Иноземцев А.А., Сандрацкий В.Л. Газотурбинные двигатели
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ÃÀÇÎÒ ÓÐÁÈÍÍÛÅ
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ÃÀÇÎÒ ÓÐÁÈÍÍÛÅ
ÄÂÈÃÀÒÅËÈ
Î ÎÀÎ «Àâèàäâèãàòåëü»
ã.Ïåðìü 2006 ã.
Î ÎÀÎ «Àâèàäâèãàòåëü»
ã.Ïåðìü 2006 ã.
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À.À. Èíîçåìöåâ, Â.Ë. ÑàíäðàöêèéÀ.À. Èíîçåìöåâ, Â.Ë. Ñàíäðàöêèé
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ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ
Ãëàâà 1 – Îáùèå ñâåäåíèÿ î ãàçîòóðáèííûõ äâèãàòåëÿõ (ÃÒÄ)
..................................23
1.1. Ââåäåíèå .................................................................................................................................................... 23
1.2. Ãàçîòóðáèííûå ÂÐÄ – îñíîâíûå äâèãàòåëè ñîâðåìåííîé àâèàöèè .................................................... 25
1.2.1. Îñíîâíûå òèïû àâèàöèîííûõ ÃÒÄ, îáúåêòû è îáëàñòè ïðèìåíåíèÿ ......................................25
1.2.1.1. Òóðáîðåàêòèâíûå äâèãàòåëè.............................................................................................25
1.2.1.2. Òóðáîâèíòîâûå äâèãàòåëè è âåðòîëåòíûå ÃÒÄ ..............................................................27
1.2.1.3. Äâóõêîíòóðíûå òóðáîðåàêòèâíûå äâèãàòåëè .................................................................29
1.2.1.4. Äâèãàòåëè äëÿ ñàìîëåòîâ âåðòèêàëüíîãî âçëåòà è ïîñàäêè ..........................................33
1.2.1.5. Êîìáèíèðîâàííûå äâèãàòåëè äëÿ áîëüøèõ âûñîò è ñêîðîñòåé ïîëåòà .......................35
1.2.1.6. Âñïîìîãàòåëüíûå àâèàöèîííûå ÃÒÄ è ñèëîâûå óñòàíîâêè..........................................36
1.2.2. Àâèàöèîííûå ñèëîâûå óñòàíîâêè ...............................................................................................37
1.2.3. Èñòîðèÿ ðàçâèòèÿ àâèàöèîííûõ ÃÒÄ ..........................................................................................39
1.2.3.1. Ðîññèÿ .................................................................................................................................39
1.2.3.2. Ãåðìàíèÿ ............................................................................................................................. 44
1.2.3.3. Àíãëèÿ ................................................................................................................................47
1.3. ÃÒÄ íàçåìíîãî è ìîðñêîãî ïðèìåíåíèÿ ................................................................................................. 51
1.3.1. Îáëàñòü ïðèìåíåíèÿ íàçåìíûõ è ìîðñêèõ ÃÒÄ ........................................................................51
1.3.1.1. Ìåõàíè÷åñêèé ïðèâîä ïðîìûøëåííîãî îáîðóäîâàíèÿ .................................................51
1.3.1.2. Ïðèâîä ýëåêòðîãåíåðàòîðîâ ............................................................................................. 51
1.3.1.3. Ìîðñêîå ïðèìåíåíèå ........................................................................................................53
1.3.2. Îñíîâíûå òèïû íàçåìíûõ è ìîðñêèõ ÃÒÄ .................................................................................53
1.3.2.1. Ñòàöèîíàðíûå ÃÒÄ............................................................................................................54
1.3.2.2. Íàçåìíûå è ìîðñêèå ÃÒÄ, êîíâåðòèðîâàííûå èç àâèàäâèãàòåëåé ...............................55
1.3.2.3. Ìèêðîòóðáèíû ...................................................................................................................57
1.4. Îñíîâíûå ìèðîâûå ïðîèçâîäèòåëè ÃÒÄ ................................................................................................ 57
1.4.1. Îñíîâíûå çàðóáåæíûå ïðîèçâîäèòåëè ÃÒÄ ...............................................................................57
1.4.2. Îñíîâíûå ðîññèéñêèå ïðîèçâîäèòåëè ÃÒÄ ................................................................................60
1.5. Àíãëî-ðóññêèé ñëîâàðü-ìèíèìóì ........................................................................................................... 61
1.6. Ïåðå÷åíü èñïîëüçîâàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû................................................................................................... 62
Ãëàâà 2 – Îñíîâíûå ïàðàìåòðû è òðåáîâàíèÿ ê ÃÒÄ .......................................................63
2.1. Îñíîâû ðàáî÷åãî ïðîöåññà ÃÒÄ .............................................................................................................. 63
2.1.1. ÃÒÄ êàê òåïëîâàÿ ìàøèíà ............................................................................................................63
2.1.1.1. Ïðîñòîé ãàçîòóðáèííûé öèêë ..........................................................................................63
2.1.1.2. Ïðèìåíåíèå ñëîæíûõ öèêëîâ â ÃÒÄ ...............................................................................66
2.1.2. Àâèàöèîííûé ÃÒÄ êàê äâèæèòåëü ..............................................................................................67
2.1.3. Ïîëíûé ê ï ä è òîïëèâíàÿ ýôôåêòèâíîñòü (ýêîíîìè÷íîñòü) ÃÒÄ ..........................................68
2.2. Ïàðàìåòðû ÃÒÄ......................................................................................................................................... 69
2.2.1. Îñíîâíûå ïàðàìåòðû àâèàöèîííûõ ÃÒÄ ................................................................................... 69
2.2.2. Îñíîâíûå ïàðàìåòðû íàçåìíûõ è ìîðñêèõ ïðèâîäíûõ ÃÒÄ ................................................... 73
2.3. Òðåáîâàíèÿ ê àâèàöèîííûì ÃÒÄ............................................................................................................. 75
2.3.1. Òðåáîâàíèÿ ê òÿãå (ìîùíîñòè) ....................................................................................................75
2.3.2. Òðåáîâàíèÿ ê ãàáàðèòíûì è ìàññîâûì õàðàêòåðèñòèêàì .........................................................76
2.3.3. Âîçìîæíîñòü ðàçâèòèÿ ÃÒÄ ïî òÿãå (ìîùíîñòè) .......................................................................77
2.3.4. Òðåáîâàíèÿ ê èñïîëüçóåìûì ãîðþ÷å-ñìàçî÷íûì ìàòåðèàëàì .................................................78
2.3.4.1. Òîïëèâà àâèàöèîííûõ ÃÒÄ ............................................................................................... 78
2.3.4.2. Àâèàöèîííûå ìàñëà ..........................................................................................................80
2.3.4.3. Àâèàöèîííûå ãèäðàâëè÷åñêèå æèäêîñòè .......................................................................82
2.3.5. Íàäåæíîñòü àâèàöèîííûõ ÃÒÄ ................................................................................................... 83
2.3.5.1. Îñíîâíûå ïîêàçàòåëè ........................................................................................................83
2.3.5.1.1 Ïîêàçàòåëè áåçîòêàçíîñòè, íåïîñðåäñòâåííî âëèÿþùèå íà áåçîïàñíîñòü
ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ äâèãàòåëÿ ............................................................................... 83
2.3.5.1.2. Ïîêàçàòåëè áåçîòêàçíîñòè, õàðàêòåðèçóþùèå òåõíèêî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêîå
ñîâåðøåíñòâî äâèãàòåëÿ ........................................................................................ 83
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7.4.2 Âèõðåâûå ÔÊ...............................................................................................................................356
7.4.3 ÔÊ ñ àýðîäèíàìè÷åñêîé ñòàáèëèçàöèåé ...................................................................................356
7.5 Îñíîâíûå ýëåìåíòû ÔÊ........................................................................................................................ 357
7.5.1 Ñìåñèòåëü ....................................................................................................................................358
7.5.2 Äèôôóçîðû ..................................................................................................................................359
7.5.3 Ôðîíòîâûå óñòðîéñòâà ...............................................................................................................359
7.5.4 Êîðïóñû è ýêðàíû .......................................................................................................................362
7.6 Óïðàâëåíèå ðàáîòîé ÔÊ ........................................................................................................................ 363
7.6.1 Ðîçæèã ÔÊ ...................................................................................................................................363
7.6.2 Óïðàâëåíèå ÔÊ íà ðåæèìàõ ïðèåìèñòîñòè è ñáðîñà ..............................................................365
7.6.3 Óïðàâëåíèå ÔÊ íà ñòàöèîíàðíûõ ðåæèìàõ ............................................................................. 365
7.7 Àíãëî-ðóññêèé ñëîâàðü-ìèíèìóì ......................................................................................................... 366
7.8 Ïåðå÷åíü èñïîëüçîâàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû................................................................................................. 366
Ãëàâà 8 – Òóðáèíû ÃÒÄ ................................................................................................................367
8.1 Îáùèå âîïðîñû ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ òóðáèí ............................................................................................. 368
8.1.1 Òðåáîâàíèÿ, ïðåäúÿâëÿåìûå ê êîíñòðóêöèè òóðáèí ...............................................................375
8.1.2 Êîíñòðóêòèâíûå ñõåìû òóðáèí .................................................................................................376
8.1.2.1 Êëàññèôèêàöèÿ ãàçîâûõ òóðáèí.....................................................................................376
8.1.2.2 Îñíîâíûå ôàêòîðû, îïðåäåëÿþùèå êîíñòðóêöèþ òóðáèíû .......................................378
8.1.2.3 Íàèáîëåå óñïåøíûå êîíñòðóêöèè ãàçîâûõ òóðáèí ...................................................... 379
8.1.2.4 Êîíñòðóêöèè ãàçîâûõ òóðáèí ñ äâóõñòóïåí÷àòûìè ÒÂÄ ............................................380
8.1.2.5 Êîíñòðóêöèè ãàçîâûõ òóðáèí ñ îäíîñòóïåí÷àòûìè ÒÂÄ ............................................387
8.1.2.6 Êîíñòðóêöèè ãàçîâûõ òóðáèí òðåõâàëüíîé ñõåìû.......................................................393
8.1.2.7 Êîíñòðóêöèè ñòàöèîíàðíûõ ãàçîâûõ òóðáèí ...............................................................395
8.1.3 Ìåòîäîëîãèÿ ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ òóðáèí ......................................................................................397
8.1.3.1 Ïðîåêòèðîâàíèå íà öåëåâóþ ñåáåñòîèìîñòü òóðáèíû ................................................398
8.1.3.2 Ïðîåêòèðîâàíèå íà öåëåâóþ ñòîèìîñòü îáñëóæèâàíèÿ òóðáèíû .............................. 398
8.1.3.3 Ìèíèìèçàöèÿ ðèñêà ïðîåêòà..........................................................................................399
8.1.3.4 Êëþ÷åâûå òåõíîëîãèè â ðàçðàáîòêå òóðáèíû ..............................................................401
8.1.3.5 Ýôôåêòèâíàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ ïðîöåññà ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ ................................................401
8.1.4 Ïåðå÷åíü èñïîëüçîâàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû .....................................................................................402
8.2 Àýðîäèíàìè÷åñêîå ïðîåêòèðîâàíèå òóðáèíû ..................................................................................... 404
8.2.1 Ýòàïû è êëþ÷åâûå òåõíîëîãèè àýðîäèíàìè÷åñêîãî ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ ...................................404
8.2.2 Òåõíîëîãèÿ îäíîìåðíîãî ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ òóðáèíû ...............................................................405
8.2.3 Îäíîìåðíîå ìîäåëèðîâà-íèå ïîòåðü â ëîïàòî÷íîì âåíöå ..................................................... 412
8.2.4 2D/3D-ìîäåëèðîâàíèå íåâÿçêîãî ïîòîêà â ïðîòî÷íîé ÷àñòè òóðáèíû ..................................413
8.2.5 2D/3D-ìîäåëèðîâàíèå âÿçêîãî ïîòîêà â òóðáèíå ....................................................................416
8.2.6 Ñèíòåç ãåîìåòðèè ïðîôèëåé è ëîïàòî÷íûõ âåíöîâ ................................................................421
8.2.7 Îäíîìåðíîå ïðîåêòèðîâàíèå òóðáèíû .....................................................................................423
8.2.7.1 Âûáîð êîëè÷åñòâà ñòóïåíåé ÒÂÄ ..................................................................................423
8.2.7.2 Âûáîð êîëè÷åñòâà ñòóïåíåé ÒÍÄ ..................................................................................425
8.2.7.3 Àýðîäèíàìè÷åñêîå ïðîåêòèðîâàíèå è ê.ï.ä. òóðáèíû .................................................426
8.2.8 Àýðîäèíàìè÷åñêîå ïðîåêòèðîâàíèå ëîïàòî÷íûõ âåíöîâ .......................................................428
8.2.9 Ìåòîäû óïðàâëåíèÿ ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûì ïîòîêîì â òóðáèíå ..................................................431
8.2.10 Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîå îáåñïå÷åíèå àýðîäèíàìè÷åñêîãî ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ ............................. 434
8.2.11 Ïåðå÷åíü èñïîëüçîâàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû ...................................................................................436
8.3 Îõëàæäåíèå äåòàëåé òóðáèíû ............................................................................................................... 438
8.3.1 Òåïëîâîå ñîñòîÿíèå ýëåìåíòîâ òóðáèí .....................................................................................438
8.3.1.1 Ïðèíöèïû îõëàæäåíèÿ ...................................................................................................438
8.3.2 Êîíâåêòèâíîå, ïëåíî÷íîå è ïîðèñòîå îõëàæäåíèå ................................................................. 440
8.3.3 Ãèäðàâëè÷åñêèé ðàñ÷åò ñèñòåì îõëàæäåíèÿ ............................................................................444
8.3.4 Ìåòîäîëîãèÿ ðàñ÷åòà òåìïåðàòóð îñíîâíûõ äåòàëåé òóðáèí ................................................449
8.3.5 Ðàñ÷åò ïîëåé òåìïåðàòóð â ëîïàòêàõ.........................................................................................452
8.3.6 Ïåðå÷åíü èñïîëüçîâàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû .....................................................................................455
8.4 Ðîòîðû òóðáèí......................................................................................................................................... 456
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8.4.1 Êîíñòðóêöèè ðîòîðîâ .................................................................................................................456
8.4.1.1 Äèñêè òóðáèí ...................................................................................................................456
8.4.1.2 Ðîòîðû ÒÂÄ ......................................................................................................................458
8.4.1.3 Ðîòîðû ÒÍÄ è ÑÒ ............................................................................................................463
8.4.1.4 Ïðèìåðû äîâîäêè è ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèÿ ðîòîðîâ .......................................................467
8.4.1.5 Ïðåäîòâðàùåíèå ðàñêðóòêè è ðàçðóøåíèÿ äèñêîâ ......................................................469
8.4.2 Ðàáî÷èå ëîïàòêè òóðáèí .............................................................................................................470
8.4.2.1 Ñîåäèíåíèå ðàáî÷èõ ëîïàòîê ñ äèñêîì .........................................................................474
8.4.3 Îõëàæäåíèå ðàáî÷èõ ëîïàòîê ....................................................................................................476
8.4.4 Ïåðå÷åíü èñïîëüçîâàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû .....................................................................................483
8.5 Ñòàòîðû òóðáèí....................................................................................................................................... 484
8.5.1 Êîðïóñû òóðáèí ..........................................................................................................................484
8.5.2 Ñîïëîâûå àïïàðàòû ....................................................................................................................486
8.5.3 Àïïàðàòû çàêðóòêè .....................................................................................................................492
8.5.4 Ïåðå÷åíü èñïîëüçîâàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû .....................................................................................493
8.6 Ðàäèàëüíûå çàçîðû â òóðáèíàõ ............................................................................................................. 494
8.6.1 Âëèÿíèå ðàäèàëüíîãî çàçîðà íà ê.ï.ä. òóðáèíû .......................................................................494
8.6.2 Èçìåíåíèå ðàäèàëüíûõ çàçîðîâ òóðáèíû â ðàáîòå .................................................................494
8.6.3 Óïðàâëåíèå ðàäèàëüíûìè çàçîðàìè ..........................................................................................495
8.6.4 Âûáîð ðàäèàëüíîãî çàçîðà ïðè ïðîåêòèðîâàíèè.....................................................................497
8.6.5 Ïåðå÷åíü èñïîëüçîâàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû .....................................................................................499
8.7 Ãåðìåòèçàöèÿ ïðîòî÷íîé ÷àñòè ............................................................................................................. 499
8.7.1 Ãåðìåòèçàöèÿ ðîòîðà è ñòàòîðà îò óòå÷åê îõëàæäàþùåãî âîçäóõà ........................................499
8.7.2 Óïëîòíåíèÿ ìåæäó ðîòîðîì è ñòàòîðîì ...................................................................................500
8.7.3 Ïåðå÷åíü èñïîëüçîâàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû .....................................................................................502
8.8 Ìàòåðèàëû îñíîâíûõ äåòàëåé òóðáèíû............................................................................................... 503
8.8.1 Äèñêè è ðîòîðíûå äåòàëè òóðáèíû ...........................................................................................503
8.8.2 Ñîïëîâûå è ðàáî÷èå ëîïàòêè.....................................................................................................504
8.8.3 Ïîêðûòèÿ ëîïàòîê .......................................................................................................................506
8.8.4 Êîðïóñû òóðáèí ..........................................................................................................................507
8.8.5 Ïåðå÷åíü èñïîëüçîâàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû .....................................................................................507
8.9 Îñîáåííîñòè êîíñòðóêöèè òóðáèí äâèãàòåëåé íàçåìíîãî ïðèìåíåíèÿ............................................ 508
8.9.1 Ïåðå÷åíü èñïîëüçîâàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû .....................................................................................512
8.10 Õàðàêòåðíûå äåôåêòû â òóðáèíàõ è ïóòè èõ ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ........................................................ 512
8.10.1 Ïðîãàðû è òðåùèíû ëîïàòîê ÒÂÄ ..........................................................................................513
8.10.2 Óñòàëîñòíàÿ ïîëîìêà ðàáî÷èõ ëîïàòîê...................................................................................515
8.10.3 Íåäîñòàòî÷íûé öèêëè÷åñêèé ðåñóðñ è ïîëîìêè ðîòîðíûõ äåòàëåé ...................................518
8.10.4 Óñòðàíåíèå äåôåêòîâ òóðáèíû â õîäå äîâîäêè......................................................................519
8.10.5 Ïåðå÷åíü èñïîëüçóåìîé ëèòåðàòóðû .......................................................................................520
8.11 Ïåðñïåêòèâû ðàçâèòèÿ êîíñòðóêöèé è ìåòîäîâ ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ òóðáèí ....................................... 521
8.11.1 2D-àýðîäèíàìèêà: ýôôåêòèâíûå îõëàæäàåìûå ëîïàòêè ÒÂÄ ..............................................521
8.11.2 2D-àýðîäèíàìèêà: ñîêðàùåíèå êîëè÷åñòâà ëîïàòîê .............................................................522
8.11.3 Ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîå âðàùåíèå ðîòîðîâ ÒÂÄ è ÒÍÄ ................................................................524
8.11.4 2D-àýðîäèíàìèêà: ýôôåêòèâíûå ðåøåòêè ïðîôèëåé ÒÍÄ ...................................................524
8.11.5 3D-àýðîäèíàìèêà: ýôôåêòèâíûå ôîðìû ëîïàòî÷íûõ âåíöîâ ..............................................527
8.11.6 Íîâûå ìàòåðèàëû è ïîêðûòèÿ äëÿ ëîïàòîê è äèñêîâ ............................................................527
8.11.7 Ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèå êîíñòðóêöèé îõëàæäàåìûõ ëîïàòîê ....................................................529
8.11.8 Îïòèìèçèðîâàííûå ñèñòåìû óïðàâëåíèÿ ðàäèàëüíûìè çàçîðàìè ......................................529
8.11.9 Ðàçâèòèå ñðåäñòâ è ìåòîäîâ ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ.........................................................................530
8.11.10 Ïåðå÷åíü èñïîëüçîâàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû .................................................................................532
8.12 Àíãëî-ðóññêèé ñëîâàðü-ìèíèìóì ....................................................................................................... 533
Ãëàâà 9 - Âûõîäíûå óñòðîéñòâà ÃÒÄ.................................................................................535
9.1 Íåðåãóëèðóåìûå ñîïëà........................................................................................................................... 537
9.2 Âûõîäíûå óñòðîéñòâà ÒÐÄÄ.................................................................................................................. 539
9.2.1 Âûõîäíûå óñòðîéñòâà ñî ñìåøåíèåì ïîòîêîâ ........................................................................540
Ñîäåðæàíèå
14
9.2.2 Âûõîäíûå óñòðîéñòâà ÒÐÄÄ ñ ðàçäåëüíûì èñòå÷åíèåì ïîòîêîâ ...........................................543
9.3 Ðåãóëèðóåìûå ñîïëà ............................................................................................................................... 545
9.3.1 Îñåñèììåòðè÷íûå ðåãóëèðóåìûå ñîïëà..................................................................................545
9.3.1.1 Ðåãóëèðóåìîå ñîïëî äâèãàòåëÿ Ä30-Ô6 ........................................................................548
9.3.2 Ïëîñêèå ñîïëà .............................................................................................................................556
9.3.3 Îñåñèììåòðè÷íûå ñîïëà ñ óïðàâëÿåìûì âåêòîðîì òÿãè ........................................................561
9.3.3.1 Îñåñèììåòðè÷íîå ñîïëî ñ ïîâîðîòíûì óçëîì.............................................................562
9.3.3.2 Îñåñèììåòðè÷íûå ñîïëà ñ óïðàâëÿåìûì âåêòîðîì òÿãè â ñâåðõçâóêîâîé ÷àñòè .....563
9.4 Âûõîäíûå óñòðîéñòâà äâèãàòåëåé ñàìîëåòîâ óêîðî÷åííîãî è âåðòèêàëüíîãî
âçëåòà-ïîñàäêè ............................................................................................................................................... 566
9.5 «Ìàëîçàìåòíûå» âûõîäíûå óñòðîéñòâà............................................................................................... 568
9.6 Ðåâåðñèâíûå óñòðîéñòâà ........................................................................................................................ 570
9.6.1 Ðåâåðñèâíûå óñòðîéñòâà êîâøîâîãî òèïà ................................................................................574
9.6.2 Ðåâåðñèâíûå óñòðîéñòâà ñòâîð÷àòîãî òèïà .............................................................................574
9.6.3 Ðåâåðñèâíûå óñòðîéñòâà ðåøåò÷àòîãî òèïà .............................................................................575
9.6.3.1 Ãèäðàâëè÷åñêèé ïðèâîä ðåâåðñèâíîãî óñòðîéñòâà ......................................................580
9.6.3.2 Ìåõàíèçì óïðàâëåíèÿ è áëîêèðîâêè ðåâåðñèâíîãî óñòðîéñòâà.................................580
9.6.3.3 Ìåõàíè÷åñêèé çàìîê ôèêñàöèè ïîëîæåíèÿ ðåâåðñèâíîãî óñòðîéñòâà......................583
9.7 Ïðèâîäû âûõîäíûõ óñòðîéñòâ .............................................................................................................. 586
9.7.1 Ïíåâìîïðèâîä .............................................................................................................................587
9.7.2 Ïíåâìîìåõàíè÷åñêèé ïðèâîä ....................................................................................................587
9.8 Âûõîäíûå óñòðîéñòâà äèôôóçîðíîãî òèïà .......................................................................................... 587
9.8.1 Êîíè÷åñêèå äèôôóçîðû ..............................................................................................................589
9.8.2 Îñåêîëüöåâûå äèôôóçîðû..........................................................................................................589
9.8.3 Óëèòêè ..........................................................................................................................................589
9.8.4 Ñîåäèíåíèÿ ñ âûõëîïíûìè øàõòàìè........................................................................................593
9.8.5 Âûõîäíûå óñòðîéñòâà âåðòîëåòíûõ ÃÒÄ ..................................................................................595
9.9 Ïðèëîæåíèå 1. Ïðîáëåìû âûõîäíûõ óñòðîéñòâ ñ øèðîêèì äèàïàçîíîì èçìåíåíèÿ
ππ
ππ
π
Ñ
*.
Îáåñïå÷åíèå àýðîäèíàìè÷åñêîé óñòîé÷èâîñòè.......................................................................................... 595
9.10 Ïðèëîæåíèå 2. Ïðèíöèï ðàáîòû âûõîäíûõ óñòðîéñòâ äèôôóçîðíîãî òèïà .................................. 597
9.11 Àíãëî-ðóññêèé ñëîâàðü-ìèíèìóì ....................................................................................................... 598
9.12 Ïåðå÷åíü èñïîëüçîâàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû............................................................................................... 599
Ãëàâà 10 - Ïðèâîä àãðåãàòîâ, ðåäóêòîðû, ìóôòû ÃÒÄ.....................................................600
10.1. Ïðèâîä àãðåãàòîâ ÃÒÄ .......................................................................................................................... 603
10.1.1. Öåíòðàëüíûé ïðèâîä ................................................................................................................603
10.1.2. Êîðîáêè ïðèâîäîâ àãðåãàòîâ...................................................................................................603
10.2. Ðåäóêòîðû ÃÒÄ...................................................................................................................................... 605
10.2.1. Ðåäóêòîðû ÒÂÄ..........................................................................................................................605
10.2.1.1. Îáùèå òðåáîâàíèÿ, êèíåìàòè÷åñêèå ñõåìû ...............................................................605
10.2.1.2. Êîíñòðóêöèÿ ðåäóêòîðîâ ÒÂÄ ......................................................................................607
10.2.2. Ðåäóêòîðû ïðèâîäà íåñóùåãî è ðóëåâîãî âèíòîâ âåðòîëåòîâ...............................................610
10.2.2.1. Ðåäóêòîðû ïðèâîäà íåñóùåãî âèíòà ............................................................................610
10.2.2.1.1. Êèíåìàòè÷åñêèå ñõåìû ãëàâíûõ ðåäóêòîðîâ âåðòîëåòîâ .............................. 610
10.2.2.1.2. Êîíñòðóêöèÿ ãëàâíûõ ðåäóêòîðîâ âåðòîëåòîâ ................................................ 613
10.2.2.2. Ðåäóêòîðû õâîñòîâûå è ïðîìåæóòî÷íûå ....................................................................617
10.2.3. Ðåäóêòîðû ÃÒÓ..........................................................................................................................618
10.2.3.1. Êîíñòðóêöèÿ ðåäóêòîðîâ ..............................................................................................618
10.3. Ìóôòû ïðèâîäîâ ÃÒÄ è ÃÒÓ ............................................................................................................... 622
10.3.1. Òðåáîâàíèÿ ê ìóôòàì ...............................................................................................................622
10.3.2. Êîíñòðóêöèÿ ìóôò ....................................................................................................................623
10.4. Ïðîåêòèðîâàíèå ïðèâîäîâ àãðåãàòîâ ÃÒÄ ......................................................................................... 631
10.4.1. Ïðîåêòèðîâàíèå öåíòðàëüíîãî ïðèâîäà .................................................................................632
10.4.1.1. Êîíñòðóêöèÿ öåíòðàëüíîãî ïðèâîäà ...........................................................................632
10.4.2. Ïðîåêòèðîâàíèå êîðîáîê ïðèâîäîâ àãðåãàòîâ .......................................................................637
10.4.2.1. Êîíñòðóêöèÿ êîðîáêè ïðèâîäîâ àãðåãàòîâ .................................................................640
Ñîäåðæàíèå
15
10.5. Ïðîåêòèðîâàíèå ðåäóêòîðîâ ............................................................................................................... 644
10.5.1. Îñîáåííîñòè ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ ðåäóêòîðîâ ÒÂÄ ....................................................................644
10.5.2. Îñîáåííîñòè ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ âåðòîëåòíûõ ðåäóêòîðîâ ......................................................645
10.5.3. Îñîáåííîñòè ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ ðåäóêòîðîâ ÃÒÓ ....................................................................645
10.6. Ïðèëîæåíèå. Çóá÷àòûå ïåðåäà÷è ÃÒÄ. Îáùèå ñâåäåíèÿ .................................................................. 647
10.6.1. Òðåáîâàíèÿ ê çóá÷àòûì ïåðåäà÷àì ..........................................................................................648
10.6.2. Êëàññèôèêàöèÿ çóá÷àòûõ ïåðåäà÷ ...........................................................................................648
10.6.3. Èñõîäíûé ïðîèçâîäÿùèé êîíòóð.............................................................................................649
10.6.4. Íàãðóæåííîñòü çóá÷àòûõ ïåðåäà÷ ...........................................................................................650
10.6.5. Êîíñòðóêòèâíûå ïàðàìåòðû çóá÷àòûõ ïåðåäà÷......................................................................651
10.6.5.1. Êîíñòðóêöèè çóá÷àòûõ êîëåñ .......................................................................................652
10.6.6. Ìàòåðèàëû çóá÷àòûõ êîëåñ, ñïîñîáû óïðî÷íåíèÿ ................................................................656
10.7. Àíãëî-ðóññêèé ñëîâàðü-ìèíèìóì ....................................................................................................... 657
10.8. Ïåðå÷åíü èñïîëüçîâàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû............................................................................................... 659
Ãëàâà 11 - Ïóñêîâûå óñòðîéñòâà...................................................................................................661
11.1. Îáùèå ñâåäåíèÿ .................................................................................................................................... 661
11.1.1. Îñíîâíûå òèïû ïóñêîâûõ óñòðîéñòâ ñîâðåìåííûõ ÃÒÄ ......................................................661
11.1.2. Òåõíè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ïóñêîâûõ óñòðîéñòâ ñîâðåìåííûõ ÃÒÄ .............................. 662
11.2. Ýëåêòðè÷åñêèå ïóñêîâûå óñòðîéñòâà ÃÒÄ ......................................................................................... 662
11.3. Âîçäóøíûå ïóñêîâûå óñòðîéñòâà ÃÒÄ ............................................................................................... 667
11.3.1. Âîçäóøíî. òóðáèííûå ïóñêîâûå óñòðîéñòâà ÃÒÄ .................................................................667
11.3.2. Ðåãóëèðóþùèå è îòñå÷íûå âîçäóøíûå çàñëîíêè ..................................................................671
11.3.3. Ñòðóéíîå ïóñêîâîå óñòðîéñòâî ÃÒÄ .......................................................................................676
11.4. Òóðáîêîìïðåññîðíûå ïóñêîâûå óñòðîéñòâà ÃÒÄ .............................................................................. 677
11.4.1. Êëàññèôèêàöèÿ ÒÊÑ ÃÒÄ .........................................................................................................677
11.4.2. Ïðèíöèï äåéñòâèÿ ÒÊÑ ............................................................................................................677
11.4.3. Îäíîâàëüíûé ÒÊÑ ....................................................................................................................678
11.4.4. ÒÊÑ ñî ñâîáîäíîé òóðáèíîé ....................................................................................................680
11.4.5. Îñîáåííîñòè ñèñòåì ÒÊÑ.........................................................................................................683
11.4.5.1. Ñèñòåìû òóðáîêîìïðåññîðíîãî ñòàðòåðà ÒÊÑ-48, ïðèíöèï ðàáîòû .......................684
11.5. Ãèäðàâëè÷åñêèå ïóñêîâûå óñòðîéñòâà ÃÒÄ ....................................................................................... 687
11.5.1. Êîíñòðóêöèÿ ãèäðàâëè÷åñêèõ ñòàðòåðîâ ................................................................................688
11.6. Îñîáåííîñòè ïóñêîâûõ óñòðîéñòâ ÃÒÄ íàçåìíîãî ïðèìåíåíèÿ ...................................................... 689
11.6.1. Ýëåêòðè÷åñêèå ïóñêîâûå óñòðîéñòâà ......................................................................................690
11.6.2. Ãàçîâûå ïóñêîâûå óñòðîéñòâà..................................................................................................690
11.6.3. Ãèäðàâëè÷åñêèå ïóñêîâûå óñòðîéñòâà ....................................................................................692
11.7. Ðåäóêòîðû ïóñêîâûõ óñòðîéñòâ........................................................................................................... 692
11.8. Ìóôòû ñâîáîäíîãî õîäà ïóñêîâûõ óñòðîéñòâ ................................................................................... 693
11.8.1. Ìóôòû ñâîáîäíîãî õîäà ðîëèêîâîãî òèïà ..............................................................................693
11.8.2. Ìóôòû ñâîáîäíîãî õîäà õðàïîâîãî òèïà ................................................................................694
11.9. Ñèñòåìû ñìàçêè ïóñêîâûõ óñòðîéñòâ ................................................................................................. 697
11.10. Àíãëî-ðóññêèé ñëîâàðü-ìèíèìóì ..................................................................................................... 698
11.11. Ïåðå÷åíü èñïîëüçóåìîé ëèòåðàòóðû................................................................................................. 698
Ãëàâà 12 - Ñèñòåìû ÃÒÄ.....................................................................................................................699
12.1. Ñèñòåìû àâòîìàòè÷åñêîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ è êîíòðîëÿ ........................................................................... 700
12.1.1. Ñèñòåìû àâòîìàòè÷åñêîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ è êîíòðîëÿ àâèàöèîííûõ ÃÒÄ ...............................700
12.1.1.1. Íàçíà÷åíèå ÑÀÓ ............................................................................................................700
12.1.1.2. Ñîñòàâ ÑÀÓ ....................................................................................................................703
12.1.1.3. Îñíîâíûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ÑÀÓ ...................................................................................708
12.1.1.4. Ðàáîòà ÑÀÓ .................................................................................................................... 711
12.1.1.5. Âûáîð ÑÀÓ è å¸ ýëåìåíòîâ ..........................................................................................713
12.1.1.5.1. Âûáîð ÑÀÓ ......................................................................................................... 713
12.1.1.5.2. Ïîðÿäîê ðàçðàáîòêè ÑÀÓ .................................................................................. 713
12.1.1.5.3. Îñíîâíûå ïðèíöèïû âûáîðà âàðèàíòà ÑÀÓ â ïðîöåññå ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ .. 714
Ñîäåðæàíèå
16
12.1.1.5.4. Ñòðóêòóðíîå ïîñòðîåíèå ÑÀÓ .......................................................................... 715
12.1.1.5.5. Ïðîãðàììû óïðàâëåíèÿ ÃÒÄ ............................................................................ 716
12.1.1.5.6. Ðàñ÷åò è àíàëèç ïîêàçàòåëåé íàäåæíîñòè ....................................................... 721
12.1.1.5.7. Îñîáåííîñòè ÑÀÓ â ñâÿçè ñ óñëîæíåíèåì ñõåì
äâèãàòåëåé è ôîðñèðîâàíèåì èõ ïàðàìåòðîâ ................................................. 723
12.1.1.6. Îñîáåííîñòè ñèñòåìû êîíòðîëÿ è äèàãíîñòèêè àâèàöèîííîãî äâèãàòåëÿ ..............726
12.1.2. ÑÀÓ íàçåìíûõ ÃÒÓ ..................................................................................................................728
12.1.2.1. Íàçíà÷åíèå ÑÀÓ ............................................................................................................728
12.1.2.2. Âûáîð ÑÀÓ ÃÒÓ è åå ýëåìåíòîâ ..................................................................................728
12.1.2.3. Ñîñòàâ ÑÀÓ ÃÒÓ ...........................................................................................................730
12.1.2.4. Îñíîâíûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ÑÀÓ ...................................................................................730
12.1.2.5. Ðàáîòà ÑÀÓ ÃÒÓ ............................................................................................................732
12.1.2.6. Áëîê óïðàâëåíèÿ äâèãàòåëåì (ÁÓÄ) ............................................................................. 733
12.1.2.7. Îñîáåííîñòè ñèñòåìû êîíòðîëÿ è äèàãíîñòèêè íàçåìíûõ ÃÒÄ ...............................737
12.1.3. Àíãëî-ðóññêèé ñëîâàðü-ìèíèìóì ...........................................................................................738
12.1.4. Ïåðå÷åíü èñïîëüçîâàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû ...................................................................................738
12.2. Òîïëèâíûå ñèñòåìû ÃÒÄ ..................................................................................................................... 740
12.2.1. Òîïëèâíûå ñèñòåìû àâèàöèîííûõ ÃÒÄ ..................................................................................740
12.2.1.1. Íàçíà÷åíèå òîïëèâíîé ñèñòåìû ..................................................................................740
12.2.1.2. Ñîñòàâ òîïëèâíîé ñèñòåìû .......................................................................................... 740
12.2.1.3. Îñíîâíûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè òîïëèâíîé ñèñòåìû .........................................................742
12.2.1.4. Ðàáîòà òîïëèâíîé ñèñòåìû ...........................................................................................744
12.2.1.5. Âûáîð òîïëèâíîé ñèñòåìû è åå ýëåìåíòîâ.................................................................746
12.2.1.5.1. Âûáîð òîïëèâíîé ñèñòåìû ............................................................................... 746
12.2.1.5.2. Âûáîð íàñîñîâ òîïëèâíîé ñèñòåìû................................................................. 746
12.2.1.5.3. Îïðåäåëåíèå ïîäîãðåâîâ òîïëèâà â òîïëèâíîé ñèñòåìå ............................... 747
12.2.1.5.4. Îáåñïå÷åíèå òåìïåðàòóðíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ òîïëèâíîé ñèñòåìû ...................... 748
12.2.1.5.5. Ìàòåìàòè÷åñêàÿ ìîäåëü òîïëèâíîé ñèñòåìû ................................................. 748
12.2.1.6. Ãèäðîöèëèíäðû .............................................................................................................748
12.2.1.7. Òîïëèâíûå ôèëüòðû ......................................................................................................751
12.2.2. Îñîáåííîñòè òîïëèâíûõ ñèñòåì ÃÒÓ .....................................................................................754
12.2.2.1. Íàçíà÷åíèå òîïëèâíîé ñèñòåìû ..................................................................................754
12.2.2.2. Âûáîð òîïëèâíîé ñèñòåìû è åå ýëåìåíòîâ................................................................. 754
12.2.2.3. Îñíîâíûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè òîïëèâíîé ñèñòåìû .........................................................756
12.2.2.4. Ðàáîòà òîïëèâíîé ñèñòåìû ...........................................................................................756
12.2.3. Àíãëî-ðóññêèé ñëîâàðü-ìèíèìóì ...........................................................................................757
12.2.4. Ïåðå÷åíü èñïîëüçîâàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû ...................................................................................757
12.3. Ñèñòåìû äèàãíîñòèêè .......................................................................................................................... 758
12.3.1. Îáùèå âîïðîñû äèàãíîñòèðîâàíèÿ.........................................................................................758
12.3.1.1. Çàäà÷è äèàãíîñòèðîâàíèÿ ÃÒÄ .....................................................................................758
12.3.1.2. Îïòèìàëüíàÿ êîíòðîëå-ïðèãîäíîñòü ÃÒÄ – îñíîâà ýôôåêòèâíîãî
äèàãíîñòèðîâàíèÿ..........................................................................................................760
12.3.1.3. Äèàãíîñòèðóåìûå ñèñòåìû ÃÒÄ ..................................................................................761
12.3.1.4. Âèäû íàçåìíîãî è áîðòîâîãî äèàãíîñòèðîâàíèÿ ÃÒÄ ...............................................762
12.3.1.5. Ñòðóêòóðà ñèñòåì äèàãíîñòèêè ....................................................................................762
12.3.1.6. Ðåãëàìåíò äèàãíîñòèðîâàíèÿ ÃÒÄ ...............................................................................762
12.3.1.7. Ðåãèñòðàöèÿ ïàðàìåòðîâ ÃÒÄ .......................................................................................762
12.3.2. Äèàãíîñòèðîâàíèå ñèñòåìû ìåõàíèçàöèè ÃÒÄ, ÑÀÓ è ÒÏ ÃÒÄ ..........................................763
12.3.3. Äèàãíîñòèðîâàíèå ðàáîòû ìàñëîñèñòåìû è ñîñòîÿíèÿ óçëîâ ÃÒÄ,
ðàáîòàþùèõ â ìàñëå ................................................................................................................765
12.3.3.1. Íåèñïðàâíîñòè ìàñëîñèñòåìû è óçëîâ ÃÒÄ, ðàáîòàþùèõ â ìàñëå..........................765
12.3.3.2. Äèàãíîñòèðîâàíèå ïî ïàðàìåòðàì ìàñëîñèñòåìû .....................................................765
12.3.3.3. Êîíòðîëü ñîäåðæàíèÿ â ìàñëå ÷àñòèö èçíîñà (òðèáîäèàãíîñòèêà)..........................767
12.3.4. Êîíòðîëü è äèàãíîñòèêà ïî ïàðàìåòðàì âèáðàöèè ÃÒÄ .......................................................773
12.3.4.1. Ïàðàìåòðû âèáðàöèè è åäèíèöû èçìåíåíèÿ ..............................................................773
12.3.4.2. Ñòàòèñòè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè âèáðàöèè ................................................................774
Ñîäåðæàíèå
17
12.3.4.3. Ïðè÷èíû âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ âèáðàöèè â ÃÒÄ ..................................................................776
12.3.4.4. Äàò÷èêè èçìåðåíèÿ âèáðàöèè ......................................................................................779
12.3.4.5. Âèáðàöèîííàÿ äèàãíîñòèêà ÃÒÄ..................................................................................780
12.3.5. Äèàãíîñòèðîâàíèå ÃÒÄ ïî ãàçîäèíàìè÷åñêèì ïàðàìåòðàì .................................................784
12.3.5.1. Íåèñïðàâíîñòè ïðîòî÷íîé ÷àñòè ÃÒÄ .........................................................................784
12.3.5.2. Òðåáîâàíèÿ ê ïåðå÷íþ êîíòðîëèðóåìûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ ................................................784
12.3.5.3. Àëãîðèòìû äèàãíîñòèðîâàíèÿ ïðîòî÷íîé ÷àñòè ÃÒÄ ...............................................784
12.3.6. Îáåñïå÷åíèå äèàãíîñòèðîâàíèÿ ÃÒÄ èíñòðóìåíòàëüíûìè ìåòîäàìè ................................786
12.3.6.1. Âèäû íåèñïðàâíîñòåé, âûÿâëÿåìûõ èíñòðóìåíòàëüíûìè ìåòîäàìè ......................786
12.3.6.2. Ìåòîäû è àïïàðàòóðà èíñòðóìåíòàëüíîé äèàãíîñòèêè ............................................787
12.3.6.2.1. Îïòè÷åñêèé îñìîòð ïðîòî÷íîé ÷àñòè ÃÒÄ ..................................................... 787
12.3.6.2.2. Óëüòðàçâóêîâîé ìåòîä äèàãíîñòèðîâàíèÿ ....................................................... 790
12.3.6.2.3. Âèõðåòîêîâûé ìåòîä äèàãíîñòèðîâàíèÿ ......................................................... 790
12.3.6.2.4. Êàïèëëÿðíûé ìåòîä äèàãíîñòèðîâàíèÿ ñ ïðèìåíåíèåì
ïîðòàòèâíûõ àýðîçîëüíûõ íàáîðîâ ................................................................. 791
12.3.6.2.5. Äèàãíîñòèðîâàíèå ñîñòîÿíèÿ ïðîòî÷íîé ÷àñòè ÃÒÄ
ïåðñïåêòèâíûìè ìåòîäàìè ............................................................................... 791
12.3.7. Îñîáåííîñòè äèàãíîñòèðîâàíèÿ òåõíè÷åñêîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ÃÒÄ
íàçåìíîãî ïðèìåíåíèÿ íà áàçå àâèàöèîííûõ äâèãàòåëåé.....................................................795
12.3.7.1. Îñîáåííîñòè ðåæèìîâ ýêñïëóàòàöèè .......................................................................796
12.3.7.2. Îáùèå îñîáåííîñòè äèàãíîñòèðîâàíèÿ íàçåìíûõ ÃÒÓ ........................................796
12.3.7.3. Îñîáåííîñòè äèàãíîñòèðîâàíèÿ ìàñëîñèñòåìû .....................................................797
12.3.7.4. Îñîáåííîñòè äèàãíîñòèðîâàíèÿ âèáðîñîñòîÿíèÿ íàçåìíûõ ÃÒÄ ........................798
12.3.7.5. Îñîáåííîñòè äèàãíîñòèðîâàíèÿ ïðîòî÷íîé ÷àñòè .................................................799
12.3.8. Àíãëî-ðóññêèé ñëîâàðü-ìèíèìóì ...........................................................................................799
12.3.9. Ïåðå÷åíü èñïîëüçóåìîé ëèòåðàòóðû .......................................................................................800
12.4. Ïóñêîâûå ñèñòåìû ................................................................................................................................ 802
12.4.1. Ïóñêîâûå ñèñòåìû àâèàöèîííûõ ÃÒÄ ....................................................................................802
12.4.1.1. Íàçíà÷åíèå .....................................................................................................................802
12.4.1.2. Îáùèå òðåáîâàíèÿ.........................................................................................................802
12.4.1.3. Ñîñòàâ ïóñêîâûõ ñèñòåì ...............................................................................................802
12.4.1.4. Îáëàñòü ýêñïëóàòàöèè äâèãàòåëÿ, îáëàñòü çàïóñêà ....................................................802
12.4.1.5. Îïèñàíèå ïðîöåññà çàïóñêà äâèãàòåëÿ, îñîáåííîñòè ïðîöåññà çàïóñêà
â ïîëåòå ...........................................................................................................................802
12.4.1.6. Íàäåæíîñòü çàïóñêà ......................................................................................................803
12.4.1.7. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè çàïóñêà ...............................................................................................803
12.4.1.8. Âûáîð òèïà è ïàðàìåòðîâ ñòàðòåðà .............................................................................805
12.4.1.9. Îñîáåííîñòè çàïóñêà äâèãàòåëåé äâóõðîòîðíûõ ñõåì ..............................................807
12.4.1.10. Ñèñòåìû çàæèãàíèÿ.....................................................................................................807
12.4.1.11. Îáåñïå÷åíèå õàðàêòåðèñòèê çàïóñêà íà ðàçãîíå ......................................................807
12.4.1.12. Ðåãóëèðîâàíèå êîìïðåññîðà íà ïóñêîâûõ ðåæèìàõ .................................................808
12.4.2. Îñîáåííîñòè ïóñêîâûõ ñèñòåì íàçåìíûõ ÃÒÓ......................................................................809
12.4.3. Àíãëî-ðóññêèé ñëîâàðü-ìèíèìóì ...........................................................................................810
12.4.4. Ïåðå÷åíü èñïîëüçîâàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû ................................................................................... 811
12.5. Âîçäóøíûå ñèñòåìû ÃÒÄ .................................................................................................................... 812
12.5.1. Ôóíêöèè ÂÑ ..............................................................................................................................812
12.5.2. Îñíîâíûå òðåáîâàíèÿ ê ÂÑ .....................................................................................................814
12.5.3. Îáùèå è ëîêàëüíûå ÂÑ ÃÒÄ ....................................................................................................815
12.5.4. Ðàáîòà ëîêàëüíûõ ÂÑ ...............................................................................................................815
12.5.4.1. ÂÑ îõëàæäåíèÿ òóðáèí ÃÒÄ .........................................................................................817
12.5.4.2. ÂÑ íàääóâà è îõëàæäåíèÿ îïîð ...................................................................................820
12.5.4.2.1. Ðàáîòà ÂÑ íàääóâà è îõëàæäåíèÿ îïîð ........................................................... 822
12.5.4.2.2. Òèïû ÂÑ íàääóâà è îõëàæäåíèÿ îïîð ............................................................. 824
12.5.4.2.3. Ïîñòðîåíèå îáùåé ñõåìû ÂÑ íàääóâà è îõëàæäåíèÿ îïîð .......................... 827
12.5.4.3. Ïðîòèâîîáëåäåíèòåëüíàÿ ñèñòåìà (ÏÎÑ) ...................................................................835
12.5.4.4. Ñèñòåìà êîíäèöèîíèðîâàíèÿ âîçäóõà.........................................................................836
Ñîäåðæàíèå
18
12.5.4.5. Ñèñòåìà àêòèâíîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ çàçîðàìè ...................................................................838
12.5.4.6. Ñèñòåìû âíåøíåãî îõëàæäåíèÿ ÃÒÄ ..........................................................................838
12.5.4.7. Ñèñòåìû âíåøíåãî îáîãðåâà ÃÒÄ ................................................................................838
12.5.5. Ïîäãîòîâêà âîçäóõà äëÿ ÂÑ ÃÒÄ .............................................................................................839
12.5.6. Îñîáåííîñòè ÂÑ íàçåìíûõ ÃÒÓ .............................................................................................841
12.5.7. Àãðåãàòû ÂÑ .............................................................................................................................841
12.5.8. Àíãëî-ðóññêèé ñëîâàðü-ìèíèìóì ...........................................................................................845
12.5.9. Ïåðå÷åíü èñïîëüçîâàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû ...................................................................................845
12.6. Ñèñòåìû ñìàçêè è ñóôëèðîâàíèÿ ÃÒÄ................................................................................................ 846
12.6.1. Îáùèå òðåáîâàíèÿ ....................................................................................................................846
12.6.2. Ñõåìû ìàñëîñèñòåì ÃÒÄ ..........................................................................................................847
12.6.2.1. Ìàñëîñèñòåìà ñ ðåãóëèðóåìûì äàâëåíèåì ìàñëà......................................................848
12.6.2.2. Ìàñëîñèñòåìà ñ íåðåãóëèðóåìûì äàâëåíèåì ìàñëà ..................................................849
12.6.2.3. Ìàñëîñèñòåìû ÃÒÄ ïðîìûøëåííîãî ïðèìåíåíèÿ ....................................................851
12.6.3. Ìàñëîñèñòåìû ðåäóêòîðîâ ......................................................................................................852
12.6.3.1. Ìàñëîñèñòåìû àâèàöèîííûõ ðåäóêòîðîâ ...................................................................852
12.6.3.2. Ìàñëîñèñòåìû ðåäóêòîðîâ ÃÒÓ ..................................................................................855
12.6.4. Îñîáåííîñòè ïðîåêòèðîâàíèå ìàñëîñèñòåì ..........................................................................855
12.6.5. Àãðåãàòû ìàñëîñèñòåìû ...........................................................................................................857
12.6.5.1. Áàê ìàñëÿíûé .................................................................................................................857
12.6.5.2. Íàñîñû ìàñëÿíûå ..........................................................................................................860
12.6.5.3. Òåïëîîáìåííèêè ............................................................................................................862
12.6.5.4. Ôèëüòðû è î÷èñòèòåëè ..................................................................................................863
12.6.5.5. Âîçäóõîîòäåëèòåëè è ñóôëåðû .....................................................................................865
12.6.6. Ïåðñïåêòèâû ðàçâèòèÿ ìàñëîñèñòåì.......................................................................................867
12.6.7. Àíãëî-ðóññêèé ñëîâàðü-ìèíèìóì ...........................................................................................867
12.6.8. Ïåðå÷åíü èñïîëüçîâàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû ..................................................................................868
12.7. Ãèäðàâëè÷åñêèå ñèñòåìû ÃÒÄ ............................................................................................................. 869
12.7.1. Ãèäðîñèñòåìû óïðàâëåíèÿ ðåâåðñèâíûì óñòðîéñòâîì ..............................................................
869
12.7.1.1. Öåíòðàëèçîâàííàÿ ãèäðîñèñòåìà óïðàâëåíèÿ ðåâåðñèâíûì óñòðîéñòâîì.............869
12.7.1.2. Àâòîíîìíàÿ ãèäðîñèñòåìà óïðàâëåíèÿ ðåâåðñèâíûì óñòðîéñòâîì.........................872
12.7.1.3. Ïîðÿäîê ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ ãèäðîñèñòåì .......................................................................872
12.7.2. Àíãëî-ðóññêèé ñëîâàðü-ìèíèìóì ...........................................................................................874
12.7.3. Ïåðå÷åíü èñïîëüçîâàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû ...................................................................................874
12.8. Äðåíàæíûå ñèñòåìû ............................................................................................................................. 875
12.8.1. Íàçíà÷åíèå è êëàññèôèêàöèÿ ñèñòåì......................................................................................875
12.8.2. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà îáúåêòîâ äðåíàæà .........................................................................................875
12.8.3. Îñíîâíûå ñõåìû è ïðèíöèï äåéñòâèÿ ñèñòåì .......................................................................876
12.8.4. Îñíîâíûå òðåáîâàíèÿ ê äðåíàæíûì ñèñòåìàì ......................................................................878
12.8.5. Îáåñïå÷åíèå ðàáîòîñïîñîáíîñòè äðåíàæíûõ ñèñòåì...........................................................878
12.8.6. Îñîáåííîñòè êîíñòðóêöèè äðåíàæíûõ áàêîâ ........................................................................879
12.8.7. Àíãëî-ðóññêèé ñëîâàðü–ìèíèìóì...........................................................................................880
12.8.8. Ïåðå÷åíü èñïîëüçîâàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû ...................................................................................880
Ãëàâà 13 - Îáâÿçêà àâèàöèîííûõ ÃÒÄ .....................................................................................881
13.1. Îáùàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà îáâÿçêè........................................................................................................... 881
13.2. Êîíñòðóêöèÿ îáâÿçêè ........................................................................................................................... 883
13.2.1. Òðóáîïðîâîäíûå êîììóíèêàöèè .............................................................................................883
13.2.1.1. Îñíîâíûå ñâåäåíèÿ .......................................................................................................883
13.2.1.2. Òðóáû è ïàòðóáêè ..........................................................................................................883
13.2.1.3. Ñîåäèíåíèÿ ....................................................................................................................883
13.2.1.4. Êîìïåíñèðóþùèå óñòðîéñòâà ......................................................................................884
13.2.1.5. Ñîåäèíèòåëüíàÿ àïïàðàòóðà .........................................................................................888
13.2.1.6. Óçëû êðåïëåíèÿ .............................................................................................................888
13.2.1.7. Íåèñïðàâíîñòè òðóáîïðîâîäîâ ....................................................................................889
13.2.2. Ýëåêòðè÷åñêèå êîììóíèêàöèè.................................................................................................890
Ñîäåðæàíèå
19
13.2.2.1. Îáùèå ñâåäåíèÿ.............................................................................................................890
13.2.2.2. Êîíñòðóêöèÿ ýëåìåíòîâ ................................................................................................890
13.2.2.2.1. Ýëåêòðè÷åñêèå æãóòû ........................................................................................ 890
13.2.2.2.2. Ýëåêòðè÷åñêèå ïðîâîäà ..................................................................................... 891
13.2.2.2.3. Ýëåêòðè÷åñêèå ñîåäèíèòåëè ............................................................................. 891
13.2.2.2.4. Ìàòåðèàëû äëÿ èçãîòîâëåíèÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ æãóòîâ .................................... 892
13.2.2.3. Íåèñïðàâíîñòè ýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ êîììóíèêàöèé ..........................................................894
13.2.3. Óçëû êðåïëåíèÿ àãðåãàòîâ è äàò÷èêîâ ....................................................................................895
13.2.4. Ìåõàíè÷åñêàÿ ïðîâîäêà óïðàâëåíèÿ.......................................................................................897
13.3. Ïðîåêòèðîâàíèå îáâÿçêè ..................................................................................................................... 898
13.3.1. Òðåáîâàíèÿ ê îáâÿçêå................................................................................................................898
13.3.2. Îñíîâíûå ïðèíöèïû è ïîðÿäîê ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ îáâÿçêè ...................................................899
13.3.3. Ìåòîäû îòðàáîòêè êîíñòðóêöèè îáâÿçêè ...............................................................................901
13.3.3.1. Íàòóðíîå ìàêåòèðîâàíèå ..............................................................................................901
13.3.3.2. Ýëåêòðîííîå ìàêåòèðîâàíèå îáâÿçêè ..........................................................................903
13.3.4. Ðàçìåùåíèå àãðåãàòîâ, äàò÷èêîâ è ïðîåêòèðîâàíèå óçëîâ êðåïëåíèÿ ................................907
13.3.5. Ïðîåêòèðîâàíèå òðóáîïðîâîäíûõ êîììóíèêàöèé ................................................................909
13.3.6. Ïðîåêòèðîâàíèå ýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ êîììóíèêàöèé ....................................................................911
13.3.6.1. Òðåáîâàíèÿ ê ýëåêòðè÷åñêèì êîììóíèêàöèÿì ...........................................................911
13.3.6.2. Ïîðÿäîê ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ êîììóíèêàöèé .........................................912
13.3.6.3. Ðàçðàáîòêà ýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ ñõåì ...................................................................................915
13.3.6.4. Ðàçðàáîòêà ìîíòàæíûõ ñõåì ........................................................................................916
13.3.6.5. Ðàçðàáîòêà ÷åðòåæåé ýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ æãóòîâ ..............................................................917
13.4. Îñîáåííîñòè êîíñòðóêöèè è ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ îáâÿçêè íàçåìíûõ ÃÒÄ........................................... 917
13.5. Àíãëî-ðóññêèé ñëîâàðü-ìèíèìóì ....................................................................................................... 917
13.6. Ïåðå÷åíü èñïîëüçîâàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû............................................................................................... 919
ÃËÀÂÀ 14 - ÄÈÍÀÌÈÊÀ È ÏÐÎ×ÍÎÑÒÜ ÃÒÄ.......................................................................... 920
14.1 Òåîðåòè÷åñêèå îñíîâû äèíàìèêè è ïðî÷íîñòè ÃÒÄ ......................................................................... 920
14.1.1 Íàïðÿæåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå, òåíçîð íàïðÿæåíèé ........................................................................921
14.1.2 Óðàâíåíèÿ ðàâíîâåñèÿ ..............................................................................................................922
14.1.3 Ïåðåìåùåíèÿ â äåôîðìèðóåìîì òâåðäîì òåëå. Òåíçîð äåôîðìàöèé ..................................923
14.1.4 Óðàâíåíèÿ ñîâìåñòíîñòè äåôîðìàöèé ...................................................................................925
14.1.5 Îáîáùåííûé çàêîí Ãóêà ..........................................................................................................926
14.1.6 Êðàåâàÿ çàäà÷à òåîðèè óïðóãîñòè. Ãðàíè÷íûå óñëîâèÿ. Ìåòîäû ðåøåíèÿ
êðàåâûõ çàäà÷ òåîðèè óïðóãîñòè .........................................................................................................928
14.1.7 Ïëîñêàÿ çàäà÷à òåîðèè óïðóãîñòè ..........................................................................................929
14.1.8 Ïëàñòè÷åñêàÿ äåôîðìàöèÿ ìàòåðèàëà. Ïðîñòîå è ñëîæíîå íàãðóæåíèå............................931
14.1.9 Ìîäåëè óïðóãî-ïëàñòè÷åñêèõ äåôîðìàöèé. Ìåòîä ïåðåìåííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ óïðóãîñòè .933
14.1.10 Ïîâåäåíèå êîíñòðóêöèé ïðè ðàçãðóçêå. Îñòàòî÷íûå íàïðÿæåíèÿ .....................................935
14.1.11 Ïîëçó÷åñòü. Ðåëàêñàöèÿ íàïðÿæåíèé. Äëèòåëüíàÿ ïðî÷íîñòü ...........................................937
14.1.12 Óñòàëîñòíîå ðàçðóøåíèå ýëåìåíòîâ êîíñòðóêöèé ..............................................................940
14.1.13 Ìàëîöèêëîâàÿ óñòàëîñòü. Òåðìè÷åñêàÿ óñòàëîñòü ..............................................................944
14.1.14 Íàêîïëåíèå ïîâðåæäåíèé ïðè íåñòàöèîíàðíîì íàãðóæåíèè ............................................946
14.1.15 Çàêîíîìåðíîñòè ðàçâèòèÿ òðåùèí â ýëåìåíòàõ êîíñòðóêöèé ............................................947
14.1.16 Ñâîáîäíûå êîëåáàíèÿ ñèñòåìû ñ îäíîé ñòåïåíüþ ñâîáîäû ...............................................951
14.1.17 Âûíóæäåííûå êîëåáàíèÿ ñèñòåìû ñ îäíîé ñòåïåíüþ ñâîáîäû .........................................953
14.1.18 Êîëåáàíèÿ ñèñòåìû ñ âÿçêèì ñîïðîòèâëåíèåì. Äåìïôèðîâàíèå êîëåáàíèé...................954
14.1.19 Âûíóæäåííûå êîëåáàíèÿ ñèñòåìû ñ îäíîé ñòåïåíüþ ñâîáîäû ïîä äåéñòâèåì
ïðîèçâîëüíîé ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé âîçìóùàþùåé ñèëû ..........................................................................956
14.1.20 Êîëåáàíèÿ ñèñòåìû ñ íåñêîëüêèìè ñòåïåíÿìè ñâîáîäû .....................................................958
14.1.21 Êîëåáàíèÿ ñèñòåìû ñ ðàñïðåäåëåííîé ìàññîé ....................................................................961
14.1.22 Êîíöåïöèÿ ìåòîäà êîíå÷íûõ ýëåìåíòîâ ...............................................................................964
14.1.23 Ðåàëèçàöèÿ ìåòîäà êîíå÷íûõ ýëåìåíòîâ â èíæåíåðíûõ ðàñ÷åòàõ .....................................966
14.1.24 Ïðèìåð àíàëèçà íàïðÿæåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ òåëà â òðåõìåðíîé ïîñòàíîâêå
ìåòîäîì êîíå÷íûõ ýëåìåíòîâ. Êîíöåíòðàöèÿ íàïðÿæåíèé â óïðóãîì è