delineating MWNT oxidation kinetics, EXAFS (coupled with XPS
and ATR-IR) is demonstrated. This characteristic is useful for elucidating nanoparticle-
MWNT interfacial structure, and the dependence of PZC on electron
withdrawing/donating character of moieties attached to SWNTs.
Chapter 5. Fabrication of Carbon Nanotubes for High-Performance Scanning Probe Microscopy
This chapter attempts to provide a one-stop guide to the fabrication of scanning
probes, in hope of assisting future developers in their efforts to exploit the unique
properties of CNTs in still more varieties of SPM. It is expected that the coming years
will see the variety of CNT SPM probes and the range of applications of CNT SPM
probes expand even further.
Chapter 6. Selective Separation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Solution
In this chapter, it is shown that the separated SWCNTs with uniform structure, e.g.
single electronic (m- or s-) type and chirality, have presented better performance than
non-separated SWCNTs in nanoelectronics and thin-film devices.
Chapter 7. Carbon Nanotube AFM Probe Technology
The application of carbon nanotube probes are shown in the new AFM imaging world.
Carbon nanotube probes increase the probe’s resolution and longevity, decreasing
probe–sample forces, and extending the AFM application fields. This should also have
a significant impact in key research areas, such as nanometrology, surface engineering
and biotechnology.
Chapter 8. One-dimensional Crystals inside Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes: Growth,
Structure and Electronic Properties
This chapter shows that by intercalating inorganic compounds into single-walled
carbon nanotubes, the electronic properties of SWNTs can be directly modified.
Namely, the filling of nanotubes with electron donors (such as metals or metalorganic
compounds) can lead to the electronic conductivity of the “1D-crystal@SWNT”
composite, which is caused by an increase in the electron density on the nanotube
walls within the rigid band structure approximation.