Marshall L. Stoller, Maxwell V. Meng-Urinary Stone Disease
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URINARY STONE DISEASE
CURRENT CLINICAL UROLOGY
Eric A. Klein, MD, SERIES EDITOR
Female Urology: A Practical Clinical Guide, edited by Howard Goldman and
Sandip P. Vasavada, 2007
Urinary Stone Disease: The Practical Guide to Medical and Surgical Management,
edited by Marshall L. Stoller and Maxwell V. Meng, 2007
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Levine, 2006
Male Sexual Function: A Guide to Clinical Management, Second Edition,
edited by John J. Mulcahy, 2006
Advanced Endourology: The Complete Clinical Guide, edited by Stephen
Y. Nakada and Margaret S. Pearle, 2005
Oral Pharmacotherapy of Male Sexual Dysfunction: A Guide to Clinical
Management, edited by Gregory A. Broderick, 2005
Urological Emergencies: A Practical Guide, edited by Hunter Wessells and Jack
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Management of Prostate Cancer, Second Edition, edited by Eric A. Klein, 2004
Essential Urology: A Guide to Clinical Practice, edited by Jeannette M. Potts,
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Management of Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy, edited by Kevin T. McVary, 2004
Pediatric Urology, edited by John P. Gearhart, 2003
Laparoscopic Urologic Oncology, edited by Jeffrey A. Cadeddu, 2004
Essential Urologic Laparoscopy: The Complete Clinical Guide, edited by Stephen
Y. Nakada, 2003
Urologic Prostheses: The Complete Practical Guide to Devices, Their Implantation,
and Patient Follow-Up, edited by Culley C. Carson, III, 2002
Male Sexual Function: A Guide to Clinical Management, edited by John J.
Mulcahy, 2001
Prostate Cancer Screening, edited by Ian M. Thompson, Martin I. Resnick, and
Eric A. Klein, 2001
Bladder Cancer: Current Diagnosis and Treatment, edited by Michael J. Droller,
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Office Urology: The Clinician’s Guide,
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Ulchaker, 2001
Voiding Dysfunction: Diagnosis and Treatment, edited by Rodney A. Appell,
2000
Management of Prostate Cancer, edited by Eric A. Klein, 2000
URINARY STONE
DISEASE
THE PRACTICAL GUIDE
TO MEDICAL AND SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
Edited by
MARSHALL L. STOLLER, MD
MAXWELL V. MENG, MD
Department of Urology
University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine
San Francisco, CA
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eISBN 978-1-59259-972-1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Urinary stone disease : the practical guide to medical and surgical
management / edited by Marshall L. Stoller, Maxwell V. Meng.
p. ; cm. -- (Current clinical urology)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-58829-219-3 (alk. paper)
1. Urinary organs--Calculi--Treatment.
[DNLM: 1. Urinary Calculi--etiology. 2. Urinary
Calculi--surgery. 3. Urologic Surgical Procedures--methods. WJ 168
U738 2007] I. Stoller, Marshall L. II. Meng, Maxwell V. III. Series.
RC916.U74 2007
616.6'22--dc22
2006007610
Preface
v
Urinary stone disease has afflicted mankind for centuries and continues to be a
significant medical ailment throughout the world. Contemporary management reflects
the changes and evolution that have occurred in both medicine and, specifically, urology.
Traditional open surgery has been nearly replaced by minimally invasive techniques, the
result of technologic innovations, miniaturization of instruments, and interdisciplinary
collaboration. Nevertheless, nephrolithiasis remains a chronic disease and our
fundamental understanding of the pathogenesis, and molecular and genetic basis of stones
as well as their prevention, remains rudimentary.
All large calculi were once small calculi. Where do stones originate and what facilitates
their retention, allowing them to grow? Although we rely on 24-hour urinary collections,
clearly our current methods of directing medical therapy have limitations. In addition,
interest in disease prevention continues to grow and understanding basic questions and
the underlying pathophysiology of stone disease will help optimize management
strategies.
Future advances in urinary stone disease will be the result of collaboration among
urologists, nephrologists, radiologists, dieticians, scientists, and partners in industry.
Physicians must not be complacent with the current status quo or be overly eager to
intervene because techniques are less invasive; rather, the goals should be a better
understanding of the underlying disease process in order to identify those at risk,
prophylax against stone development and recurrence, and improved nonsurgical
therapies.
Urinary Stone Disease: The Practical Guide to Medical and Surgical Management
puts together our contemporary views on the development, treatment, and prevention of
urinary stone disease. We hope that the book helps improve the current care of patients
but more importantly highlights areas of potential research and inspires novel approaches
that will ease the burden of this disease.
Marshall L. Stoller,
MD
Maxwell V. Meng, MD
Contents
vii
Preface .................................................................................................................... v
Contributors .......................................................................................................... xi
About the Editors ................................................................................................. xv
I. BACKGROUND
1 Stone Nomenclature and History of Instrumentation
for Urinary Stone Disease
Viraj A. Master, Maxwell V. Meng, and Marshall L. Stoller ................................... 3
2 Epidemiology and Incidence of Stone Disease
Joseph E. Dallera and Paramjit S. Chandhoke ...................................................... 27
3 The Genetics of Stone Disease
Berenice Y. Reed and William L. Gitomer ............................................................. 35
4 Theories of Stone Formation
Hsiao-Jen Chung, Harrison M. Abrahams, Maxwell V. Meng,
and Marshall L. Stoller.......................................................................................... 55
5 Structure and Compositional Analysis of Kidney Stones
Ian Mandel and Neil Mandel ................................................................................. 69
II. METABOLISM
6 Calcium Physiology
G. Bennett Stackhouse and Marshall L. Stoller...................................................... 85
7 Management of Patients With Hyperoxaluria
Ojas Shah, Ross P. Holmes, and Dean G. Assimos ............................................... 103
8 Renal Acid–Base Balance and Renal Tubular Acidosis
Andrew I. Chin ..................................................................................................... 121
9 Urinary Stone Inhibitors: Citrate and Magnesium
Harrison M. Abrahams, Maxwell V. Meng, and Marshall L. Stoller ................... 157
10 Modulators of Crystallization of Stone Salts
Saeed R. Khan and Dirk J. Kok............................................................................ 175
11 Hormonal Influences on Nephrolithiasis
Colonel Noah S. Schenkman and Major C. Gerry Henderson ............................. 221
12 Associated Systemic Disease: Bowel and Bones
Michael E. Moran ................................................................................................. 237
viii Contents
13 Medical Evaluation of Stone Disease
Clarita V. Odvina and Charles Y. C. Pak ............................................................ 259
14 Pharmacologic Prophylaxis of Calcium Stones
Yeh Hong Tan and Glenn M. Preminger.............................................................. 269
15 Diet and Urolithiasis
William K. Johnston, III and Roger K. Low ......................................................... 285
16 Uric Acid Urolithiasis
Bodo E. Knudsen, Darren T. Beiko, and John D. Denstedt ................................. 299
17 Struvite Stones
D. Brooke Johnson and Margaret S. Pearle.......................................................... 309
18 Cystine Stone Disease
Bijan Shekarriz..................................................................................................... 327
19 Urinary Stones of Unusual Etiology
Patrick S. Lowry and Stephen Y. Nakada ............................................................ 345
III. PRESENTATION AND EVALUATION
20 Imaging of Urinary Stone Disease
Richard S. Breiman and Fergus V. Coakley ......................................................... 371
21 Physician Safety
Ronald M. Yang and Gary C. Bellman................................................................. 403
22 Treatment of Acute Renal Colic
Albert M. Ong and Thomas W. Jarrett................................................................. 415
23 Anatomical Considerations in Urinary Stone Disease
Louis Eichel and Ralph V. Clayman ..................................................................... 433
IV. TREATMENT
24 Conservative Management of Ureteral Calculi
Christopher J. Kane .............................................................................................. 457
25 Ureteral Stents
John S. Lam and Mantu Gupta ............................................................................ 465
26 Anesthetic Considerations for Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy,
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy, and Laser Lithotripsy
Mark Ancheta and Daniel Swangard ................................................................... 495
27 Complications of Urinary Stone Surgery
Ruben Urena, Freddy Mendez-Torres, and Raju Thomas.................................... 511
28 Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy: Patient Selection and Outcomes
Christopher S. Ng, Gerhard J. Fuchs, and Stevan B. Streem ............................... 555
29 Indications and Outcomes of Ureteroscopy for Urinary Stones
Matthew T. Gettman and Joseph W. Segura ........................................................ 571
30 Ureteroscopy: Technical Aspects
Assaad El-Hakim, Beng Jit Tan, and Arthur D. Smith ........................................ 589
31 Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: Indications and Outcomes
Paul K. Pietrow .................................................................................................... 609
32 Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: Technical Aspects
Sangtae Park, Maxwell V. Meng, and Marshall L. Stoller ................................... 621
33 Open Stone Surgery
Elizabeth J. Anoia and Martin I. Resnick ............................................................ 639
34 Laparoscopic Approach to Urinary Stone Disease
Anup P. Ramani and Inderbir S. Gill .................................................................. 651
35 Stones of the Urethra, Prostate, Seminal Vesicle, Bladder,
and Encrusted Foreign Bodies
Bradley F. Schwartz .............................................................................................. 661
Index ............................................................................................................ 683
Contents ix
Contributors
xi
H
ARRISON M. ABRAHAMS, MD • Endourology Center, Urology Associates of North Texas, Arlington, TX
MARK ANCHETA, MD • Resident in Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care,
University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA
ELIZABETH J. ANOIA, MD • Resident in Urology, Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, OH
DEAN G. ASSIMOS, MD • Professor, Department of Urology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences
Center, Winston-Salem, NC
D
ARREN T. BEIKO, MD • Assistant Professor, Department of Urology, Queen’s University, Kingston,
Ontario Canada
GARY C. BELLMAN, MD • Department of Urology, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
RICHARD S. BREIMAN, MD • Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Radiology, University
of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA
PARAMJIT S. CHANDHOKE, MD, PHD • Professor, Division of Urology and Renal Diseases, University
of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO
ANDREW I. CHIN, MD • Assistant Professor, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine,
University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
HSIAO-JEN CHUNG, MD • Division of Urology, Taipei-Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Republic
of China
RALPH V. C LAYMAN, MD • Professor and Chair, Department of Urology, University of California
Irvine, Orange, CA
FERGUS V. C OAKLEY, MD • Associate Professor, Department of Radiology, University of California
San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA
JOSEPH E. DALLERA, MD • Division of Urology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center,
Denver, CO
JOHN D. DENSTEDT, MD • Professor of Urology, Division of Urology, The University of Western
Ontario, London, Ontario Canada
LOUIS EICHEL, MD • Clinical Assistant Professor of Urology, University of Rochester; Director
of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Center for Urology, Rochester General Hospital,
Rochester, NY
ASSAAD EL-HAKIM, MD • Department of Urology, Long Island Jewish Medical Center,
New Hyde Park, NY
GERHARD J. FUCHS, MD • Director, Minimally Invasive Urology Institute, Cedars–Sinai Medical
Center, Los Angeles, CA
MATTHEW T. G ETTMAN, MD • Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN
INDERBIR S. GILL, MD, MCH • Director, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Glickman Urological
Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
W
ILLIAM L. GITOMER, PHD • Renal Division, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado
Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO
MANTU GUPTA, MD • Associate Professor of Urology, Department of Urology, Columbia University
College of Physicians and Surgeons; Director, Stone Center, Squier Urological Clinic,
New York–Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center; Director,
Endourology and Minimally Invasive Urology, Saint Luke’s–Roosevelt Hospital Center
and New York–Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY
xii Contributors
M
AJOR C. GERRY HENDERSON, MD • Department of Urology, Walter Reed Army Medical Center,
Washington, DC
ROSS P. H OLMES, PHD • Associate Professor, Department of Urology, Wake Forest University Health
Sciences Center, Winston-Salem, NC
THOMAS W. J ARRETT, MD • Professor and Chairman, Department of Urology, The George Washington
University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
D. BROOKE JOHNSON, MD • Attending Urologist, Department of Urology, Dean West Clinic,
Madison, WI
WILLIAM K. JOHNSTON, III, MD • Assistant Professor, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern
University; Director of Laparoscopy and Minimally Invasive Urology, Evanston Northwestern
Hospital, Evanston, IL
C
HRISTOPHER J. KANE, MD • Associate Professor and Vice Chair of Urology, Department of Urology,
University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
SAEED R. KHAN, PHD • UFRF Professor, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory
Medicine, Director, Center for the Study of Lithiasis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
BODO E. KNUDSEN, MD • Assistant Professor, Division of Urologic Surgery, The Ohio State
University Medical Center, Columbus, OH
DIRK J. KOK, PHD • Department of Pediatric Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute,
Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
JOHN S. LAM, MD • Department of Urology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons,
New York, NY
ROGER K. LOW, MD • Associate Professor, Department of Urology, University of California Davis,
Sacramento, CA
PATRICK S. LOWRY, MD • Assistant Professor, Head of Endourology, Scott and White Program,
Temple, TX
IAN MANDEL • Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
NEIL MANDEL, PHD • Professor, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin,
Milwaukee, WI
VIRAJ A. MASTER, MD • Assistant Professor, Department of Urology, Emory University,
Atlanta, GA
FREDDY MENDEZ-TORRES, MD • Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine,
New Orleans, LA
MAXWELL V. M ENG, MD • Assistant Professor, Department of Urology, University of California
San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
MICHAEL E. MORAN, MD • Clinical Associate Professor, Albany Medical College, Director of St. Peter’s
Kidney Stone Center, Albany, NY
STEPHEN Y. NAKADA, MD • Associate Professor and Chairman, Division of Urology, The University
of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI
CHRISTOPHER S. NG, MD • Minimally Invasive Urology Institute, Cedars–Sinai Medical Center,
Los Angeles, CA
CLARITA V. O DVINA, MD • Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
A
LBERT M. ONG, MD • Instructor in Urology, Fellow in Endourology, The Brady Urological Institute,
Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
CHARLES Y. C. PAK, MD • Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
SANGTAE PARK, MD, MPH • Acting Assistant Professor, University of Washington, Department of Urology,
Seattle, WA
MARGARET S. PEARLE, MD, PHD • Professor of Urology and Internal Medicine, Department of Urology,
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX