Kline R.B. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling

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Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling

Methodology in the Social Sciences

David A. Kenny, Founding Editor

Todd D. Little, Series Editor

This series provides applied researchers and students with analysis and research design books that

emphasize the use of methods to answer research questions. Rather than emphasizing statistical

theory, each volume in the series illustrates when a technique should (and should not) be used and

how the output from available software programs should (and should not) be interpreted. Common

pitfalls as well as areas of further development are clearly articulated.

Recent Volumes

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DYADIC DATA ANALYSIS

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MISSING DATA: A GENTLE INTRODuCTION

Patrick E. McKnight, Katherine M. McKnight, Souraya Sidani, and Aurelio José Figueredo

MuLTILEVEL ANALYSIS FOR APPLIED RESEARCH: IT’S JuST REGRESSION!

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THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF ITEM RESPONSE THEORY

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THEORY CONSTRuCTION AND MODEL-BuILDING SKILLS: A PRACTICAL GuIDE

FOR SOCIAL SCIENTISTS

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DIAGNOSTIC MEASuREMENT: THEORY, METHODS, AND APPLICATIONS

André A. Rupp, Jonathan Templin, and Robert A. Henson

APPLIED MISSING DATA ANALYSIS

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ADVANCES IN CONFIGuRAL FREQuENCY ANALYSIS

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PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF STRuCTuRAL EQuATION MODELING, Third Edition

Rex B. Kline

Principles and Practice

of Structural Equation

Modeling

THIRD EDITION

Rex B. Kline

Series Editor’s Note by Todd D. Little

THE GuILFORD PRESS

New York London

A Division of Guilford Publications, Inc.

72 Spring Street, New York, NY 10012

www.guilford.com

No part of this book may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval

system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,

photocopying, microﬁlming, recording, or otherwise, without written

permission from the Publisher.

Printed in the United States of America

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Last digit is print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Kline, Rex B.

Principles and practice of structural equation modeling / Rex B. Kline. —

3rd ed.

p. cm. — (Methodology in the social sciences)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-60623-877-6 (hardcover) — ISBN 978-1-60623-876-9 (pbk.)

1. Structural equation modeling. 2. Social sciences—Statistical methods—

Data processing. I. Title.

QA278.K585 2011

519.5′3—dc22

2010020226

For my family—Joanna, Julia Anne, and Luke Christopher

Great knowledge sees all in one.

Small knowledge breaks down into the many.

—Ch u a n g Tz u , fourth or third century b c e , China

(in Merton, 1965, p. 40)

vii

Series Editor’s Note

It is a pleasure to write an introductory note for a book that is so popular you can sim-

ply refer to it as “the Kline book” and everyone will know what you mean. Rex Kline is

a quantitative expert with that rare ability to provide clear and accessible guidance on

how to best use structural equation modeling (SEM) to answer critical research ques-

tions. It takes a very special author to overcome students’ fears and engage them in the

principles and practice of SEM. In each edition of his book Kline has done just this,

and with each edition it gets better and better! The literature on SEM is always evolving

and being reﬁned. To keep up with this literature is a challenge even to the quantitative

expert. Thankfully, we have Rex Kline to rely on.

If you are a fan of the earlier editions, I think you will ﬁnd the improvements to the

third edition both welcome and enlightening. For example, based on the helpful feed-

back of readers like you, Kline has reorganized Part II to model the phases and steps one

follows in a typical analysis, from initial model speciﬁcation, to identiﬁcation consider-

ations, to parameter estimation, to evaluating hypotheses, and, ﬁnally, to model respeci-

ﬁcation. Pedagogically, he has also added useful exercises with answers and informative

topic boxes that cover key concepts, core techniques, and specialized issues in the world

of SEM. He also elegantly addresses “troublesome” examples, which leads to discussions

of how to handle known problems that arise in SEM analyses.

If you have not looked at “the Kline book,” or not in a while, I encourage you to take

a look at this third edition. Kline provides an accurate and authoritative “translation” of

the technical world of SEM for students and applied researchers alike. It is the Rosetta

stone for understanding SEM and for showing substantive researchers how to use SEM

in the conduct of their science. It strikes a tidy balance between the technical and the

practical aspects of SEM so that you will be able to both clarify and expand your knowl-

edge of the vast possibilities of SEM. It serves as a conduit for substantive researchers to

stay connected to the ever-changing ﬁeld of SEM.

Since the ﬁrst edition, the book’s success is the consensus viewpoint of critical

reviewers and researchers—who lean heavily on it. The second edition was a complete

viii Series Editor’s Note

and thorough update to the best practice in the ﬁeld and saw pedagogic changes that

elevated the second edition to a bonaﬁde bestseller in the social and behavioral sciences.

And the third edition is nothing short of remarkable in terms of its authoritative sum-

mary of an ever-advancing ﬁeld. The chapter dedicated to the use of different software

packages (Chapter 4) is expanded. Coverage of assessing the identiﬁcation status of mea-

surement models with correlated errors and complex indicators is updated in Chapter 6.

Chapter 7 gives expanded coverage of estimation, including more speciﬁc information

for analyzing models with categorical outcome variables. Chapter 12 expands coverage

of estimating interactive effects and multilevel SEMs. And the list goes on! You can see

by the praise of the many reviewers of this latest edition that Rex Kline has managed to

take “the Kline book” to another level of clarity and coverage.

o d d D. Li t t l e

University of Kansas

Lawrence, Kansas

Preface and Acknowledgments

It’s not often in life that you get three chances at something. Thus, it was a privilege for

me to write the third edition of this book. This edition builds on the strengths of the

second by presenting structural equation modeling (SEM) in a clear, accessible way for

readers without extensive quantitative backgrounds. Many new examples of the applica-

tion of SEM to actual research problems are included in this edition, but, like the second

edition, these examples come from a wide range of disciplines, including education,

psychometrics, business, and psychology. I selected some of these examples because

there were technical problems in the analysis, such as when output from a computer

program contains error messages. These “troublesome” examples give a context for dis-

cussing how to handle various problems that can crop up in SEM analyses. That is, not

all applications of SEM described in this book are picture perfect, but neither are actual

research problems.

There are many changes in this edition from the second edition, all intended to

enhance the pedagogical presentation of SEM and cover recent developments in the

ﬁeld, especially concerning how structural equation models—and the corresponding

research hypotheses—should be tested. These changes are as follows:

1. Part II of the third edition, about core SEM techniques, is now organized accord-

ing to phases of the analysis, starting with model speciﬁcation, going on to consider-

ation of its identiﬁcation status, next to estimation, and then to the testing of hypotheses

and model respeciﬁcation (Chapters 5–8). In contrast, the second edition covered this

material on a more technique-by-technique basis. I think that the new organization

corresponds more closely to how researchers usually proceed with an SEM analysis. It

should also give students a better view of the “big picture” concerning major issues that

apply in most applications of SEM.

2. There are now exercises with suggested answers for all chapters that introduce

prerequisite statistical and measurement concepts (Part I) and also for all chapters in

Part II about core techniques. These exercises give students additional opportunities for