Luscombe D., Riley-Smith J. The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. 4: c. 1024-c. 1198, Part 2
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Zengids, Ayyubids and Seljuqs 751
his reign he scrupulously respected the confederative structure of the empire.
If he was planning a radical reshaping of this structure, he died before he could
take any concrete steps toward that goal. In the siege of 1238 he had even
promised to restore Damascus to al-Nasir Da
ud, the nephew whom he had
dispossessed nine years before. (We cannot of course be sure that he would
have kept his promise; al-Kamil was always a man of flexible principles.) Upon
his death in Damascus in March 1238, al-Kamil’s personal dominions went to
his two sons, al-
Adil II in Egypt and al-Salih Ayyub in the East. Damascus
was left to the discretion of his amirs; they assigned it to one of his nephews,
al-Jawad Yunus, a prince of surpassing obscurity.
In principle, then, the Ayyubid confederation was still intact, along lines
not much different from those laid down by Saladin and al-
Adil. In reality,
everything had changed. No one was happy with the new settlement. It would
break down almost at once, and the internecine wars of the next decade, far
bitterer than any that had preceded them in Ayyubid times, would utterly trans-
form the political system created by Saladin. The dissolution of the Ayyubid
confederation led finally to the centralized military autocracy of the Mamluk
sultanate, but the analysis of these events must be reserved for another chapter.
The century and a half between the death of Malikshah and al-Kamil
Muhammad was clearly a period of intense political decentralization in western
Iran and the Fertile Crescent. However, only sporadically was it an era of po-
litical chaos. What we observe is a competition for autonomy or paramountcy
among local rulers and senior amirs who possessed roughly equal resources.
That competition was governed by well-understood if rarely articulated rules
of politics. Moreover, it was carried out within a rather stable set of fiscal and
administrative practices (the iqta
, the mamluk system, the atabeg and so on).
The dynastic succession, passing from Seljuqids to Zengids to Ayyubids,
marked no deep changes in these rules or practices. However, each of these
dynastic formations did incorporate them in a distinctive way. The Seljuqid
legacy left by Tutush in 1095 was so inchoate that his immediate successors were
unable to organize effective states, nor could any one of them hope to impose
a lasting order on the whole region from Damascus to Mosul. Zengi, schooled
in the Great Seljuqid politics of Baghdad, was no doubt more talented and
determined than his predecessors. He was also luckier, because there was al-
most no one to oppose him between Mosul and Aleppo at the beginning of his
career, and because he lived long enough to convert his first acquisitions into
a solid political structure. He was also fortunate in his successors, particularly
his second son Nur al-Din Mahmud, who knew how to extend and strengthen
his father’s legacy over a long reign. Nur al-Din created an enduring political
framework for his successors; in effect he trained the amirs and administrators
who would build the Ayyubid empire. Saladin, finally, began his career as a
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752 stephen humphreys
junior amir at Nur al-Din’s court, and clearly acquired an uncommon under-
standing of the workings of Nur al-Din’s political system. What set him apart,
excluding his boldness and astonishing good luck in the summer of 1187, was
his very conscious political planning, his effort to build a complex confedera-
tive structure that could be transmitted from generation to generation. In spite
of the lengthy succession crisis of 1193–1201,hesucceeded remarkably well.
Only half a century after his death did the Ayyubid system of politics begin
to disintegrate. This time, however, it was replaced by a new system, based
on new administrative institutions and sharply different ways of playing the
political game.
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APPENDIX:
GENEALOGICAL
TABLES
LEGEND
bp
c
co-k
esscount ess
d
dtr
e
k
m
P
pcess
q
bishop
count
co-king
countess
duke
daughter
emperor
king
margrave
prince
princess
queen
illegimate birth
753
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754
Appendix:
genealogical tables
Table i Salian and Hohenstaufen emperors and kings
CONRAD II = Gisela of Swabia
e, k 1024—39
HENRY III (2) = Agnes of Poitou
e, k 1039-56
I
I I
Matilda Judith HENRY IV = Bertha of Maurienne
= Rudolf of Rheinfelden = (i) Solomon k Hungary e, k
1053—1105/6
d Swabia [see List 5]
(anti-k 1077-80) = (2) Wladyslaw Herman
d Poland
[see List 4]
±
Frederick I of =
(1)
Agnes (2) = Leopold III HENRY V = Matilda of England
Hohenstaufen m Austria e, k
1099—1125
[see Table 4]
I
I
Frederick = Judith of CONRAD III = Gertrude
of Bavaria k
1138-52
of
Hohenstaufen [see Table 2] Sulzbach
1
I I
Leopold Henry Otto
m Austria Jasormirgott bp Freising
d Austria
FREDERICK I (2) = Beatrice of Burgundy
e, k 1152-90
HENRY BERENGAR
co-k 1147—50
HENRYVI = Constance of Sicily
e, k
1191—7
[see Table 7]
FREDERICK II
e, k 1215-50
PHILIP d Swabia
k 1198-1208
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Appendix:
genealogical tables
755
Table 2 Welfs, dukes of the Bavarians and Saxons
Welf IV = Judith of Flanders
d Bavaria
I
I
LOTHARIII WelfV = Matilda of Tuscany Henry IX = Wulfhild
of Supplinburg d Bavaria of Saxony
e1125-37
_£
Gertrude = Henry X
Henry
XII
The Lion
1
(2) = Matilda of England
d Saxony
1142-95
[see Table 4]
d Bavaria 1156-95
Judith = Frederick
of Hohenstaufen
[see Table
1]
OTTO IV
e, k 1198—1218
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756
Appendix:
genealogical tables
Table
3
Capetians, kings of the French
Hugh the Great
I
HUGH I CAPET = Alice of
k987-96 Poitou
Emma = Richard I
of Normandy
[see Table 4]
ROBERT II
(3)
= Constance of Provence
k 996—1031
HENRY I = Anna of Kiev, dtr of Jaroslav I
k
1031—60
[see List 7]
Bertha of Holland = (1) PHILIP I (2) = Bertrada of Montfort
k 1060-1108 [see Table 8]
Hugh,
c
Vermandois
Constance = Bohemond I
pAntioch
[see Table 7]
LOUIS VI = Adelaide of Savoy
k 1108-37
Henry II of England = (2) Eleanor of = (1) LOUIS VII (2) = Constance of (3) = Adela of
Blois-
[see Table 4]
Aquitaine k 1137-80 Castile
[see Table 6]
Champagne
PHILIP II
k 1180—1223
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Appendix:
genealogical tables
Table
4
Kings
in England,
dukes
in
Normandy
Richard I = Emma of France [see Table 3]
c Normandy
757
1 1
Aelfgifu =
(1)
jETHELRED II (2) = Emma of Normandy (2) = KNUT Richard II = Judith of
k 979—1016
Fredesende
= Tancred of
Hauteville
[see Table 7]
Godwine
earl of Wessex
k
1016—35
d Normandy Rennes
[see List 8]
EDMUND = Aeldgyth EDWARD THE = Edith HAROLD II HARTHAKNUT HARALD Richard
IRONSIDE I CONFESSOR kio66 k 1040-2 HAREFOOTIIId
kioi6 I k 1042-66 k 1035-^40 Normandy
Edward = Agatha of
the Atheling Braunschweig
WILLIAM I = Matilda of Flanders
k1066-87
Edgar Margaret = Malcolm III Robert II WILLIAM II HENRY I = Matilda Adela = Stephen
the
Atheling [see Table 5]
of Scotland d Normandy kio87—1100 k 1100-35 of Scotland
[see Table 5]
:Blois
Henry
V,
emperor = (1) Matilda (2) = Geofftey V Plantagenet
[see Table
1]
| c Anjou
[see Table 8]
STEPHEN = Matilda of
k
1135—54
Boulogne
[see Table 8]
HENRY II = Eleanor of Aquitaine
k 1154-89 I [see Table 3]
HENRY RICHARD I = Berengaria JOHN
co-k
1170-83
k 1189-99 of Navarre kii99-i2i6
[see Table 6]
Matilda = Henry XII
of Saxony and
Bavaria
[see Table 2]
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758
Appendix:
genealogical tables
Table
5
Kings of
the
Scots
KENNETH II
k 971-95
KENNETH III
k997-1005
MALCOLM II
k1005—34
Crinan Mormaer = Berthoc
ofAtholl
DUNCAN I
k 1034—40
Ingeborg = (i) MALCOLM III (2) = Margaret of Engand
ofHalland CANMORE I
[see
Table 4]
k
1031-93
I
DONALD III BANE
k1093-7
DUNCAN II Maria = Eustace EDGAR ALEXANDER I DAVID I = Matilda Matilda = Henry I
k
1094
III of k 1097-1107 k 1107-24 k
1124-53
of of
Boulogne
[see
Table 8]
Huntingdon England
[see
Table 4]
Henry, earl of = Ada of Warenne
Huntingdon
MALCOLM IV
k 1153-65
WILLIAM THE LION
k 1165—1214
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Appendix:
genealogical tables
Table
6
Kings
in
the Iberian peninsula
SANCHO
III
GARCES
=
Muni Major ctess Castile
k Navarre, et Aragon and Castile
1004—1035
759
I
GARClAV
=
Estefania
k Navarre ofFoix
1035-54
FERNANDO
I =
Sancha
et and
k
Castile of Leon
1029—65
I
RAMIRO
I =
Gilberga
k Aragon
i of
1035—63
I
Couserans
SANCHO
IV
Sandio Garces SANCHO II ALFONSO VI
(2) =
Constance SANCHO
I
(1)
=
Isabel
of
GARCES
k Navarre
1054-76
ofUncastillo k Castile-Le6n
k
Castile-Le6n
1065-72 1072-1109
ofBurgundy RAMIREZ
|
Urgel
(4)
=
Isabel
of k
Aragon (2)
=
Philippa
Seville 1063—94 of
Toulouse
Ramiro Raymond
=
URRACA Elvira
=
Roger TERESA
=
HENRY PEDRO
I
ALFONSO
I
RAMIRO
II
Sanchirez
of
ofMonz6n Burgundy
q Castile-Le6n
II of OF
1109-26 Sicily BURGUNDY
[see Table 7]
c
Portugal
1093-1112
k Aragon-
k
Aragon-
Navarre Navarre
1094-1104 1104-34
k Aragon-
Navarre
1134-7
= Agnes
of
Poitiers
GARCIA
VI =
Margaret ALFONSO
VII =
Berenguela AFONSO
I =
Mafalda PETRONILAI
k Navarre ofl'Aigle
k
Castile-Le6n
of
Barcelona
et and k of
Savoy qAragon-
1134—50 1126—57 Portugal Navarre
1112-85 1137-74
= Ram6n
Berenguer
Ttf
of Barcelona
Constanza
=
Louis VII
of France
[see Table 3]
Margarita SANCHO
=
Sancha SANCHO FERNANDO
=
Urraca SANCHO Sancha
=
ALFONSO
= William VI
k
Navarre
I
of
1150-94
Sicily
[see Table
7]
III
k Castile-Le6n
II
I
kLe6n
I
k
Portugal
1185-1212
1157-8 ALFONSO VIII 1157-88
k Castile 1157—1214
II
k
Aragon
1162-96
SANCHO VII
k Navarre
1194-1134
Berengaria
=
Richard
I
of England
[see Table
4]
ALFONSO
K
kLedn
1188-1230
PEDRO II
k Aragon
1196-1213
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760
Appendix:
genealogical tables
Table
7
The Hautevilles
in
southern Italy, Sicily and Antioch
Tancred of Hauteville
=
Fredesende of Normandy
[see Table
4]
Alverade
=
(1) Robert Guiscard (2)
=
Sikelgaita
d Apulia
1057-85
of Salerno
BOHEMOND
I =
Constance Roger
=
Adela
Roger
I
=
Adelaide
c Sicily ofSavona
1059—1101
ROGER
II
=
Elvira
ofTaranto
p Antioch
1098—mi
of France
[see Table 3]
BOHEMOND 11= Alice
d Apulia of Flanders d Apulia
1128
of Castile
p Antioch
mi—30
of
Jerusalem
[see Table 8]
1085—mi
William
d Apulia
mi—27
k Sicily
1130-54
[see Table
6]
WILLIAM
I
=
Margaret CONSTANCE= HENRY
VI
k Sicily
1154—66
of Navarre
[see Table
6]
emperor
[see Table
1]
k Sicily
II94-7
CONSTANCE (1)
=
RAYMOND
pcess Antioch
1130-63
OF POITIERS
p Antioch
1136-49
(2)
=
REYNALD
OF
CHATILLON
p Antioch
1152/3-60
TANCRED
=
Sibylla
k Sicily
1190-4
ofMedania
WILLIAM
II
k Sicily
1166-89
BOHEMOND
III
p Antioch
1160—1201
WILLIAM
III
ami-
k
Sicily
1194-8
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