Lallart M. (ed.) Ferroelectrics - Physical Effects
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FERROELECTRICS
–
PHYSICAL EFFECTS
Edited by Mickaël Lallart
Ferroelectrics – Physical Effects
Edited by Mickaël Lallart
Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Copyright © 2011 InTech
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Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors
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for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher
assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out
of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.
Publishing Process Manager Silvia Vlase
Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic
Cover Designer Jan Hyrat
Image Copyright 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com
First published July, 2011
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org
Ferroelectrics – Physical Effects, Edited by Mickaël Lallart
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-307-453-5
free online editions of InTech
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Contents
Preface IX
Part 1 General Ferroelectricity 1
Chapter 1 Morphotropic Phase Boundary in
Ferroelectric Materials 3
Abdel-Baset M. A. Ibrahim, Rajan Murgan,
Mohd Kamil Abd Rahman and Junaidah Osman
Chapter 2 Relaxor-ferroelectric PMN–PT Thick Films 27
Hana Uršič and Marija Kosec
Chapter 3 Phase Diagramm, Cristallization Behavior and
Ferroelectric Properties of Stoichiometric
Glass Ceramics in the BaO-TiO
2
-B
2
O
3
System 49
Rafael Hovhannisyan, Hovakim Alexanyan,
Martun Hovhannisyan, Berta Petrosyan
and Vardan Harutyunyan
Chapter 4 Ferroelectric Properties and Polarization
Switching Kinetic of Poly (vinylidene
fluoride-trifluoroethylene) Copolymer 77
Duo Mao, Bruce E. Gnade and Manuel A. Quevedo-Lopez
Chapter 5 Charge Transport in Ferroelectric Thin Films 101
Lucian Pintilie
Chapter 6 Hydrogen in Ferroelectrics 135
Hai-You Huang, Yan-Jing Su and Li-Jie Qiao
Chapter 7 Thermal Conduction Across Ferroelectric
Phase Transitions: Results on Selected Systems 155
Jacob Philip
Chapter 8 The Induced Antiferroelectric Phase -
Structural Correlations 177
Marzena Tykarska
VI Contents
Part 2 Piezoelectrics 193
Chapter 9 Piezoelectric Effect in Rochelle Salt 195
Andriy Andrusyk
Chapter 10 Piezoelectricity in Lead-Zirconate-Titanate Ceramics –
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Contributions 221
Johannes Frantti and Yukari Fujioka
Chapter 11 B-site Multi-element Doping Effect on Electrical
Property of Bismuth Titanate Ceramics 243
Jungang Hou and R. V. Kumar
Part 3 Magnetoelectrics and Multiferroics 275
Chapter 12 Magnetoelectric Multiferroic Composites 277
M. I. Bichurin, V. M. Petrov and S.Priya
Chapter 13 Coupling Between Spins and Phonons Towards
Ferroelectricity in Magnetoelectric Systems 303
J. Agostinho Moreira and A. Almeida
Chapter 14 Ferroelectric Field Effect Control of Magnetism
in Multiferroic Heterostructures 329
Carlos A. F. Vaz and Charles H. Ahn
Chapter 15 Effects of Doping and Oxygen Nonstoichiometry
on the Thermodynamic Properties of Some
Multiferroic Ceramics 347
Speranta Tanasescu, Alina Botea and Adelina Ianculescu
Chapter 16 Multifunctional Characteristics of B-site
Substituted BiFeO
3
Films 373
Hiroshi Naganuma
Part 4 Liquid Crystals and Optical Effects 405
Chapter 17 Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals with
High Spontaneous Polarization 407
Slavomír Pirkl and Milada Glogarová
Chapter 18 Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals Composed
of Banana-Shaped Thioesters 429
Stanisław Wróbel, Janusz Chruściel, Marta Wierzejska-Adamowicz,
Monika Marzec, Danuta M. Ossowska-Chruściel,
Christian Legrand and Redouane Douali
Contents VII
Chapter 19 Molecular Design of a Chiral Oligomer
for Stabilizing a Ferrielectric Phase 449
Atsushi Yoshizawa and Anna Noji
Chapter 20 Memory Effects in Mixtures of Liquid
Crystals and Anisotropic Nanoparticles 471
Marjan Krašna, Matej Cvetko, Milan Ambrožič and Samo Kralj
Chapter 21 Photorefractive Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals 487
Takeo Sasaki
Chapter 22 Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties
of Ferroelectric Thin Films 507
Bing Gu and Hui-Tian Wang
Chapter 23 Localized States in Narrow-Gap Ferroelectric-Semiconductor
PbSnTe: Injection Currents, IR and THz Photosensitivity,
Magnetic Field Effects 527
Alexander Klimov and Vladimir Shumsky
Chapter 24 Piezo-optic and Dielectric Behavior of the
Ferroelectric Lithium Heptagermanate Crystals 553
A. K. Bain, Prem Chand and K. Veerabhadra Rao
Chapter 25 Compositional and Optical Gradient in
Films of PbZr
x
Ti
1-x
O
3
(PZT) Family 579
Ilze Aulika, Alexandr Dejneka, Silvana Mergan,
Marco Crepaldi, Lubomir Jastrabik, Qi Zhang,
Andreja Benčan, Maria Kosec and Vismants Zauls
Chapter 26 Photo-induced Effect in Quantum Paraelectric Materials
Studied by Transient Birefringence Measurement 603
Toshiro Kohmoto and Yuka Koyama
Chapter 27 Photoluminescence in Doped PZT
Ferroelectric Ceramic System 619
M. D. Durruthy-Rodríguez
and J. M. Yáñez-Limón
Chapter 28 Photovoltaic Effect in Ferroelectric
LiNbO
3
Single Crystal 641
Zhiqing Lu, Kun Zhao and Xiaoming Li
Preface
Ferroelectricity has been one of the most used and studied phenomena in both
scientific and industrial communities. Properties of ferroelectrics materials make them
particularly suitable for a wide range of applications, ranging from sensors and
actuators to optical or memory devices. Since the discovery of ferroelectricity in
Rochelle Salt (which used to be used since 1665) in 1921 by J. Valasek, numerous
applications using such an effect have been developed. First employed in large
majority in sonars in the middle of the 20
th
century, ferroelectric materials have been
able to be adapted to more and more systems in our daily life (ultrasound or thermal
imaging, accelerometers, gyroscopes, filters…), and promising breakthrough
applications are still under development (non-volatile memory, optical devices…),
making ferroelectrics one of tomorrow’s most important materials.
The purpose of this collection is to present an up-to-date view of ferroelectricity and its
applications, and is divided into four books:
Material Aspects, describing ways to select and process materials to make
them ferroelectric.
Physical Effects, aiming at explaining the underlying mechanisms in
ferroelectric materials and effects that arise from their particular properties.
Characterization and Modeling, giving an overview of how to quantify the
mechanisms of ferroelectric materials (both in microscopic and macroscopic
approaches) and to predict their performance.
Applications, showing breakthrough use of ferroelectrics.
Authors of each chapter have been selected according to their scientific work and their
contributions to the community, ensuring high-quality contents.
The present volume is interested in the explanation of the physical mechanisms that lie
in ferroelectrics, and the associated effects that make ferroelectric materials so interest-
ing in numerous applications.
After a general introduction on ferroelectric and ferroelectric materials (chapters 1 to
8), the book will focus on particular effects associated with ferroelectricity: piezoelec-
X Preface
tricity (chapters 9 to 11), optical properties (chapters 12 to 16), and multiferroic and
magnetoelectric devices (chapters 17 to 28), reporting up-to-date findings in the field.
I sincerely hope you will find this book as enjoyable to read as it was to edit, and that
it will help your research and/or give new ideas in the wide field of ferroelectric mate-
rials.
Finally, I would like to take the opportunity of writing this preface to thank all the au-
thors for their high quality contributions, as well as the InTech publishing team (and
especially the publishing process manager, Ms. Silvia Vlase) for their outstanding
support.
June 2011
Dr. Mickaël Lallart
INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne
France