2. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɝɢɫ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
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ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ-
ɫɹ ɨɞɧɢ ɢ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ.
ɋɚɦɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɤɟɬɵ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ – ArcView
ɢ MapInfo, ɨɧɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɭɞɨɛɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵ-
ɦɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɷɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɫɬɪɨɜɵɯ Ƚɂɋ. ɇɭɠɧɨ ɫɤɚ-
ɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ Ƚɂɋ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɪɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɢ
ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɟɬ. ȼɫɟ ɦɨɳɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
Растровые и векторные данные в ГИС
ȼ ɪɚɫɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɫɤɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɯ ɬɨ-
ɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɤɚɪɬ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɚɷɪɨ- ɢ
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɧɢɦɤɢ) – ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ. ɍ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɨɧ-
ɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɚɫɬɪɨɜ grey scale, ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɤ
ɬɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ (ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ) – ɢɧɞɟɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧ-
ɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɪɵ, ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɰɜɟɬ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ-
ɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɩɨɱɜ, ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɛɨɥɨɬ,
ɫɟɥɶɯɨɡɭɝɨɞɢɣ). Ɉɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ
ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɬɪɨɜɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ Ƚɂɋ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɯɪɚɧɹɬɫɹ ɜ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɮɚɣɥɚɯ: ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ – ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɪ (ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɨɜ), ɜ ɞɪɭ-
ɝɨɦ – ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɨɤ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ (ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɨɤ
ɪɚɫɬɪɚ), ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ – ɩɚɥɢɬɪɚ (ɰɜɟɬɨɜɚɹ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ). Ɉɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɪɚɫɬɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɜɢɡɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɰɜɟɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɡɧɚ-
ɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ.
Ɋɚɫɬɪɨɜɵɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɬ ɞɚɟɬ ɨɛɡɨɪɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
Ɉɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ, ɚ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ, ɬɢ-
ɩɭ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɨ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨ-
ɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɨɛɳɟɧɵ.
ɂɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɦɚɫɫɢɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫ-
ɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, – ɷɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ (ɰɢɮɪɨɜɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɜɵ-
ɫɨɬ – digital elevation model, DEM). ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɪɨ-
ɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ (ɭɤɥɨɧ, ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ, ɝɟɨɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɨɩ-
ɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.).
DEM – ɷɬɨ ɪɚɫɬɪ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ – ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸ-
ɳɟɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɞ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɦɨɪɹ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ 255 ɦ, ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɚ DEM ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɣɬɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɬ (ɜɵɫɨɬɚ