Кульков С.Н., Буякова С.П. Наноматериалы: порошки и спеченные композиты
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
41
2
1
10 (2 1),
N
k
nkN
¦
(3)
ɝɞɟ k – ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɵɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ (ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ), N – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ
ɫɥɨɟɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɤɨɫɚɷɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɭ
ɞɜɨɣɧɢɤ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɧɟɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ȽɐɄ-ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɨ-
ɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ 13-ɚɬɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɢɤɨɫɚɷɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɚ-
ɫɬɟɪɚ ɧɚ 17 % ɧɢɠɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ȽɐɄ-ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɚ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ȽɐɄ-ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɵ ɫɩɨɧ-
ɬɚɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɢɤɨɫɚɷɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ.
ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦɭ ɪɨɫɬɭ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ, ɜ ɪɟ-
ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɩɪɟ-
ɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɱɟɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɞɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢɤɨɫɚɷɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ-
ɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ, ɜɵɲɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢɤɨɫɚɷɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɱɟɦ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɝɟɤɫɚɝɨ-
ɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ 10 ɧɦ.
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɧɚɧɨɱɚ-
ɫɬɢɰɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɸ ɟɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɧɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥ CdSe,
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɜɸɪɬɰɢɬɚ ZnS, ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ȽɐɄ-ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. ɉɪɢ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɟɺ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢ-
ɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɜɥɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɚɫɶ, ɜ ɱɚ-
ɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɥɹ CdSe, ɪɢɫ. 16.
Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟ-
ɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɢ ɟɟ ɪɚɡɦɟ-
ɪɨɦ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɭɸ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɭɸ ɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɭ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɭɸɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ
ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɞɜɟ ɮɚɡɵ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ
Ƚɢɛɛɫɚ, ɬɨ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ: ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɮɚɡɭ 1,
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜ (ɮɚɡɚ 2) ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ (ɮɚɡɚ 3). ȼ ɭɫ-
ɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɪɚɜɧɨ
ɧɭɥɸ. Ʌɟɝɤɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɞɢ-
ɧɚɤɨɜɵ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ, ɬ. ɟ. T
1
= T
2
= T
3
ɢ
P
1
=
P
2
=
P
3
, ɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɮɚɡɟ 1 ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɮɚɡɟ 2 ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ 2
V
/r (ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ Ʌɚɩɥɚ-
ɫɚ), ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɮɚɡ:
ɲ
ɳ
(
ɝ
Q
Ɍ
ɩ
ɬ
ɧ
ɬ
ɞ
ɝ
ɛ
ɷ
ɫ
ɫ
ɟ
ɦ
ɲɟ
ɳɭ
(
ɪ
ɚ
ɝ
ɞ
ɟ
Q
–
Ɍɨ
ɩ
ɥ
ɬ
ɟ
ɥ
ɧ
ɨ
ɬ
ɚ
ɤ
ɞ
ɨ
ɥ
ɝ
ɨ
ɛ
ɨ
ɥ
ɷ
ɬ
ɨ
ɫ
ɬ
ɚ
ɫ
ɥ
ɨ
ɟɦ
ɦɟ
Ɋ
ɞ
ɍ
ɟ
ɧ
ɢ
ɭ
ɸ
ɚ
ɞ
ɢ
ɟ
T
–
ɨ
ɨ
ɦ
ɫ
ɚɜ
ɥ
ɥ
ɶ
ɧ
ɦ
ɭ
ɤ
ɤ
ɥɠ
ɬ
ɟ
ɥ
ɟ
ɟ
ɨ
ɦ
ɚ
ɧ
ɨ
ɨ
ɜ
ɥ
ɦ
ɚ
ɫ
ɟ
ɧ
ɟ
Ɋ
ɢ
ɫ
ɞ
ɥ
ɹ
ɍɱ
ɢ
ɟ
ɡ
ɚ
ɢ
ɭ
ɫ
T
m
ɢ
ɨ
ɛ
ɴ
ɫ
ɨ
ɧ
ɥ
ɟ
ɧ
ɧ
ɨ
ɭ
ɞ
ɤ
ɚ
ɤ
ɠ
ɧ
ɚ
ɟ
ɥ
ɚ
ɟ
ɧ
ɫ
ɥ
ɨ
ɜ
ɢ
ɥ
ɟ
ɧ
ɫ
ɢ
ɫ
ɟ
ɧ
ɢ
ɫ
. 1
ɹ
ɩ
ɱ
ɢ
ɬ
(
3
ɚ
ɜ
ɢ
ɫ
ɚ
ɢ
L
ɴ
ɟ
ɦ
ɧ
ɚ
ɧɢ
ɤ
ɨ
ɩ
ɤ
ɫ
ɚ
ɪ
ɚ
.
ɂ
ɧ
ɢ
ɡ
ɥ
ɭ
ɱ
ɢ
ɬ
ɫ
ɧ
ɚ
ɫ
ɬ
ɟ
ɢ
ɣ
6.
Ɂ
ɟɪ
ɟ
ɬ
ɵ
ɜ
3
),
ɢ
ɫ
ɢ
r),
L
–
ɦ
(
4
ɢ
ɹ
ɫ
ɢ
ɩ
ɭ
ɳ
ɨɝ
ɥ
ɪ
ɚɫ
ɩ
ɂ
ɧ
ɡ
ɤ
ɭ
ɱ
ɚ
ɟ
ɫ
ɹ
ɫ
ɞ
ɟ
ɦ
ɵ
ɨ
ɛ
Ɂ
ɚ
ɜ
ɟ
ɯ
ɨ
ɜ
ɚ
ɹ
ɦ
ɨ
ɢ
ɦ
–
ɬ
ɟ
1
ɝ
4
)
ɱ
ɚ
ɢ
ɫ
ɬ
ɳ
ɟ
ɧ
ɥ
ɚ
ɫ
ɩɥ
ɚɱ
ɭɸ
ɟ
ɪ
ɧ
ɟ
ɞ
ɟ
ɥ
ɵ
«
ɛ
ɴ
ɟ
ɜ
ɢ
ɫ
ɨ
ɞ
ɚ
ɹ
ɪ
ɨɠ
ɨɫ
ɟ
ɦ
ɝ
ɜ
ɩ
ɪ
ɚ
ɫɬ
ɢ
ɬ
ɟ
ɦ
ɧ
ɢ
ɫ
ɧ
ɨ
ɥ
ɚɜ
ɟ
ɝ
ɸ
ɬ
ɟ
ɪ
ɟ
ɚ
ɟ
ɜ
ɨ
ɥ
ɚ
ɧ
«
ɬ
ɜ
ɟ
ɦ
ɚ
ɫ
ɢ
ɦ
ɚ
ɧ
ɚ
ɪ
ɚ
ɜ
ɠ
ɧ
ɨ
ɬɶ
ɩɟ
ɜ
ɟ
ɳ
ɪ
ɟ
ɞ
ɢɰ
ɦ
ɟ
ɸ
ɨ
ɷ
ɢ
ɬ
ɝ
ɨ
ɜ
ɟɦ
ɚ
ɥ
ɶ
ɨ
ɡ
ɦ
ɧ
ɧ
ɵ
ɜ
ɟ
ɪ
ɚ
ɢ
ɦ
ɨ
ɫ
ɚ
ɧ
ɨ
ɤ
ɜ
ɟ
ɧ
ɨ
ɩ
ɬ
ɟ
ɪɚ
ɬ
ɳ
ɟ
ɞ
ɫ
ɤ
ɰ
,
ɨ
«
ɱ
ɨ
ɪ
ɷ
ɬ
ɨ
ɬ
ɶɫ
ɹ
ɜ
ɨ
ɪ
ɦ
ɩ
ɟ
ɶ
ɧ
ɨ
ɦ
ɨ
ɠ
ɵɦ
ɪ
ɞ
ɨ
ɦ
ɚ
ɫ
ɬ
ɨ
ɱ
ɚ
ɤ
Ƚ
ɧ
ɫ
ɬ
ɩ
ɨ
ɥ
ɟ
ɦ
ɩ
ɬ
ɭ
ɪ
ɫɬ
ɜ
ɤ
ɚ
ɡ
ɨ
ɛ
ɪ
ɱ
ɚ
ɫ
ɪ
ɚ
ɜ
ɨ
ɣ
ɹ
ɪ
ɪ
ɹ,
ɟ
ɪ
ɚ
ɨ
ɧ
ɠɧ
ɦ
ɩ
ɪ
ɨ
ɟ
ɚ
ɫ
ɫ
ɶ
ɝ
ɚ
ɫ
ɬ
Ƚ
ɐ
Ʉ
ɬ
ɜ
ɨ
ɥ
ɭ
ɱ
ɩ
ɟ
ɪ
[
T
ɪ
ɚ
ɜ
ɚ
,
ɡ
ɵ
ɪ
ɚ
ɬ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
ɜ
ɧ
ɨ
ɮ
ɨ
ɪ
ɚ
ɧ
ɥ
ɸ
ɚ
ɬ
ɭ
ɧ
ɚ
ɛ
ɧ
ɵ
ɦ
ɪɢ
ɬ
ɟ
ɫ
ɵ
ɝ
ɢɞ
ɪ
ɬ
ɢ
ɰ
Ʉ
ɫ
ɨ
ɯ
ɱ
ɢ
ɬ
ɪ
ɚ
ɬ
(
T
m
ɢ
,
ɬ
ɜɚ
ɬ
ɧ
ɨ
ɢ
ɰ
ɚ
ɨ
ɜ
ɟ
ɨ
ɪ
ɦ
ɧ
ɶ
ɲ
ɸɛ
ɭ
ɪ
ɭ
ɛ
ɥ
ɸ
ɦ
.
ɢ
ɟ
ɟ
ɟ
ɥ
ɨ
ɮ
ɚ
ɪ
ɨ
ɫ
ɰ
C
ɫ
ɬ
ɪ
ɯ
ɢ
ɦ
ɬ
ɶ
ɬ
ɭ
ɪ
)r
ɬɟ
ɩ
.
ɟ
ɟɬ
ɨ
ɚ
–
ɪ
ɟ
ɫ
ɢ
ɦɭ
ɲ
ɟ
ɛ
ɚ
ɹ
ɭ
ɩ
ɸɞ
ɇ
ɟ
ɜ
ɨ
–
ɪ
ɚ
ɡ.
(p
ɫɬ
C
d
S
ɪ
ɭ
ɤ
ɦ
ɢ
ɱ
ɢ
ɡ
ɪɵ
T
m
ɩɥ
ɟ
.
ɜ
ɭ
ɩ
ɪ
ɪ
ɚ
ɫ
ɢ
ɢ
ɭ
ɥ
ɟ
,
ɱ
ɹ
ɱ
ɥ
ɚ
ɞ
ɚ
ɟ
ɇ
ɟ
ɫ
ɜ
ɵ
ɜ
ɪ
ɚ
ɫ
1
-
p
ɬ
ɚ
ɬ
S
e
ɨ
ɤ
ɬ
ɭ
ɱ
ɟ
ɫ
ɡ
ɜ
ɟ
ɵ
ɩ
/
]
T
m
ɥ
ɨ
ɬ
ɜ
ɟ
ɥ
ɭ
ɧ
ɢ
ɪ
ɨ
ɩ
ɫ
ɩ
ɥ
ɬ
ɜ
ɟ
ɩ
ɪ
ɱ
ɟ
ɦ
ɱ
ɚɫ
ɬ
ɚ
ɜɥ
ɟ
ɦ
ɨ
ɫ
ɨ
ɫ
ɜ
ɨ
ɞ
ɫ
ɩ
ɥ
4
p
2
)
ɬ
ɢ
ɱ
ɨɬ
ɭ
ɪ
ɟ
ɫ
ɤ
ɢ
ɟ
ɫ
ɬ
ɩ
ɥ
ɚ
/
T
m
ɬ
ɚ
ɩ
ɥ
ɢ
ɱ
ɢ
ɜ
ɟ
ɩ
ɨ
ɪ
ɥ
ɚ
ɜ
ɜ
ɟ
ɪ
ɪɢ
ɦ
ɩ
ɬ
ɢ
ɰ
ɟ
ɧ
ɨ
ɟ
ɫ
ɬ
ɨ
ɞ
ɟ
ɥ
ɚ
ɜ
4
2
=
2
ɱ
ɟ
ɫ
ɬ
ɝ
ɟ
ɟ
ɨ
ɬ
ɢ
ɯ
ɬ
ɧ
ɭ
ɚ
ɜ
ɥ
m
ɩ
ɥ
ɚ
ɱ
ɢ
ɧ
ɟ
ɪ
ɫ
ɪ
ɰ
ɢ
ɜ
»
ɪ
ɞ
ɨ
ɢ
ɧ
ɩ
ɨ
ɹ
ɰ
ɚ
ɧ
ɢ
ɹ
ɪ
ɚ
ɨ
ɹɬ
ɩ
ɪ
ɜ
»
ɢ
2
V
ɫ
ɤɨ
ɟ
ɤ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
ɩ
ɨ
ɭ
ɸ
ɥ
ɟ
ɧ
(
Q
ɚ
ɜ
ɥ
ɧ
ɚ
ɫ
ɚ
ɥ
ɢ
ɨ
ɧ
ɮ
ɨ
ɨ
ɣ
ɚɝ
ɪ
ɹ
ɜ
ɢ
ɤ
ɨ
ɹ
,
ɱ
ɚ
ɜ
ɧ
ɟɥ
ɶ
ɪ
ɟ
ɞ
ɢ
ɧ
V
/r.
ɝɨ
ɫ
ɚɝ
ɨ
ɢ
ɯ
ɪ
ɨ
ɬ
ɟ
ɮ
ɧ
ɢ
ɹ
/
1
Q
ɥ
ɟ
ɧ
,
ɨ
ɥ
ɶ
ɧ
ɧ
ɚ
ɥ
ɨ
ɪ
ɦ
ɱ
ɚ
ɪ
ɟ
ɜ
ɢ
ɬ
ɫ
ɨ
ɧ
ɟ
ɱ
ɟ
ɦ
ɧ
ɨ
ɜ
ɶ
ɧ
ɞ
ɩ
ɨ
ɧ
ɟ
ɡ
ɞ
ɚ
ɨ
ɧ
ɚ
ɪ
ɚ
ɡ
ɟ
ɧ
ɰ
ɮ
ɨ
ɪ
ɹ
ɱ
)
/
L
ɧ
ɢ
ɹ
ɨ
ɛ
ɪ
ɧ
ɨ
ɟ
ɥ
ɶ
ɧ
ɦ
ɭ
ɥ
ɚ
ɫ
ɬ
ɜ
ɚ
ɧ
ɫ
ɹ
ɪ
ɟ
ɱ
ɧ
ɦ
ɦ
ɜ
ɟ
ɫ
ɨɫ
ɬ
ɨ
ɥ
ɨ
ɡ
ɚ
ɜ
ɚ
ɜɥ
ɟ
ɚ
ɥ
ɶ
ɡ
ɦ
ɰ
ɢ
ɪ
ɦ
ɭ
ɱ
ɚɫ
ɬ
2(
V
ɹ
ɦ
ɪ
ɚ
ɬ
ɟ
ɩ
ɧ
ɨ
ɟ
ɥ
ɚ
ɬ
ɢ
ɰ
ɧ
ɢ
ɢ
ɪ
ɚ
ɫ
ɧ
ɨ
ɦ
ɚ
ɫ
ɫ
ɢ
ɟ
ɬ
ɶ
ɨ
ɠ
ɟ
ɜ
ɢ
ɫ
ɟ
ɧ
ɢ
ɶ
ɧ
ɨ
ɟɪ
ɨ
ɚɥ
ɨ
ɭ
ɥ
ɭ
ɬ
ɢ
ɰ
/
r
V
ɦ
ɚ
ɫ
ɬ
ɧ
ɚ
ɩ
ɨ
ɟ
ɢ
(
5
ɰ
ɵ
ɢ
ɫ
ɫ
ɩ
ɥ
ɝɨ
ɫ
ɫ
ɢ
ɟ
ɤ
ɮ
ɟ
ɧ
ɢ
ɫ
ɢ
ɦ
ɢ
ɹ
p
ɨ
ɣ
(
ɨ
ɜ
ɨ
ɜ
ɭ
Ɍ
ɰɵ
)
r
,
ɫ
ɫ
ɢ
ɚ
ɹ
ɧ
ɢ
ɢɯ
5
)
ɩ
ɫ
ɨ
ɫ
ɢ
ɫ
ɥ
ɚ
ɜ
ɪ
ɚ
ɢ
ɜ
ɧ
ɤ
ɪ
ɢ
ɮ
ɨ
ɪ
ɢ
ɟ
ɦ
ɨ
ɫ
p
tr
a
(
ɬ
ɢ
r
ɮ
Ɍɨ
ɵ
T
ɢ
ɜ
ɧ
ɩ
ɥ
ɢ
ɠ
ɟ
ɯ
ɪ
ɩ
ɪ
ɨ
ɤ
ɪ
ɫ
ɬ
ɟ
ɜ
ɦ
ɚ
ɡ
ɦ
ɧ
ɨ
ɟ
ɢ
ɫ
ɬ
ɪ
ɦ
ɭ
ɦ
ɨ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
a
ns
ɢ
ɩ
ɚ
ɚɡ
ɨ
ɦ
ɫ
T
m
(
ɧ
ɨ
ɝ
ɥ
ɨ
ɬ
ɟ
ɧ
ɢ
ɪ
ɚ
ɞ
ɨɬ
ɢ
ɪ
ɭ
ɟ
ɦ
ɵ
ɦ
ɚ
ɫ
ɦ
ɟ
ɪ
ɟ
ɬ
ɬ
ɚ
ɥ
ɭ
ɥ
ɵ
ɨ
ɩ
ɢ
ɞ
ɧɟ
ɨ
ɚ
ɜ
1
ɫ
ɨ
ɧ
(
r)
ɝ
ɨ
ɬ
ɧ
ɨ
ɢ
ɟ
ɞ
ɢ
ɭ
ɢ
ɜ
ɠ
ɚ
ɵ
ɦ
ɫ
ɫ
ɢ
ɪ
ɚ
ɬ
ɟ
ɥ
ɥ
ɥ
ɚ
ɵ
ɩ
ɨ
ɫ
ɞ
ɪ
ɭ
ɨ
ɛ
ɯ
ɜ
ɸ
ɪ
ɢ
ɧ
ɚ,
ɨ
ɬ
ɬɜ
ɨ
ɫ
ɬ
ɬ
ɭ
ɫ
ɭ
ɨ
ɪ
ɚ
ɸ
ɳ
ɦɚ
ɢ
ɜ
ɧ
ɞ
ɨ
ɥ
ɨ;
ɚ
ɫ
Ɍ
ɨ
ɫ
ɬ
ɨ
ɭ
ɝ
ɯ
ɨ
ɞ
ɪ
ɬ
ɰ
2
ɨ
ɬ
ɟ
ɟɪ
ɞ
ɬ
ɢ.
ɬ
ɟ
ɦ
ɭ
.
ɪ
ɟ
ɱ
ɳɟ
ɚ
ɥ
ɚ
ɧ
ɨ
ɝ
ɨ
ɥ
ɠ
ɹ
ɫ
ɠ
ɨ
ɦ
ɫ
ɨ
ɹ
ɧ
ɨɬ
ɞ
ɢ
ɦ
ɰ
ɢ
ɬ
ɢ
ɨ
ɩ
ɢ
ɟ
ɪ
ɞ
ɨ
Ɏ
ɦ
ɩ
ɟ
ɉ
ɪ
ɱ
ɢ
ɬ
ɟ
ɣ
ɚ
ɹ
ɱ
ɝ
ɨ
ɠ
ɧ
ɫ
ɧ
ɨ
ɠ
ɢ
ɞ
ɫ
ɨ
ɧ
ɧ
ɫ
ɬ
ɞ
ɪ
ɦ
ɨ
ɝ
ɬɚ)
ɫɨ
ɢ
ɫ
ɵ
ɪ
ɚ
ɡ
ɝɨ
Ɏ
ɨ
ɪ
ɟ
ɪ
ɚ
ɪ
ɢ
ɦ
ɬ
ɢ
ɫ
ɪ
ɱ
ɚ
ɫ
ɬɜ
ɚ
ɢ
ɨ
,
ɞ
ɤ
ɨ
ɧ
ɚ
ɬ
ɜ
ɟ
ɪ
ɭ
ɝ
ɝ
ɨ
ɚ)
ɨɬ
ɧ
ɵ
ɜ
ɚ
ɡ
ɦ
ɟ
ɬ
ɟ
ɪ
ɦ
ɭ
ɚ
ɬ
ɭ
ɦ
ɟ
ɧ
ɫɯ
ɪ
ɟ
ɞ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
ɟɪ
ɢ
ɦ
ɱɬ
ɨ
ɫ
ɬ
ɨ
ɟ
ɨ
ɝ
ɚ
(
4
ɧ
ɨ
ɚ
ɸ
ɟ
ɪ
ɚ
(5
ɟ
ɥ
ɚ
ɭ
ɥ
ɚ
ɭ
ɪ
ɵ
ɧ
ɢ
ɨ
ɞ
ɞ
ɨ
ɣ
ɢ
ɰ
ɚ
ɞ
ɨ
ɟɬ
ɶ
ɨ
ɜ
ɬ
ɶ
ɸ
ɛ
ɭ
ɛ
ɴ
ɢ
ɡ
4
)
ɨ
-
ɸ
-
ɚ
)
ɚ
,
ɚ
ɵ
ɢ
-
ɞ
-
ɣ
,
ɚ
ɨ
-
ɶ
ɜ
ɸ
ɭ
-
ɴ
-
ɡ
-
ɪ
ɱ
Ɏ
ɬ
ɜ
ɬ
ɤ
ɠ
ɬ
G
ɦ
ɧ
ɪ
ɦ
ɤ
ɫ
ɬ
ɜ
ɪ
ɟ
ɞ
ɱ
ɚ
ɫ
Ɏɚ
ɬ
ɜ
ɟ
ɜ
ɟ
ɳ
ɬ
ɟ
ɪ
ɤ
ɚ
ɤ
ɠɢ
ɬ
ɢ
ɰ
Ga
ɦɢ
ɧ
ɨ
ɪ
ɪ
ɟ
ɡ
ɦɟ
ɤ
ɚ
ɯ
ɫ
ɬ
ɚ
ɬ
ɨ
ɥ
ɜ
ɟ
ɪ
ɞ
ɟ
ɥ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
ɚ
ɤ
ɬ
ɟ
ɪ
ɞ
ɳɟ
ɪ
ɦ
ɤ
ɬ
ɢ
ɞ
ɤ
ɰ
ɧ
a
,
A
ɢ
ɬ
ɫ
ɪ
ɨ
ɡ
ɭ
ɥ
ɟ
ɧ
ɟ
ɯ
Ɋ
ɚ
ɜ
ɥ
ɥɳ
ɪ
ɯ
ɧ
ɉ
ɨ
ɥ
ɹ
ɬ
ɢ
ɰ
ɵ
ɬ
ɢ
ɱ
ɞɵ
ɟ
ɫ
ɬ
ɨ
ɞ
ɬ
ɟ
ɦ
ɤ
ɨ
ɣ
ɗ
ɤ
ɧ
ɚ
ɛ
A
g
,
ɂ
ɡ
ɫ
ɹ
ɤ
Ȼ
ɨ
ɞ
ɧ
ɥ
ɶ
ɬ
ɟ
ɟ
3
ɗ
ɤ
Ɋɖ
ɥ
ɹ
ɸ
ɳ
ɢ
ɧ
ɧ
ɨ
ɨ
ɡ
ɞ
ɬ
ɶ
ɵ
ɱ
ɟ
ɫ
ɵ
ɯ
ɬ
ɜ
ɚ
ɞ
ɢ
ɧ
ɦɩ
ɣ
ɮ
ɤ
ɫ
ɩ
ɛ
ɥ
ɸ
,
A
ɡ
ɨ
ɤ
ɧ
Ɋ
ɢ
ɧ
ɨ
ɥ
ɶ
ɧ
ɨ
ɫ
ɬ
ɚ
ɬ
3
5
0
ɤ
ɫ
ɩ
ɖ
,
ɝ
ɸɳ
ɧ
ɚ
ɫɬ
ɧ
ɞ
ɧ
ɟ
ɤ
ɚ
ɨ
ɞ
ɫ
ɤ
ɢ
ɢ
ɱ
ɟ
ɧ
ɚ
ɦ
ɩ
ɟɪ
ɮ
ɚ
ɡ
ɩ
ɟ
ɪ
ɸɞ
A
u.
ɨ
ɰ
ɟ
ɧ
ɭ
ɥ
ɢ
ɫ.
ɧ
ɚ
ɧ
ɶ
ɲ
ɢ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
ɬ
ɚ
ɦ
0
ɚ
ɩ
ɟ
ɪ
ɝ
ɞ
ɟ
ɳ
ɟ
ɣ
ɪ
ɚ
ɧ
ɨ
ɟ
ɟ
ɚ
ɤ
ɞ
ɢ
ɧ
ɢ
Ɍ
ɠ
ɢ
ɟ
ɪ
ɟ
ɦ
ɢ
ɱ
ɚɬ
ɭ
ɡ
ɪ
ɚ
ɪ
ɢ
ɦ
ɞ
ɚ
ɥ
ɟ
ɧ
ɨ
ɥ
ɸ
,
1
7
ɧ
ɨ
ɱ
ɢ
ɧ
ɢ
ɩ
ɦ
,
ɠ
ɚ
ɬɨ
ɪ
ɢ
ɦ
ɟ
ɩ
ɣ
ɚ
ɫ
ɩ
ɟ
ɩ
ɬɨ
ɬɟ
ɧ
ɚ
ɤ
Ɍ
ɬ
ɢ
ɞ
ɤ
ɟ
ɡ
ɩ
ɱ
ɟ
ɫ
ɭ
ɪ
ɚ
ɜ
ɧ
ɦ
ɟ
ɧ
ɥ
ɨ
ɫ
ɨ
ɤ
,
ɤ
ɨ
7
. Ɂ
ɱ
ɚ
ɫ
ɫɬ
ɜ
ɥɚ
ɠɢ
ɦ
ɨ
ɦ
ɟ
ɧ
ɩ
ɥ
ɚ
0,
7
ɩ
ɥ
ɚ
ɩ
ɥ
ɚ
ɱ
ɤ
ɦ
ɩ
ɤ
ɨ
ɜ
–
ɤ
ɢ
ɯ
ɩ
ɚ
ɪ
ɫ
ɤ
ɨ
ɚ,
ɧɵ
ɧ
ɬ
ɚ
ɫ
ɶ
ɞ
ɫ
ɥ
ɨ
ɝ
ɞ
ɚɜ
ɢ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
ɜ
ɨ
ɜɥ
ɢ
ɞ
ɤ
ɨ
ɜ.
ɧ
ɬ
ɚ
ɚ
ɜ
ɥ
7
5
ɚ
ɜ
ɥ
ɚ
ɜ
ɥ
ɤ
ɭ
ɩ
ɩ
ɟ
ɪ
ɜ
ɨ
ɣ
ɷ
ɬ
ɯ
ɱ
ɪ
ɨ
ɨ
ɝ
ɨ
ɩ
ɪ
ɵ
ɦ
ɚ
ɥ
ɶ
ɞ
ɥ
ɹ
ɥ
ɟ
ɞ
ɞ
ɚ
ɢ
ɫ
ɢ
ɢ
ɰ
ɚ
ɜ
ɟ
ɧ
ɤ
ɚ
ɹ
ɚ
ɥ
ɶ
ɥ
ɟ
ɧ
ɨ
ɬ
ɥ
ɟ
ɧ
ɥ
ɟ
ɧ
ɩɥ
ɪ
ɚ
ɬ
ɣ
ɦ
ɬ
ɨ
ɱ
ɚ
ɫ
ɨ
ɬ
ɨ
ɪ
ɪ
ɢ
ɦ
ɟ
ɠ
ɶ
ɧ
ɨ
ɹ
S
ɞ
ɭɟ
ɟ
ɟ
ɢ
ɦ
ɨ
ɡɨ
ɥ
ɦ
ɜ
ɬ
ɨ
ɧ
ɢ
ɟ
ɹ
ɨ
ɶ
ɧ
ɨ
ɧ
ɢ
ɟ
ɬ
ɧ
ɧ
ɨ
ɧ
ɢ
ɟ
ɥ
ɚɜ
ɥ
ɬ
ɭ
ɪ
ɦ
ɚ
ɪ
ɚ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
ɬɜ
ɪ
ɚ
ɜ
ɤ
ɨ
ɠ
ɞ
ɭ
ɨ
ɟ
S
n
,
ɬ,
ɟ
ɪ
ɚ
ɨ
ɫ
ɬ
ɥ
ɨ
ɬ
ɦ
ɚ
ɤ
ɨ
ɪ
ɨ
ɟ
ɧ
ɚ
ɨ
ɛ
ɨ
ɨ
ɩ
ɟ
ɩ
ɬɟ
ɦ
ɨ
ɝ
ɨ
ɟ
ɧ
ɥ
ɟ
ɧ
ɪ
ɭ,
ɚ
ɫɫ
ɵ
ɚ
ɜ
ɧ
ɢ
ɰ
ɟɪ
ɞ
ɜ
ɧ
ɨ
ɨ
ɬ
ɨ
ɭ
ɫ
ɩ
ɨ
,
P
b
ɱ
ɬ
ɚ
ɞ
ɢ
ɬ
ɶ
ɬɚ
ɤ
ɪ
ɨ
ɨ
ɜ
ɚ
ɧ
ɨ
ɥ
ɨ
ɩ
ɨ
ɜ
ɩ
ɨ
ɜ
ɦɩ
ɨ
ɫ
ɧ
ɚ
ɛ
ɧɢ
ɩ
ɪ
ɵ
ɧ
ɨ
ɜ
ɫ
ɞ
ɨ
ɨ
ɜ
ɟ
ɨ
ɪ
ɨ
ɨ
ɛ
ɨ
ɧ
ɢ
b
,
ɬ
ɨ
ɢ
ɭ
ɫ
ɬ
ɟ
ɚ
Ⱥ
ɢ
ɨ
ɫ
ɤ
ɩ
ɨ
ɨɱ
ɨ
ɱ
ɤ
ɜ
ɟ
ɪ
ɜ
ɟ
ɪ
ɩ
ɟ
ɪ
ɫ
ɥ
ɨ
ɛ
ɥ
ɸ
ɢ
ɹ
ɦ
ɪ
ɢ
ɧ
ɚ
ɜ
ɟ
ɫ
ɪ
ɚ
ɝɨ
ɟ
ɫ
ɢ
ɨ
ɣ
ɛ
ɨ
ɣ
ɢɠ
In
ɬɟ
ɦ
ɫ
ɫ
ɟ
ɦ
ɩ
ɢ
;
ɩ
ɤ
ɨ
ɩ
ɨ
ɥ
ɚ
ɚɫ
ɬ
ɤ
ɚ
ɪ
ɯ
ɧ
ɪ
ɯ
ɧ
ɪ
ɚ
ɬ
ɨ
ɹ
ɸ
ɞ
ɚ
ɦɚ
ɤ
ɨ
ɚ
ɯ
ɨ
ɫ
ɧ
ɚ
ɚ
ɜ
ɧ
ɬ
ɟ
ɢ
ɹ
ɩ
ɣ
.
ɠ
ɟ
ɧ
,
A
ɦɩ
ɫ
ɬ
ɚ
ɩ
ɟ
ɪ
ɩ
ɭ
ɧ
ɩ
ɢ
ɱ
ɚ
ɝ
ɚ
ɬ
ɢ
ɰ
ɨ
ɛ
ɧ
ɨ
ɫ
ɧ
ɨ
ɬ
ɭ
ɪ
ɪ
ɨ
ɚ
ɥ
ɢ
4
ɚ
ɥ
ɵ
ɨ
ɬ
ɨ
ɨ
ɞ
ɹ
ɚ
ɹ
ɧ
ɵ
ɦ
ɟ
ɥ
ɚ
ɬ
ɟ
ɩ
ɨ
ɥ
ɧ
ɢ
ɟ
A
g
,
ɩ
ɟ
ɪ
ɚ
ɧ
ɨ
ɪ
ɚ
ɬ
ɧ
ɤ
ɬ
ɱ
ɟɫ
ɤ
ɚ
ɟ
ɬ
ɰ
ɧ
ɛ
ɪ
ɚ
ɫ
ɬ
ɧ
ɫɬ
ɢ
ɪ
ɵ
ɨ
ɫ
ɥ
ɢ
ɬ
4
3
ɵ
ɯ
ɨ
ɪ
ɨ
ɹ
ɬ
ɫ
ɬ
ɟ
ɦɢ
ɚ
ɤ
ɟ
ɦ
ɩ
ɥ
ɧ
ɵ
ɟ
ɬ
ɟ
,
C
ɪ
ɚ
ɬ
ɨ
ɜ
ɢ
ɬ
ɭ
ɪ
ɬ
ɢ
ɪ
ɤ
ɨ
ɝ
ɬ
,
ɱ
ɧ
ɚ
ɱ
ɚ
ɡ
ɭ
ɧ
ɨ
ɟ
ɢ
ɩ
ɥ
ɥ
ɚ
ɬ
ɚ
ɤ
ɤ
ɪ
ɨ
ɣ
ɫ
ɹ
ɟ
ɦ
ɩ
ɢ
ɦ
ɠ
ɢ
ɩ
ɟ
ɪ
ɵ
ɟ
ɟ
ɦ
C
u,
ɬ
ɭ
ɪ
ɢ
ɬ
ɫ
ɪɵ
ɪ
–
ɝ
ɨ
ɨ
ɱ
ɬ
ɨ
ɱ
ɢ
ɧ
ɭ
ɟ
ɬ
ɟ
ɩ
ɧ
ɚ
ɥ
ɚ
ɜ
ɩ
ɨ
ɤ
ɠ
ɟ
ɪ
ɢ
ɫ
ɬ
ɜ
ɜ
ɩ
ɟ
ɪ
ɦ
ɚ
ɫ
ɢɞ
ɪ
ɚ
ɬ
ɫ
ɜ
ɩ
ɟ
A
l
ɪ
ɚ
ɩ
ɫ
ɹ
ɦ
ɵ
ɩ
ɥ
–
ɬ
ɨ
ɛ
ɪ
ɨ
ɢ
ɧ
ɚ
ɬ
ɫɹ
ɩ
ɥ
ɚ
ɚ
ɱ
ɢ
ɜ
ɥ
ɟ
ɨ
ɦ
ɟ
ɧ
ɫ
ɬ
ɚ
ɜ
ɟ
ɪ
ɪ
ɚ
ɪ
ɚ
ɬ
ɫ
ɫ
ɚ
ɞ
ɤ
ɨ
ɬ
ɭ
ɪ
ɜ
ɨ
ɛ
ɪ
ɚ
l
,
I
ɩ
ɥ
ɦ
ɟ
ɧ
ɥ
ɚ
ɜ
ɬ
ɟ
ɦ
ɪ
ɚ
ɡ
ɢ
ɡ
-
ɟɬ
ɫ
ɧ
ɚ
ɚ
ɜ
ɥ
ɢ
ɧ
ɚ
ɟ
ɧ
ɢ
ɦ
ɟ
ɪ
ɧ
ɚ
Ⱥ
ɚ
ɥ
ɥ
ɪ
ɞ
ɚ
ɚ
ɜ
ɧ
ɬ
ɭ
ɪ
ɚ
ɦ
ɢ
ɨ
ɫɬ
ɢ
ɪ
ɚ
ɛ
ɨ
ɞ
ɚ
ɬɭ
ɪ
I
n,
ɚɜ
ɥ
ɧ
ɶ
ɲ
ɜ
ɥɟ
ɦ
ɩ
ɟ
ɪ
ɡ
ɰ
ɚ
-
ɡɚ
ɫ
ɹ
ɚ
ɱ
ɥ
ɟ
ɧ
ɚ
ɥ
ɨ
ɢ
ɹ
ɪ
ɟ
Ⱥ
g
ɥ
ɨ
ɜ
ɚ
ɹ
ɧ
ɨ
ɜ
ɪ
ɚ,
ɢ
ɧ
ɢ
ɢ
ɩ
ɥ
ɞ
ɧ
ɪɵ
A
u
ɥ
ɟ
ɧ
ɲ
ɟ
ɧɢ
ɹ
ɟ
ɪ
ɚ
ɚ
Ⱥ
ɩ
ɪ
ɫ
ɱ
ɚ
ɫ
ɧ
ɢ
ɟ
ɨ
ɫ
ɶ
Ɍ
ɩ
g
,
Ɉ
ɜ
ɛ
ɢ
ɜ
ɟ
ɫ
ɩ
ɧ
ɟ
ɢ
ɨ
ɥ
ɚ
ɜ
ɵ
ɟ
ɵ
ɩ
u
,
ɧɢ
ɟ
0
ɹ
Ɍ
ɬ
ɭ
Ⱥ
ɢ
ɪ
ɨ
ɩ
ɨ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
ɟ
ɧ
ɶ
ɩ
Ɍ
ɬ
ɪ
ɢ
Ɉ
2
ɛ
ɵ
ɥ
ɠ
ɢ
ɫ
ɢ
ɢ
ɩ
ɪ
ɢ
ɩ
ɪ
ɨ
ɛ
ɪ
ɜ
ɥ
ɟ
ɟ
ɷ
ɩ
ɥ
ɚ
P
b
ɢ
ɹ
ɧ
,5
–
Ɍ
ɬ
ɨ
ɭ
ɪ
ɚ
ɫɬ
ɪ
ɨ
ɜɟ
ɢ
ɰ
ɚ
ɧ
ɚ
ɛ
ɩ
ɪ
ɢ
ɦ
ɚ
ɢ
ɛ
ɥ
,
ɇ
ɥ
ɨ
ɢ
ɞ
ɤ
ɢ
ɫ
ɢ
ɤ
ɪ
ɨ
ɢ
ɪ
ɚ
ɬ
ɟ
ɧ
ɢ
ɷ
ɧ
ɟ
ɚ
ɜ
ɥ
b
,
S
ɧ
ɚ
ɧ
–
0
,
ɨɬ
ɚ
ɩ
ɥ
ɪ
ɚ
ɧ
ɪ
ɯ
ɚ
ɯ,
ɛ
ɥ
ɸ
ɢ
ɬ
ɚ
ɫ
ɫ
ɥ
ɢ
ɠ
ɇ
ɟ
ɩ
ɪ
ɤ
ɚ
ɹ
ɫ
ɨ
ɤ
ɨ
ɬ
ɢ
ɫ
ɯ
ɬ
ɧ
ɨ
ɢ
ɹ
ɟ
ɪ
ɝ
ɥ
ɟ
ɧ
S
n
,
ɧɨ
,
6
ɧ
ɬ
ɪ
ɚ
ɥ
ɚ
ɜ
ɧ
ɫ
ɬ
ɯ
ɧ
ɨ
ɫ
ɨ
ɸ
ɞ
ɚ
ɬ
ɟ
ɦ
ɫ
ɢ
ɜ
ɠ
ɟ
ɧ
,
N
ɪ
ɟ
ɞ
ɹ
ɫ
ɫ
ɜ
ɬ
ɨ
ɪ
ɯ
ɨ
ɞ
ɨ
.
Ⱦ
ɨ
ɝ
ɢ
ɢ
ɧ
ɢ
ɹ
,
P
b
ɱ
ɚ
ɧɦ
ɚ
ɞ
ɢ
ɜ
ɥɟ
ɬ
ɜ
ɟ
ɨ
ɫ
ɬ
ɨ
ɞ
ɟ
ɚ
ɥ
ɨ
ɦ
ɩ
ɟ
ɜ
ɧ
ɨ
ɧ
ɢ
ɹ
N
e
ɞ
ɥ
ɨ
ɫ
ɮ
ɟ
ɜ
ɨ
ɢ
ɪ
ɨ
ɣ
ɞ
ɢ
ɬ
Ⱦ
ɥ
ɹ
ɩ
ɪ
ɢ
ɬ
ɹ
ɦ
b
,
ɚ
ɫɬ
ɢ
ɦ
,
ɪ
ɢ
ɭ
ɫ
ɟ
ɧɢ
ɹ
ɟ
ɧ
ɧ
ɬ
ɢ.
ɟ
ɪ
ɠ
ɨ
ɫ
ɶ
ɟ
ɪ
ɚ
ɨ
ɝ
ɨ
ɹ
ɤ
.
ɨɠ
ɟ
ɪ
ɢ
ɢ
ɦ
ɣ
ɜ
ɬ
ɩ
ɹ
ɭ
ɪ
ɟ
ɞ
ɬ
ɜ
ɟ
ɦ
ɚ
ɥ
S
n
ɢɰ
ɪ
ɢ
ɫ
ɫ
ɚ
ɝ
ɹ
ɧ
ɨ
ɋ
ɨ
ɠɚ
ɶ
ɧ
ɚ
ɬ
ɭ
ɨ
ɤ
ɠ
ɟ
ɧ
ɢ
ɱ
ɟ
ɩ
ɜ
ɫ
ɩ
ɟ
ɪ
ɭ
ɫ
ɥ
ɞ
ɟ
ɥ
ɟ
ɪ
ɞ
ɥ
ɵ
ɯ
n
,
B
ɰ
ɵ
ɫ
.
1
ɝ
ɣ
ɨ
ɝ
ɥ
ɚ
ɳ
ɢ
ɧ
ɚ
ɩ
ɭ
ɪ
ɟ
ɫɜ
ɢ
Ɍ
ɬ
ɧ
ɨ
ɨ
ɟ
ɫ
ɤ
ɚɪ
ɨ
ɫ
ɦ
ɟ
ɪ
ɟ
ɧ
ɥ
ɨ
ɜ
ɥ
ɹɟ
ɬ
ɞ
ɨ
ɣ
ɯ
ɱ
B
i,
ɫ
ɬ
1
7.
ɧ
ɟ
ɥ
ɚ
ɫ
ɢ
ɯ
ɩɥ
ɟ
,
ɢɧ
.
ɉ
ɨ
ɩ
ɤ
ɢ
ɟ
ɨɦ
ɟ
ɫ
ɢ
ɧ
ɨ
ɫ
ɜ
ɢ
ɣ
ɬɫ
ɹ
ɣ
ɢ
ɱ
ɚ
ɫ
I
n
ɬ
ɪ
ɟ
ɨ
ɞ
ɫ
ɧ
ɨ
ɧ
ɟ
ɥ
ɟ
ɧ
ɫ
ɨ
ɧ
ɰ
ɚ
ɉ
ɨ
ɩ
-
ɟ
ɦ
.
ɢ
ɫ
ɣ
ɹ
ɢ
ɫ
-
n
,
ɟ
-
ɞ
-
ɨ
ɟ
ɧ
-
ɨ
-
ɚ
;
ɨ
-
44
6.2. Ɋɛɫɛɧɠɭɫ ɫɠɳɠɭɥɣ
ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɤ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɠɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢ-
ɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɤɚ-
ɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɷɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɦ. ɂɦɟɸ-
ɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢ-
ɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɈɐɄ- ɢ Ƚɉɍ-
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɣ ȽɐɄ-ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɱɚɫ-
ɬɢɰ. ɉɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ d
ɱɚɫɬɢɰ Gd, Tb, Dy, Er, Eu, Yb ɨɬ 8 ɞɨ 5 ɧɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɝɟɤɫɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɩɥɨɬɧɨɭɩɚɤɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ
ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ; ɩɪɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɧɚ-
ɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ
ɷɬɢɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɥɫɹ ɜɢɞ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ-
ɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ – ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɨɬ Ƚɉɍ- ɤ ȽɐɄ-ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɨɛ ɭɦɟɧɶ-
ɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ Ƚɉɍ-ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɯ ɪɟɞ-
ɤɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ Ƚɉɍ- ɤ ȽɐɄ-ɪɟɲɟɬɤɟ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɵ-
ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɟ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɧɟɨɛɯɨ-
ɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ. ɇɚɢɛɨ-
ɥɟɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɪɟ-
ɲɟɬɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫ ȽɐɄ-ɪɟɲɟɬɤɨɣ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɵɯ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɚ.
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɹ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɷɬɨ-
ɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɧɚɧɨ-
ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɞɥɹ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɧɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɢɧɢɸ
(220). ɍɱɟɬ ɭɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɜ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɯ Ag ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 3,1 ɧɦ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɯ Pt ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 3,8 ɧɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ
ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ 0,7 % ɢ 0,5 %, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ
ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɨɦ ɢ ɩɥɚɬɢɧɨɣ.
ȼ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɪɬɢɧ ɦɭɚɪɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚ-
ɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ Ⱥl ɨɬ 20 ɞɨ 6 ɧɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɦɟɧɶ-
ɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɧɚ 1,5 %, ɯɨɬɹ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɞɥɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ Ⱥl ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ
ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 3 ɧɦ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɨ. ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɟ-
ɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɨɬ 0,405 ɧɦ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ Ⱥl ɞɨ 0,402 ɧɦ ɞɥɹ
45
ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ Ⱥl ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 40 ɧɦ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɧɟɣɬɪɨɧɨɝɪɚ-
ɮɢɢ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ
ɞɥɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ Ɋb ɢ Bi ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 5 ɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 8 ɧɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧ-
ɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ Ⱥu ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 6–23 ɧɦ, ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ ɋu ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɟɟ 5 ɧɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ ɦɟɞɢ ɞɨ 0,7 ɧɦ ɩɪɢ-
ɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɧɚ 2 % ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɢɜ-
ɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɦ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ (ɩɪɢ-
ɦɟɪɧɨ 0,3 %) ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ Ⱥu ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ
2,5–14 ɧɦ. ɋɠɚɬɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 0,1 % ɛɵɥɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜ-
ɥɟɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ Ag ɢ Ⱥu ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɨɬ 40 ɞɨ 10 ɧɦ.
ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ. ɉɨɪɨɲɤɢ ɧɢɬɪɢɞɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨ-
ɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɩɥɚɡɦɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ
ɬɢɬɚɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɚ ɨɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɭɞɟɥɶ-
ɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ S
sp
ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ: ɚ (ɧɦ) = 0,42413 – 0,384·10
–8
S
sp
(ɩɪɢ S
sp
ɨɬ
4·10
4
ɞɨ 1·10
5
ɦ
2
/ɤɝ). ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɨɬ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɧɢɬɪɢɞɚ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ
ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɣ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜ: ɱɟɦ ɦɟɥɶɱɟ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ, ɬɟɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
ɚɡɨɬɚ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ
ɧɢɬɪɢɞɚ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ.
ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɢɬɪɢɞɚ ɰɢɪɤɨɧɢɹ,
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɦɨɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɩɪɢ
ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɢɬɪɢɞɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɢɬɪɢɞɚ
ɧɢɨɛɢɹ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 40 ɧɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɡɧɚ-
ɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ – ɨɬ 0,4395 ɧɦ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɞɨ 0,4382 ɧɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ. ɉɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɥɚɡɦɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ ɧɢɬɪɢɞɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ
(ɞɨ 7 ɚɬ. %!) ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ. ȼɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ
ɤɚɪɛɢɞɵ ɢ ɧɢɬɪɢɞɵ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ. ɉɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɟ-
ɲɟɬɤɢ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɢɬɪɢɞɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ IV ɢ V ɝɪɭɩɩ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ
ɩɨɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɚɡɨɬɚ. ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ
ɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɢɬɪɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦɢ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɧɚ-
ɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɫɠɚɬɢɟ, ɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ.
ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ Si ɨɬ 10 ɞɨ 3 ɧɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɧɚ 1,1 %. Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɟɲɟɬ-
ɤɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɋɟɈ
2
ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɨɬ 25 ɞɨ 5 ɧɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɵ-
ɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɰɟɪɢɹ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɟɣ
ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɥɹ MgO.
46
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɦɭ ɷɮɮɟɤ-
ɬɭ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɵ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɷɬɨ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɢɥɢ (ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ,
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ) ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰ; ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ –
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ;
ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤ ɢɡ-
ɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚ-
ɸɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɞɨ
10 ɧɦ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ
ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ.
ɉɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɦɟɠɴɹ-
ɞɟɪɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɢɦɟɪɚɯ (ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɚɯ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɚɬɨ-
ɦɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ) – ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɷɬɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸ-
ɳɢɯ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ, ɦɟɠɴɹɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ
ɋu
2
, Ni
2
, Fe
2
ɪɚɜɧɵ 0,222, 0,2305 ɢ 0,187 ɧɦ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɦɚɫ-
ɫɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ – 0,256, 0,249 ɢ 0,248 ɧɦ.
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ
ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ʌɚɩɥɚɫɚ
'
U
= 2
V
/r, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ
V
. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ
ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ 'V/V ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨ-
ɧɚɥɶɧɨ '
U
, ɬ. ɟ. 'V/V = —Ʉɯ(2
V
/r), ɝɞɟ Ʉ — ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɠɢɦɚɟ-
ɦɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ 'V/V = 3('ɚ/ɚ), ɬɨ 'ɚ/ɚ = k/r, ɝɞɟ k — ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ
ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ k ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟ ɫɠɚɬɢɟ, ɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɥɚɩɥɚɫɨɜ-
ɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɠɢɦɚɥɨ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ, ɬɨ ɫɠɚɬɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɢɯ ɭɧɢɜɟɪ-
ɫɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɚɤɚɧɫɢɣ ɬɢɩɚ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ.
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɚɤɚɧɫɢɣ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ '
U
= 2
V
/r. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɭɬ-
ɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɟ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɛɳɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɦ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɫɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɚɤɚɧɫɢɣ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦ-
ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪ-
ɝɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ
ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜɚɤɚɧɫɢɣ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ,
ɬ. ɟ. ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ, ɚ ɧɟ ɤ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɜɚɤɚɧɫɢɣ.
ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɚɤɚɧɫɢɣ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ
ɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ.
47
ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ʌɚɩɥɚɫɚ ɨɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵ-
ɡɜɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɥ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ Ʌɚ-
ɩɥɚɫɚ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɬɟɥɚ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ
ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ F
s
, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɤɚɩɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ
ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ F
s
ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ S, ɬ. ɟ. F
s
=
V
S,
ɝɞɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ V ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ. ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɩɥɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ: ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɛɟɡ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɠɚɬɶ ɟɟ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɫɹ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɩɥɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɥɨɝɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ F
s
=
V
S ɜɟɪɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡ-
ɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ.
ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɭɸ
ɮɨɪɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɢɯ ɫɠɚɬɢɸ. Ⱦɚɜɥɟ-
ɧɢɟ Ʌɚɩɥɚɫɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɦ
ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɜ ɬɟɥɟ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ p ɤɚɤ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɜ ɬɟɥɟ
ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ p + 'p, ɫɞɜɢɧɭɬɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ p ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɥɚɩɥɚɫɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ 'p.
ɉɪɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɢ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɬɟɥɚ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɞɨɥɠ-
ɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. ɉɭɫɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚ ɫ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ d, ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ S ɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ n
1
, ɬ.
ɟ. ɮɚɡɚ 1, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɢ ɫ ɮɚɡɨɣ 2 ɩɪɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ p ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-
ɬɭɪɟ Ɍ. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ N
1
= n
1
dS/4 = n
1
rS/2. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ Ƚɢɛɛɫɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ
F = F
1
(p, T) + F
2
(p, T) +
V
S = F
1
(p, T) + F
2
(p, T) + 2
V
N
1
/n
1
r. Ⱦɢɮɮɟɪɟɧ-
ɰɢɪɭɹ F no N
1
, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ
P
1
(S, p, T) {
P
1
(d, p, T) =
P
1
(f, p, T) + 2
V
N
1
/n
1
r, ɝɞɟ
P
1
(f, p, T) – ɯɢɦɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ. Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ, ɪɚɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɹ
P
1
ɜ ɪɹɞ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ, ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚ-
ɬɭɪɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ
P
1
(S, p, T) =
P
1
(f, p + 'p, T). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɚɜɥɟ-
ɧɢɟ Ʌɚɩɥɚɫɚ 'p ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɱɚɫ-
ɬɢɰɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɫ S o f. ɉɪɢ
ɹɜɧɨɦ ɭɱɟɬɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɨɬ S
ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ Ʌɚɩɥɚɫɚ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
Ʌɚɩɥɚɫɚ ɧɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɬɟɥ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢ-
ɱɢɧɨɣ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɦɚ-
ɥɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɦɩɟɧ-
ɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ
48
ɚɬɨɦɨɜ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ, ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɫɨɤɪɚ-
ɳɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɦɢ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɪɟɥɚɤɫɚɰɢɹ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɚɬɨɦ ɜ ɩɨ-
ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɫɨɫɟɞɟɣ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ, ɢ ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɪɚɫ-
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ. ɗɬɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɢ ɫɢɦɦɟɬ-
ɪɢɸ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɥ ɢ ɦɚɫɫ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɯ
ɦɟɠɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ, ɫɞɜɢɝɨɜɵɦ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɦ, ɫɝɥɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɟɪ-
ɲɢɧ ɢ ɪɟɛɟɪ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɪɟɥɚɤɫɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ-
ɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɺɜ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɤ ɨɛɴɺɦɭ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ d
–l
(d –
ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ). ȼ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɪɟɥɚɤɫɚɰɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢ-
ɦɚɥɶɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ
ɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɰɢɥɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ.
Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɩɚɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɨɫɰɢɥɥɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ-
ɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɪɟɥɚɤɫɚɰɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɮɪɢɞɟɥɟɜɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɫɰɢɥɥɹɰɢɹɦɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜɵɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɸɛɵɦɢ ɞɟɮɟɤ-
ɬɚɦɢ, ɧɚɪɭɲɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɸ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ; ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɞɜɭɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɏɪɢɞɟɥɟɜ-
ɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɰɢɥɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ-ɮɨɧɨɧɧɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨ-
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɠɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ. ȼ ɦɨ-
ɞɟɥɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɚ ɮɪɢɞɟɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɰɢɥɥɹɰɢɢ ɭɛɵ-
ɜɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɡɚ-
ɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ
ɪɟɥɚɤɫɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶ, ɧɨ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦ.
ɏɨɪɨɲɢɦ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɪɟ-
ɥɚɤɫɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɝɞɟ ɢɡɭɱɚɥɢ ɩɚɪɚ-
ɦɟɬɪ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ Ⱥl, ɜɵɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɩɢɬɚɤɫɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɞ-
ɥɨɠɤɟ ɢɡ ɦɨɧɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ MgO. ɋɠɚɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɡɞɟ-
ɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɠɚɬɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ
Ⱥ1 ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɪɟɥɚɤɫɚɰɢɸ – ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɩɪɢ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɨɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɧɟ
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɩɢɬɚɤɫɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɫ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɤɨɣ, ɱɬɨ
ɦɨɝɥɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ.
ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɦɟɠɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɜ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɯ ɞɢɚɦɟɬ-
ɪɨɦ ɦɟɧɟɟ 5 ɧɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɷɬɢ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɚɬɨ-
ɦɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɸ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɜ ɧɚɧɨɱɚ-
ɫɬɢɰɚɯ ɨɬ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚɯ.
Ɉ
ɧ
(
ɞ
(
ɫ
ɨ
ɰ
ɩ
ɭ
ɨ
ɦ
ȼ
ɟ
ɤ
ɯ
ɷ
ɧ
ɬ
Ɉɱ
ɧ
ɚ
ɧ
(
0,
ɞ
ɨ
(
d
ɫ
ɟ
ɪ
ɨ
ɛ
ɥ
ɰ
ɚ
ɩ
ɨ
ɥ
ɭɦ
ɨ
ɫ
ɬ
ɦɟ
ȼ
=
ɟɦ
ɤ
ɨ
ɫ
ɯ
ɨ
ɪ
ɷ
ɮ
ɧɵ
ɬ
ɨ
ɦ
Ɋ
ɢ
ɱ
ɟ
ɧ
ɧ
ɨ
0
5
6
=
4
ɪ
ɟ
ɛ
ɥ
ɚ
ɫ
.
ɋ
ɥ
ɨ
ɦ
ɟ
ɧ
ɬ
ɚ
ɟ
ɟ
ɪɟ
=
6
ɦ
ɤ
ɨ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
ɪ
ɨ
ɮ
ɟ
ɵ
ɯ
ɦ
ɩ
ɢ
ɫ.
Ɍ
ɟ
ɧ
ɶ
ɱɚ
5
–1
Ɍ
ɥ
4
,
6
ɛ
ɪ
ɚ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
ɋ
ɭ
ɠ
ɢ
ɧ
ɶ
ɲ
ɟ
ɬ
ɫ
ɧ
ɢ
6
Ɍ
ɨ
ɫɬ
ɢ
ɦ
ɲ
ɨ
ɟ
ɤ
ɬ
ɱ
ɚ
ɩ
ɥ
ɨ
1
8
ɩ
ɪ
ɟ
ɩ
ɥ
ɢ
ɧ
ɫɬ
ɢ
0,
0
ɥ
.
6
ɢ
ɚ
ɢ
ɢ
0
ɭ
ɦ
ɟ
ɢ
ɬ
ɟ
ɲ
ɟ
ɧ
ɫ
ɹ
ɢ
ɹ
Ɍ
ɥ
ɶ
ɧ
ɦ
ɚ
ɫ
ɨ
ɫ
ɬ
ɟ
ɚ
ɫɬ
ɢ
ɨ
ɬ
ɧ
8
.
ɪ
ɢ
ɥ
ɨ
ɟ
ɧ
ɬ
ɟ
ɢɰ
0
Ʉ
ɉ
ɪ
ɢ
1
ɢ
ɡ
ɨ
0
,
2
ɟ
ɧ
ɶ
ɟ
ɥ
ɶ
ɧ
ɢ
ɢ
ɩ
ɨ
ɬ
ɟ
ɨ
ɛ
ɧ
ɚ
ɧ
ɫ
ɫ
ɢ
ɫ
ɨɝ
ɥ
ɬɟ
ɢɰ
ɧ
ɨ
ɫ
ɍ
ɞ
Ɍ
d
ɟ
ɦ
ɤ
ɟ
ɪ
ɟ
ɰ
ɫ
ɟ
Ʉ
)
ɪ
ɢ
8
ɧ
ɨ
ɥ
ɨ
2
–1
ɶɲ
ɶ
ɧ
ɵ
ɢ
ɞ
ɨ
ɥ
ɨ
ɟ
ɩ
ɥ
ɛ
ɧ
ɚ
ɧ
ɨ
ɱ
ɢ
ɜ
ɧ
ɥ
ɚ
ɩ
ɥ
ɰ
ɚ
ɯ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
ɞ
ɟɥ
d
1
ɤ
ɨ
ɫ
ɟ
ɫ
ɧ
ɟ
ɪ
ɟ
ɜ
ɦ
Ɍ
ɧɦ
ɨ
ɬ
ɚ
1
,0
ɲ
ɟ
ɧ
ɵɣ
ɞ
ɢ
ɚ
ɨ
ɠ
ɢ
ɥ
ɨ
ɟ
ɚ
ɪ
ɭ
ɱ
ɚ
ɫ
ɧ
ɨ
ɝ
ɫɭ
ɟ
ɥ
ɨ
ɟ
ɯ
Ⱥ
ɢ
ɦ
ɶɧ
ɚ
1
0
Ʉ
ɫ
ɬ
ɶ
ɧ
ɵ
ɟ
ɛ
ɪ
ɦɚ
Ɍ
>
ɦ
)
ɜ
ɚ
.
Ɍ
Ʉ
ɧ
ɢ
ɟ
ɣ
ɜ
ɤ
ɚɦ
ɢ
ɬ
ɟ
ɟ
ɦ
ɤ
ɭ
ɠ
ɢ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
ɝ
ɨ
ɟ
ɬ
ɫ
ɟ
ɦ
ɤ
Ⱥ
u
ɦ
ɚ
ɝ
ɚ
ɹ
Ʉ
ɫ
ɶ
–
ɪ
ɟ
ɪ
ɚ
ɚ
ɝɧ
>
1
ɜ
3
Ɍɟ
ɩ
ɨ
ɟ
ɦ
ɤ
ɥ
ɚ
ɦ
ɟɬ
ɪ
ɟ
ɥ
ɶ
ɤ
ɨ
ɫ
ɢ
ɥ
ɢ
ɢ
ɰ
ɫ
ɟ
ɫ
ɹ
ɤ
ɨ
ɫ
ɧ
ɚ
ɝ
ɧ
ɢ
ɬ
ɟ
ɫ
ɩ
ɥ
–
ɨ
ɟ
ɡ
ɭ
A
g
ɢ
ɬ
Ʉ
3
–
1
ɟ
ɩ
ɥ
ɨ
ɱ
ɬ
ɪ
ɚ
ɚ
ɞ
ɪ
ɚ
ɶ
ɧ
ɵ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
ɢ
ɤ
A
ɟ
ɪ
ɟ
ɫ
ɬ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
ɚ
ɛ
ɥ
ɢ
ɬ
ɧ
ɟ
ɩ
ɥ
ɥ
ɨ
ɲ
ɨ
ɞ
ɧ
ɭ
ɥ
ɶ
g
ɢ
ɬ
ɧ
ɨ
Ʉ
ɬ
1
0
ɥ
ɨ
ɟ
ɬ
ɢ
ɚ
ɡ
ɦ
ɜ
ɬ
ɞ
ɨ
ɵɦ
ɢ
ɤ
ɜ
ɚ
g
ɛ
ɟ
ɛ
ɪ
ɬ
ɟ
ɨ
ɢ
ɧ
ɥ
ɸ
ɞ
ɧ
ɨ
ɝ
ɥ
ɨ
ɺ
ɲ
ɧ
ɚ
ɧ
ɨ
ɶ
ɬ
ɚ
ɢ
ɡ
ɨ
ɦ
ɬ
ɟ
ɩ
ɪ
ɚ
ɟ
ɦ
ɤ
ɫ
ɨ
ɦ
ɟ
ɪ
ɬ
ɟ
ɩ
ɨ
4
ɦ
ɞ
ɧ
ɚ
ɚ
ɧ
ɬ
ɛɵ
ɪ
ɚ,
ɨ
ɪ
ɟ
ɧ
ɚ
ɧ
ɞ
ɚ
ɬ
ɝ
ɨ
ɺ
ɦ
ɤ
ɚ
ɹ
6.
ɢ
ɡ
ɚ
ɬ
ɵ
ɨɥ
ɩ
ɨ
ɩ
ɥ
ɨ
ɚ
ɡ
ɛ
ɤ
ɨ
ɫ
ɨ
ɜ
ɩ
ɪ
ɚ
ɩ
ɥ
ɨ
4
ɧ
ɞ
ɚ
ɠ
ɚ
ɧ
ɨ
ɬ
ɨ
ɜ
ɵ
ɥ
ɚ
ɪ
ɢ
ɟ
ɬ
ɢ
ɧ
ɨ
ɱ
ɬ
ɶ
ɩ
ɨ
ɤ
ɨ
ɫ
ɥɢ
ɧ
3.
ɍ
ɡ
ɧ
ɵ
ɢ
ɨɬ
ɨ
ɥ
ɟ
ɨ
ɟ
ɦ
ɛ
ɨ
ɥ
ɫ
ɬ
ɶ
ɩ
ɚ
ɞ
ɱ
ɚ
ɨ
ɟ
ɦ
ɧ
ɦ
ɠ
ɟ
ɨ
ɱ
ɚ
ɜ
ɵ
ɚ
ɦ
ɢ
ɫ
ɢ
ɱ
ɟ
ɱ
ɚ
ɫ
ɧ
ɟ
ɨ
ɬ
ɨ
ɫ
ɬ
ɶ
ɧ
ɢ
ɹ
ɍ
ɠ
ɚ
ɢ
ɢ
ɫ
ɫ
ɚ
Ⱥ
ɟ
ɫ
ɦ
ɤ
ɨ
ɥ
ɶ
ɲ
ɶ
ɫ
ɚ
ɞ
ɚ
ɟ
ɚ
ɫɬ
ɦ
ɤ
ɧ
ɟ
ɞ
ɥ
ɚ
ɫɬ
ɣ
ɪ
ɟ
ɧ
. 1
ɟ
ɫ
ɤ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
ɟ
ɫ
ɨ
ɤ
ɚ
ɶ
ɋ
ɹ
–
4
ɪɦ
ɢ
ɛ
ɨ
ɫ
ɥ
ɟ
Ⱥ
u
ɩ
ɥ
ɨ
ɫ
ɬ
ɲ
ɟ
ɚɦ
ɟ
ɬ
ɬ
ɢ
ɰ
ɨɫ
ɬ
ɟ
ɫ
ɤ
ɥ
ɹ
ɤ
ɢ
ɰ
ɪ
ɚ
ɡ
ɧ
ɶ
ɲ
8.
ɤ
ɢ
ɦ
ɢ
ɰ.
ɦ
ɨ
ɚ
ɫ
ɬ
ɋ
ɧ
ɚ
–
ɬ
4
9
ɩɻ
ɨ
ɥ
ɟ
ɟ
ɞ
ɨ
u
ɜ
ɥ
ɨ
ɬ
ɬ
ɶ
ɟ
ɬ
ɦ
ɵ
ɯ
ɫ
ɬ
ɰ
A
ɬ
ɶ
ɤ
ɨ
ɥ
ɤ
ɥ
ɚ
ɰ
ɫ
ɡ
ɦ
ɟ
ɲ
ɟ,
ɗ
ɬ
ɦ
ɢ
Ⱥ
ɨ
ɝ
ɥ
ɬ
ɚ
ɧ
ɚ
ɧ
ɨ
ɟɩ
ɥ
ɧ
ɥ
ɟ
ɟ
ɢ
ɨ
ɜ
ɚ
ɨ
ɛ
ɬ
ɧ
ɨ
ɧ
ɚ
ɬ
ɟ
ɩ
ɯ
ɤ
ɬ
ɟ
ɩ
A
u
ɫ
ɧ
ɥ
ɶ
ɤ
ɚ
ɫ
ɬ
ɫ
ɟ
ɪ
ɟ
ɪ
ɧ
ɚ
ɬ
ɨ
ɬ
ɜ
ɵ
Ⱥ
ɧ
ɚ
ɥ
ɢ,
ɧ
ɨ
ɜ
ɨ
ɱ
ɚ
ɥ
ɨ
ɺ
ɥ
ɩ
ɬ
ɢ
ɡ
ɭ
ɚ
ɧ
ɢ
ɛ
ɥ
ɚ
ɨ
ɫ
ɬ
ɚ
ɧ
ɨ
ɩ
ɥ
ɨ
ɤ
ɪ
ɭ
ɩ
ɥ
ɨ
ɨ
ɬ
ɧ
ɚ
ɱ
ɤ
ɨ
ɬ
ɟ
ɪ
ɪ
ɟ
ɛ
ɧɵ
ɩ
ɪ
ɬ
ɷ
ɵ
ɜ
ɨ
ɚ
ɥ
ɨ
ɬ
ɚ
ɜ
ɢ
ɬ
ɚ
ɫ
ɬ
ɺ
ɦ
ɤ
ɬ
ɭɷ
ɭ
ɱ
ɟ
ɢ
ɹ
ɚ
ɫ
ɬ
ɬ
ɶ
ɸ
ɨ
ɱ
ɚ
ɨ
ɟ
ɦ
ɭ
ɩ
ɧ
ɨ
ɟ
ɦ
ɬ
1
ɱ
ɚ
ɥ
ɩ
ɨ
ɪ
ɨ
ɜ
ɛ
ɪ
ɚ
ɵ
ɣ
ɪ
ɢ
ɷ
ɤ
ɫ
ɨ
ɞ
ɨ
ɝ
ɢ
ɚ
ɤ
ɬ
ɫ
ɹ
ɬ
ɢ
ɰ
ɤ
ɨ
ɫ
ɟɧ
ɬ
ɟ
ɬ
ɢ
ɸ
ɦ
ɚ
ɫ
ɬ
ɦ
ɤ
ɨ
ɧ
ɵ
ɯ
ɦɤ
8
ɞ
ɥ
ɚ
ɪ
ɨ
ɧ
ɢ
ɜ
A
ɚ
A
ɷ
ɮ
Ɍ
ɫ
ɩ
ɟ
ɚ
ɦ
ɢ
ɱ
ɧ
ɤ
ɚ
ɹ
ɧ
ɰ
ɵ
ɫ
ɬ
ɧ
ɵ
ɟ
ɩ
ɥ
ɨ
ɱ
ɦ
ɚ
ɝ
ɬ
ɢ
ɰ
ɨ
ɫ
ɬ
ɯ
ɱ
ɤ
ɨ
ɫ
ɞ
ɨ
ɪ
ɚ
ɫ
ɢ
ɠ
ɚ
A
u
5
Ag
ɮ
ɮ
ɟ
>
ɟ
ɪ
ɢ
ɦ
ɢ
ɨ
ɧɵ
ɚ
ɤ
ɢ
ɧ
ɟ
ɢ
ɫ
ɟɪ
ɶ
ɦ
ɵ
ɯ
ɥ
ɨ
ɟ
ɱ
ɟ
ɧ
ɝ
ɧ
ɢ
ɰ
A
ɬ
ɢ
ɱ
ɚ
ɫ
ɫ
ɬɶ
ɸ
6
ɫ
ɬ
ɟ
ɚ
ɟ
ɬ
5
5
ɪ
g
ɜ
ɟ
ɤ
ɬ
1
Ʉ
ɢ
ɦ
ɨ
ɤ
ɵ
ɣ
ɢ
ɯ
ɢ
ɡ
ɦ
ɟɪ
ɟ
ɛ
ɦ
ɚ
ɫ
ɫ
ɜ
ɟ
ɦ
ɤ
ɧ
ɶ
ɧ
ɢ
ɬ
ɧ
A
g
ɦ
ɚ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
ɸ
ɧ
ɦ
ɟ
ɬ,
ɬ
ɫ
ɹ
ɪ
ɚ
ɡ
ɜ
ɦ
ɬ
:
ɩ
Ʉ
–
ɟɧ
ɬ
ɤ
ɜ
ɚ
ɷ
ɮ
ɬ
ɟ
ɦ
ɟ
ɪ
ɛ
ɪ
ɚ
ɫ
ɫ
ɢ
ɜ
ɨ
ɣ
ɤ
ɨ
ɧ
ɢ
ɧ
ɨ
(
d
ɚ
ɫ
ɫ
ɢ
ɰ
ɦ
ɚ
ɦ
ɞ
ɚ
ɹ
,
ɧ
ɡ
ɦ
ɟ
ɦ
ɚ
ɝ
ɩ
ɪ
ɢ
–
ɛ
ɬ
ɚ
ɥ
ɚ
ɧ
ɬ
ɮ
ɮ
ɟ
ɩ
ɥ
ɪ
ɢ
ɦ
ɚ
ɞ
ɢ
ɜɧ
ɣ
ɫ
ɬ
ɫɬ
ɢ
ɡɤ
ɢ
ɝɨ
d
=
ɫ
ɢ
ɜ
A
u
ɚ
ɫ
ɫ
ɞ
ɨ
ɩ
ɩ
ɪ
ɧ
ɨ
ɟ
ɪ
ɨ
ɝ
ɧ
ɢ
ɢ
Ɍ
ɛ
ɨ
ɥ
ɥ
ɶ
ɧ
ɬ
ɨ
ɜ
ɟɤ
ɬ
ɥ
ɨ
ɟ
ɦ
ɨ
ɞ
ɢ
ɚ
ɨɝ
ɨ
ɬ
ɜ
ɢ
ɤ
ɢ
ɯ
ɩ
ɨ
=
1
ɜ
ɧ
ɵ
u
(
ɫ
ɢ
ɜ
ɩ
ɨ
ɪ
ɢ
ɞ
ɧ
ɟ
ɨɦ
ɢ
ɬ
ɧ
Ɍ
<
ɥ
ɶ
ɲ
ɧɵ
ɜ
ɨ
ɦ
ɬ
ɧ
ɟ
ɦ
ɤ
ɦ
ɚ
ɚ
ɦ
ɟ
ɨ
ɫ
ɧ
ɚ
ɤ
ɨ
ɥ
ɬ
ɟ
ɨ
ɬ
ɨ
1
0
ɵ
ɯ
d
=
ɜ
ɧ
ɨ
ɥ
ɧ
ɞ
ɚ
ɥ
ɟ
ɢ
ɦ
1
ɧ
ɨ
ɦ
<
1
ɲɟ
ɵ
ɣ
ɦ
ɪ
ɧ
ɚ
ɤ
ɨ
ɚ
ɥ
ɨ
ɟ
ɬ
ɪ
ɟɪ
ɟ
ɚ
ɧ
ɨ
ɥ
ɥ
ɟ
ɦ
ɩ
ɨ
ɤ
ɚ
ɧ
ɦ
ɨ
ɛ
=
1
ɨ
ɝ
ɨ
ɧ
ɢ
ɬ
ɥ
ɶ
ɧ
ɢ
ɫ
ɱ
,5
ɦ
1
Ʉ
ɟ
ɬ
ɟ
ɪ
ɟ
ɪ
ɚɡ
ɤ
ɨ
ɫɬ
ɶ
ɨ
ɣ
.
ɪ
ɨ
ɦ
ɟ
ɛ
ɪ
ɨ
ɱ
ɚ
ɨ
ɢ
ɩ
ɟ
ɪ
ɚ
ȼ
ɦ
)
ɛ
ɪ
ɚ
1
8
ɨ
ɨ
ɬ
ɟ
ɥ
ɧ
ɟ
ɣ
ɱ
ɟ
ɡ
ɧ
ɦ
ɩ
ɨ
Ʉ
ɬ
ɟ
ɩ
ɥ
ɟ
ɡ
ɭ
ɦ
ɟ
ɨ
ɥ
ɥ
ɶ
ɫ
.
ɦ
1
ɪ
ɚ
ɚ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
ɞ
ɧ
ɪ
ɚ
ɬ
ȼ
ɨ
ɢ
ɚ
ɡ
ɰ
ɧ
ɦ
ɨ
ɛ
ɪ
ɥ
ɶ
ɧ
ɣɲ
ɡ
ɚɟ
ɦ
.
ɂ
ɨ
ɥ
ɟ
ɟɩ
ɥ
ɨ
ɟ
ɭ
ɥɶ
ɟ
ɪ
ɧ
ɥ
ɨ
ɢ
ɫ
ɪ
1
0
ɧ
ɬ
ɢ
ɰ
ɧ
ɵ
ɯ
ɬ
ɭ
ɪ
ɨ
ɬ
0
A
u
ɰ
ɨ
ɜ
ɦ
)
ɜ
ɪɚ
ɡ
ɧ
ɵ
ɣ
ɲ
ɟ
ɦ
ɬ
ɢ
ɂ
ɡ
ɟ
ɫ
ɥ
ɨ
ɟ
ɦ
ɬɚ
ɬ
ɧ
ɨ
ɦ
ɢ
ɞ
ɪ
ɨ
ɫ
ɧ
ɦ
ɰ
.
ɯ
ɪ
0
u
ɜ
ɜ
ɡ
-
ɣ
ɦ
ɢ
ɡ
-
ɫ
ɨ
-
ɦ
-
ɬ
ɦ
ɞ
-
ɫ
-
50
ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ Ɋɖ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 2,2, 3,7
ɢ 6,6 ɧɦ ɢ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢɧɞɢɹ In ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 2,2 ɧɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ
Ɍ < 10 Ʉ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɋ
V
(r) ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɧɚ 25–75 % ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨ-
ɫɬɢ ɋ
V
ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ 'ɋ = ɋ
V
(r) – ɋ
V
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ 3–5 Ʉ.
Ɋɟɡɤɢɣ ɫɩɚɞ ɋ
V
(r) ɩɪɢ Ɍ d 2 Ʉ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɧɢɡɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɟɡɚ-
ɧɢɟɦ ɮɨɧɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɦɭ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɭ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ
ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɵ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 2,2 ɧɦ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ 184 ɚɬɨɦɨɜ.
Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɥɢ 'ɋ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜɚɧɚɞɢɹ V ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 3,8 ɢ 6,5 ɧɦ
ɢ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɚɥɥɚɞɢɹ Pd ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 3,0 ɢ 6,6 ɧɦ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɞɟɧ-
ɫɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɚɪɨɜ. Ɍɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ V ɩɪɢ Ɍ < 10 Ʉ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɨɫ-
ɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɤɥɚɞɨɦ, ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ 'ɋ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ-
ɧɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ ɪɟɲɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ, ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɚɥɚ. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ Pd ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɚɥɥɚɞɢɟɦ
ɩɪɢ 1,4 < T < 30 Ʉ, ɪɢɫ. 19, ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ
ɪɟɲɺɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɜɤɥɚɞɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɺɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ
J
e
T, ɩɪɢɱɺɦ
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɺɦɤɨɫɬɢ
J
e
ɛɵɥ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɫ-
ɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɥɥɚɞɢɹ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɧɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ Pd ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ 8 ɧɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢ ɜ
ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɧɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥ-
ɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɥɥɚɞɢɹ n-Pd ɩɪɢ 1 K Ɍ d 20 Ʉ ɨɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ
ɋ(Ɍ) = ɚɌ + bɌ
2
+ ɫȽ
3
. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɋ(Ɍ) ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɥɥɚɞɢɹ ɤɜɚɞ-
ɪɚɬɢɱɧɵɣ ɱɥɟɧ bɌ
2
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦ-
ɤɨɫɬɢ n-Pd ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ
ɪɟɲɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ – ɜ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ
ɚ ɢ b ɞɥɹ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɥɥɚɞɢɹ.
Ɍɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢ ɢ ɧɚɧɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ
ɋɢ ɢ ɋuɈ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 50 ɧɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪ-
ɜɚɥɚɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ 1–20 ɢ 300–800 Ʉ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ
Ɍ ^ 20 Ʉ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɧɨɦ ɋ(Ɍ) = ɚɌ + bɌ
2
+ ɫɌ
3
. Ʉɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɱɧɵɣ
ɱɥɟɧ bɌ
2
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦ-
ɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɋu. Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɦ ɢ ɤɭ-
ɛɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɱɥɟɧɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ n-Cu ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɨ-
ɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɦɟɞɢ. ɉɪɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟ-
ɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ (ɨɬ 1 ɞɨ 20 Ʉ ɢ ɨɬ 300 ɞɨ 800 Ʉ) ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɥ
ɧɚɧɨɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ CuO, ɚ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ – ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɚɹ ɦɟɞɶ. Ɍɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ-
ɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɋɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢ ɜ 1,2–2,0 ɪɚɡɚ