Lyons W.C. (ed.). Standard handbook of petroleum and natural gas engineering.2001- Volume 1

Table

2-15

Mechanical Properties

of

Metals and

Alloys

[lo]

No.

Material

Nominal

composition

Form

and

condition

I

Typical

mechanical

propenies

Seld

Comments

FERROUS

ALLOYS

Ferrous alloys comprise the largest volume of metal alloys used in engineering. The actual range of mechanical properties in any particular grade of alloy steel depends on the particular history and

heat treatment. The steels listed in this table are intended to give some idea of the range

of

properties readily obtainable. Many hundreds of steels are available. Cost is frequently an important criterion

io the choice of material; in general the greater the percentage of alloying elemenu present in the alloy, the greater

will

be the cost.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

-

IRON

Ingot iron

(Included

for

comparison)

PLAIN

CARBON

STEELS

AISISAE 1020

AIS1

1025

AISISAE 1035

AISISAE 1045

AISISAE 1078

AISISAE 1095

AISISAE 1120

ALLOY

STEELS

ASTM

A202/56

Fe 99.9

C

0.20 Mn 0.45

Si 0.25 Fe bal.

C 0.25 Fe bal

Mn 0.45

C

0.35 Mn 0.75

C

0.45 Fe bal

Mn 0.75

C

0.78 Fehal

Mn 0.45

C

0.95 Fe bal.

Mn 0.40

C 0.2 Mn 0.8

s

0.1

C

0.17 Mn 1.2

Cr

0.5

Si 0.75

Hot-rolled

Annealed

Hot-rolled

Hardened (waterquenched.

Bar stock

1000°F-tempered)

Hot-rolled

Colddrawn

Hot-rolled

Cold-rolled

Bar stock

Annealed

Hot-rolled

Colddrawn

Hot-rolled; spheroidized

Annealed

Bar stock

Colddrawn

Stressrelieved

29

19

30

62

32

54

39

67

73

45

77

55

72

58

45

38

55

90

58

64

72

80

82

91

100

94

69

75

26

45

25

15

18

12

16

12

10

-

18

90

67

111

179

116

126

143

163

170

163

179

207

192

137

-

Bolts,

cranltshafu, gears,

connecting rods; easily

weldable

Mediumstrength, engineering

steel

Free-cutting, leaded,

resulphurized steel: high-

speed, automatic machining

Low

alloy; boilers, pressure

vessels

Table

2-15

(continued)

-

No.

-

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

-

Material

AIS1

4140

12%

Manganese steel

VMCO 300

TI

(AISI)

M2

(AISI)

Stainless steel type

304

Stainless steel type

316

Suinless steel

type

431

Stainless steel

17

4

PH

Nominal

composition

C

0.40

Cr

1.0

Mn

0.9

12%

Mn

Ni

18.5

co

9.0

Ma

4.8

w

18.0

Cr

4.0

W

6.5

Cr

40

V

2.0

Ni

90

Cr

19.0

Cr

18.0

Ni

11.0

Mo

2.5

Cr

160

Ni

2.0

Mn

1.0

Cr

17.0

Ni

40

Cu

4.0

Si

0.3

Mo

0.2

c

Ti

0.6

C

0.03

V

1

.o

C

0.7

Mo

5.0

C

0.85

c

0.08

max

c

0.10

Fe

bal.

Si

1.0

C

0.20

Fe hal.

Co

0.35

C

0.07

Fe

hal.

max

Form

and

condition

Fully-tempered

Optimum properties

Tempered

600°F

Rolled and heat-treated

stock

aged

900°F

Solution

treatment

1500°F:

Quenched; tempered

Annealed; cold-rolled

Annealed

Heat-trrated

Annealrd

Typical mechvlical

properties

Yield

shen%h

(0.2%

offset)

10001b/sqin

95

132

200

44

110

35

to

160

30

to

1

PO

85

150

110

108

150

220

160

I50

85

to

185

90

to

150

120

195

150

22

18

10

40

18

60

8

50

8

25

20

10

tvdoes

Brinell

240

-

170

-

R(c)

65-66

160

400

165

275

250

400

363

co

__

Commeno

High strength; gears, shafts

Machine tool

pdro;

wear,

abrasion-resistant

Very high strength, maraging,

good machining properties

in annealed state

High speed tool steel, cutting

Mgrade, cheaper, tougher

tools, punches, etc.

General purpose, weldahle;

nonmagnetic austenitic

steel

For severe corrosive media,

under stress: nonmagnetic

austenitic steel

Heat-treated stainless steel,

with good mechanical

strengrh; magnetic

Precipitation hardening;

heat-resisting type; retains

strength up

to

apprnx.

600°F

Material

I9

?0

2

1

22

23

24

2.5

Nominal

composition

CASTIRONS

Cast

pay

iron

I\STM

AI8

48,

Cl.t*s

?'I

White

Malleable iron

ASTM

A47

Ductile

or

nodular

ti

on

(Mg-containing)

ASTM

A339

ASTM

A395

Ni-hard

typr

2

Ni-rrnat typc

2

(2.71

,STfiEl.S

ASTM

A27-ti2

(M-30)

Form

and

condition

Typical mechanical properties

Yield

strength Tensile

(0.2%

offset),

strength,

Elongation, Hardness,

t

1000

Ib/sq

in.

1000

Ib/sq

in.

in

2

in.,

R

Brinell

Comments

CAST

IRONS

.LVD

CAST

STEE1.S

These alloys are

used

whrrr

largr

and

or

intricate-shaped articles

AIC

required

or

where

ow-all

dimensional tolciancca

are

not

critical.

Thus

thr

iliiicle can

he produced with the fabricatmi

machining

costs

held to a minimum. Except

lor

a

frw

heat-trratable

cait

strels,

this

claar

of

alloys

does not demonstrate high-strength qualities.

I

c.

Mn

c

Mn

c

Mn

c

Mri

Ni

Si

c

Mn

Cr

(:

Mn

Cr

c:

SI

Cr

3.4

SI

1

.R

0.5

3.4

SI

0.7

0.6

2.5

9

1.0

0.55

5.4

P

0.1

0.40

mar

1%

Mg

0.06

2.7

Si

0.6

05 NI

4.5

2.0

Fe

bal.

3.0

Si

2.0

2.5

Fc

bdl.

1.0

NI

20.0

2.5

F?

hdl.

0.3

Mn

0.6

0.8

Ni 0.5

0.4

Mo

0

2

Cast

(as

cast)

Caqt

Cast

(as

caal)

Cart

(qnrnrhed

tempered)

Sdrld<a<t

Chillxast (tetnpcied)

Cast

(as

cast)

25

min

25

52

70

90

IS5

__

.,:>

75

27

ti0

I05

Engine

blocks,

fly-wheels.

gears,

marhine-tool

basca

Aotomotwea,

nxlr

brarings.

track whrels, crankshaft5

kleavyduty

machines,

gears,

cams.

crankshafts

Strength,

con

osion-resistancr

with

brat-

and

I.ow

alloy,

nicdium Wcngth,

general

application

3

8

0,

applicatior~

z

High strength: structui~d

w.

EL

Table

2-15

(continued)

28

29

Material

Carl

12

Cr

alloy

(a-15)

Cast 29

9

alloy

(CE-30)

ASTM

A296

63T

Cast

28

7

alloy

(HDj

ASTM A297-63T

Nominal

composition

~~

C

0.15

rnax

Si

150

max

Ni

1.00

max

C

0.30

SI

2.00

max

Ni 8-11

C

0.50

max

Si 2.00

rnax

Ni 4-7

rnax

Mn

1.00

max

Cr

11.5-

14

Fe bal.

Mn 1.50

Cr

26-30

Fe hal.

max

Mn 1.50

niax

Cr

2630

Fe hat.

Form

and

condition

Air-cooled from 1800°F

tempered at 600'F

Air-cooled from

1800°F

tempered

at

1400°F

A?

cast

As

cat

SUPER

AI.LOE

Typical

mechanical

properties

7

30

15

16

lardness

Brinell

390

185

170

190

Comments

Stainless, corrosion-resistant

to

mildly corrosive alkalis

and acids

Greater corrosion resistance,

especially for oxidizing

condition

Heat-resistant

Thr advent

of

engineering applications reqwring high temperature

ai

high strength,

as

in jet engines and rocker nmtors, has led to the

ieloprnrnt

of

a

range of alloys collectively called super

alloys.

These alloys require excellent resistance to oxidation together with strength at high temperatures, typically 1800°F in existing engrner These alloys are continually hwng modified to drvelop bet-

ter

specific properties, and therefore entries in this group

of

alloys should be considered "fluid."

Both

wrought arid casting-typz alloys are represcntrd.

As

the high temperature properties

of

cdSt materi-

als improve, these

alloys

hrrome

mor?

attractive, sirice great dimensional precision

is

now atrainable in investment castings.

NICKEL

BASE

Haytelloy

X

Ha*trllov

c

co

1.5

max

Cr

22.0

M'

0.6

c

020

max

(Cast)

Cr

16.0

W

4.0

Mo

17.0

Fe 18.5

Mo

9.0

C

0.15

max

(wrought)

Ni bal.

Fe

6.0

c 0.15

Ni

hal.

Inax

Wrought sheet

Mill-annealed

AI

investment cast

Sand-cast

(annzalrdj

Rolled (annealed)

Irrvestment

ras

52

46.5

-

50

71

50

113.2

67

-

717

130

80

43

17

-

3

45

1

0

194

172

-

1!J9

204

215

Typical mechanical properties

-

No.

-

3

2

33

34

3

5

36

37

38

-

Material

I"

inn

Tax

n

Nmnnic

90

lrnconrl

X

Wa,palo\

Rrne

41

Nominal

composition

Ni

(tCo)

Cr

hal.

Ch

Mo

4.5 TI

M

6.0

c

1u.n

cr

v

1.0

c

125.0

cr

w

4.0

zr

~a

8.0

v

Mo

3.0

Ti

AI

55

0

Co

Mn

4.0

AI

Ni

(t

Co)

C

57.00

Fe

Mn

0.50

Si

s

0.007

cr

cU

0.05

TI

co

1690

AI

1.65

Ni

(t

Co)

C

72.85

Fc

Mn

065

SI

S

0.007

Cr

Ch

0.05

Ti

AI

0.75

Ch

(+Fa)

035

c

0.08

c:~

~~1

4.3

.r,

c.0

13.5

C

0.09

<:I

MI,

10.0

7,

AI

I

5

(i,

13.0

06

2.0

10.0

4.7

ii.0

6.0

2.5

I

.n

0.05

0.20

0.45

20.55

2.60

0.04

6

80

15

n

0.30

2.50

19

5

:4

0

19.0

31

11.0

Form

and

condition

Invcatmrnt cast

Cast

Cart

Annealed,

wrought

Yield

strength

(0.2%

offset),

1000

lb/sq

in

Tensile

strength,

DO0

Ib/sq

in

1

20

15.5

115

I75

275

145

Elongation,

in

2

in.,

%

lxdness,

Brinell

Commenu

-

LP

9t

5P

Pf.

EP

'F

Ot.

8Z

8

PI

OF

61

z2

zz

01

91

OP

ZP

8E

82

89

19

YZ

62

zz

91

LE

IE

€1

LP

OP

01

LZ

17,

9

60za

WLW

I

Iza

wisv

I

iza

w~sv

ma

w~sv

2S05

PZOZ

1102

izza

msv

EOOE

52

'leq

w

52'0

'3

'leqw

90

"w

'l=q

IV

OP

"3

5.1

8w

5'P

"3

5'0

8w

9'0

"W

2'1

"W

'ley

N

21'0

"3

s

28

$9

58

082

9'8Z

?I

'W03

P'Z

!N

"5

Ow

liro

3

5.1

urw

'lW03

001

!N

091

M

xew

0'02

J3

$1'0

3

EO1

OPI

00

I

582

paTioM-p[o> pue papuaixa

VZ

zOrll

5.16

!N

5.81

03

E'P

IV

P'E

!L

05

ow

051

'3

800

3

Typical mechanical properties

Yield

strength

1000

Ib/sq

in.

(0.2%

Offset),

Material

ASTM B211

ASTM SC84B

ASTM

(:4A

Tensile

1000

lb/q

in

SIrengIh,

Nominal

composition

Cti

1.6

Mg

2.5

Cr

0.3

AI

ha1

Zn

5.6

SI

9.0

AI

bal.

Cu

3.5

Si

0.8

AI

bal.

cu

4.5

Mg

9.8

.4l

bal.

Mg

10.0

AI

bal.

Form

and

condition

Annealed-O

Heat-treated and

artifirially aged-TR

Dir-cast

Sand-cast: hcal-treated-T4

Sandiast: hat-treated and

artitirially aged-T6

Sandcast-F

Sandcat: heal-tredtrd-T4

Elongation,

inZin.,%

17

11

'1

8.5

7

9

16

Iardness,

Brinell

60

150

-

60

75

50

75

Comments

High strength, good

corrosion

resistance

Ceneral

purpose die-canting

Structural

elcments, aircratt,

and machinrb

Chemical equipmmr. marine

hardware, architectural

Strength with shock

resistance:

aircraft

COPPER

ALLLOE

Because of

their

corrosion resistance and the fact that copper

alloys

have been used

for

niany thousands

of

years, the number

of

copper

alloys

available

is

second

only

to

the ferrous alloys.

In

general

copper

alloys

do

not have the highstrength qualmes

of

the

frrrous

alloys,

while their density

is

comparable. The

cost

per

strength-wenght

ratio

is high; however. thry have the advantagr

of

ease ofjoining

hv soldering, which

is

not shared hy other

metals

that have reasonable corrosion resistance.

53

54

35

5f

-

Gopper

ASTM B152

ASTM 8124,

R133

ASTM

Bl,B2,

B3

Gilding metal

ASTM

B36

Cartridge

70-30

bras\

ASTM B14

ASTM B19

ASTM B36

ASTM B134

ASTM

6135

Phosphor bronrr

10%

ASTM

8103

ASTM B139

ASTM B159

<:u

99.9

plus

(:it

95.0

Zn

5.0

Cu

70.0

Zn

30.0

(:u

90.0

Sn

10.0

P

0.25

Annealed

Cold-drawn

Cold-rolled

(:old-rolled

Cold-rolled

Sp,

,ng

trmprr

10

40

50

6.7

-

32

45

46

56

76

I22

42

YO

IO0

114

155

241

Bus-bars, switches,

architectiiral, roofing,

scrrrns

cn

n

(:omage,

ammunition

Good

cold-working

properites:

radiator

co\prs,

%

E

hardwarp, clectrical

z

3.

E

Good

"I"

ing

qnalit,ps,

v1

high-fatigue srrengrh

N

z

Table

2-15

(continued)

Nominal

composition

-

No.

-

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

-

Form

and

condition

Material

Yellow brass (high brass)

ASTM B36

ASTM B134

ASTM B135

Manganese bronre

ASTM BI 38

Naval brass

ASTM B21

Muno metal

ASTMBIII

Aluminum bronzr

ASTM

B169, alloy

ASTM 8124

ASTM B150

Beryllium copper

25

ASTM B194

ASTM

8197

ASTM B196

Free-cutting brass

Nickel silver

18”

Alloy

A

(wrought)

ASTM B122, No.

2

Nickel silver

13”

(cast)

I

0A

ASTM B149, No.

10A

Cupronickel 10”

ASTM B111

ASTM B171

CU 65.0 Zn 35.0

Cu 58.5 Zn

39.2

Fe 1.0 Sn 1.0

Mn 0.3

Cu

60.0 Zn

9925

Sn 0 75

Cu

60.0

Zn 40.0

Cu 92.0 AI 8.0

Co

or

Ni

0

25

Cu 62.0 Zn 35.5

Pb

2.5

Cu 65.0 Zn 17.0

Ni

18.0

Ni

12.5

Pb

9.0

Sn 2.0 Cu bal.

Zn 20.0

Cu 88.35 Ni 10.0

Fr

1.25 Mn 0.4

Annealrd

Colddrawn

Cold-rolled

(HT)

Annealed

Colddrawn

Annealed

Colddrawn

Annealed

Hard

Annealed, solution-treated

Cold-rolled

Colddrawn

Annealed

Cold-rolled

Colddrawn wire

Cast

Anneald

Colddrawn tube

I

Yield

:0.2%

offset),

1000

Ih/sq

in.

18

55

60

30

50

22

40

20

25

65

32

104

70

44

25

70

18

22

57

cal mechanical properties

7

Tensile

-

I

48

70

74

60

80

56

65

54

70

105

70

110

190

70

58

85

105

35

44

60

15

10

30

20

40

35

45

60

7

45

5

3

18

40

4

15

45

15

kdness

Brinell

55

115

180

95

180

90

150

80

210

B60

Rockwrll

BR

1

C40

B80

Rockwell

70

170

55

-

Comments

Good corrosion resistance.

plumbing, architccturdl

Forgings

Condensor tubing: high

resistance to salt-water

corrosion

Condensor tubes:

MIVC

stress

Bellows,

fuse

clips, electrical

relay parts, valves, punrps

Screws,

nuts,

gears, keys

Hardware, optical goods.

camera

pans

Ornamental castings,

plumbing-: good

machining qualities

Condensor. salt-water

piping

Strength

of

Materials

203

3

P-

I

6%"

G

el.

=-

204

General Engineering and Science

9

99

c

00

*m

g

nn

&pi

99

9

m

1031

-N

a

0

85

8

0.

0

3

r-

cam

0

23

2

00

Lyons W.C. (ed.). Standard handbook of petroleum and natural gas engineering.2001- Volume 1

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.