Трехмерное моделирование структуры и динамики таежных ландшафтов
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ɩɨɪɭɛɨɱɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɯɚɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ
ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚɯ. ɉɨɞ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ-
ɤɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɫɬɶ, ɪɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (ɯɨɬɹ ɨɧɚ ɬɨɠɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ), ɚ ɪɚɡɥɢ-
ɱɢɹ ɜ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɚɦɢ
ɫɧɢɦɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɭɪɭ.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ «ɝɥɚɞɤɨɫɬɢ» ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫ-
ɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ: ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ (Monmonier, 1974), ɢɧɞɟɤ-
ɫɵ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ (diversity), ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɢɥɢɹ (relative richness) ɢ
ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (dominance) (Turner, 1989), NDC (number of different
classes), CVN (center versus neighbor), BCM (binary comparison matrix)
(Murphy, 1985), ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ (ɫlass frequency). ȼɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɬɟɦ
ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɜ
ɫɤɨɥɶɡɹɳɟɦ ɨɤɧɟ 3ɯ3 ɩɢɤɫɟɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɫɤɚɧɟɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɥɚɫ-
ɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɧɢɦɤɚ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɭɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢ-
ɦɟɪ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɷɜɤɥɢɞɨɜɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɢ, ɚɫɫɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ
(«skewness») (Haralic, 1977; Irons & Petersen, 1981).
ɐɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɛɥɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɢɧɮɪɚ-
ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɧ-
ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ. Ɇɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫ-
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɟ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɵ NDC (ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟ-
ɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɤɧɟ) ɢ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ (ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɤɧɟ). Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ,
ɬɟɦ ɪɨɜɧɟɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɫɧɢɦɤɚ (ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɛɥɢɠɧɢɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ) ɤɚɤ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɜɵɫɨɬ – ɜɵɫɨ-
ɬɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɚ, ɚ ɪɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɭɤɥɨ-
ɧɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɪɢɬɟ-
ɪɢɹ ɪɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɮɪɚɤɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ (fractional
dimension) (Eastman, 1985). Ɉɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɨɬ,
ɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɬɭɪɟ ɫ ɡɚɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɵɪɭɛɤɚɦɢ, ɟɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɧɟ
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 2.0001–2.00015 (ɪɢɫ. 50). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ
ɢɡ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɮɪɚɤɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɤ «ɜɵɪɭɛɤɚ», ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɡɧɚ-
ɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ.