Hartley J. Communication, Cultural and Media Studies: The Key Concepts

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COMMUNICATION,

CULTURAL AND MEDIA

STUDIES: THE KEY CONCEPTS

This book provides a topical and authoritative guide to Communica-

tion, Cultural and Media Studies. It brings together in an accessible

form some of the most important concepts that you will need, and

shows how they have been - or might be - used. This third edition of

the classic text Key Concepts in Communication and Cultural Studies

forms an up-to-date, multi-disciplinary explanation and assessment of

the key concepts and new terms that you will encounter in your

studies, from `anti-globalisation' to `reality TV', from `celebrity' to

`tech-wreck'.

This new edition includes:

. Over 70 new entries,

. Most entries revised, rewritten and updated,

. Coverage of recent developments in the field,

. Coverage of new interactive media and the `new economy',

. An extensive bibliography to aid further study.

John Hartley is Professor and Dean of the Creative Industries Faculty

at Queensland University of Technology, Australia. He is author of

many books and articles on television, journalism and cultural studies.

His most recent books are: Popular Reality (1996), Uses of Television

(1999), The Indigenous Public Sphere, with Alan McKee (2000),

American Cultural Studies: A Reader, edited with Roberta E. Pearson

(2000) and A Short History of Cultural Studies (2003).

ROUTLEDGE KEY GUIDES

Routledge Key Guides are accessible, informative and lucid handbooks,

which define and discuss the central concepts, thinkers and debates in

a broad range of academic disciplines. All are written by noted experts

in their respective subjects. Clear, concise exposition of complex and

stimulating issues and ideas make Routledge Key Guides the ultimate

reference resources for students, teachers, researchers and the

interested lay person.

Ancient History: Key Themes and Approaches

Neville Morley

Business: The Key Concepts

Mark Vernon

Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts (second edi-

tion)

Susan Hayward

Cultural Theory: The Key Concepts

Edited by Andrew Edgar and Peter

Sedgwick

Cultural Theory: The Key Thinkers

Andrew Edgar and Peter Sedgwick

Eastern Philosophy: Key Readings

Oliver Leaman

International Relations: The Key Concepts

Martin Griffiths and Terry O’Callaghan

Key Writers on Art: From Antiquity to the Nine-

teenth Century

Edited by Chris Murray

Key Writers on Art: The Twentieth Century

Edited by Chris Murray

Popular Music: The Key Concepts

Roy Shuker

Post-Colonial Studies: The Key Concepts

Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen

Tiffin

Social and Cultural Anthropology: The Key Con-

cepts

Nigel Rapport and Joanna Overing

Sport and Physical Education: The Key Concepts

Timothy Chandler, Mike Cronin and Wray

Vamplew

Sport Psychology: The Key Concepts

Ellis Cashmore

Television Studies: The Key Concepts

Neil Casey, Bernadette Casey, Justin Lewis,

Ben Calvert and Liam French

Fifty Eastern Thinkers

Diane

Collinson, Kathryn Plant and Robert

Wilkinson

Fifty Contemporary Choreographers

Edited by Martha Bremser

Fifty Contemporary Filmmakers

Edited by Yvonne Tasker

Fifty Key Classical Authors

Alison Sharrock and Rhiannon Ash

Fifty Key Contemporary Thinkers

John Lechte

Fifty Key Figures in Twentieth-Century British

Politics

Keith Laybourn

Fifty Key Jewish Thinkers

Dan Cohn-Sherbok

Fifty Key Thinkers on the Environment

Edited by Joy Palmer with Peter Blaze

Corcoran and David A. Cooper

Fifty Key Thinkers on History

Marnie Hughes-Warrington

Fifty Key Thinkers in International Relations

Martin Griffiths

Fifty Major Economists

Steven Pressman

Fifty Major Philosophers

Diane

Collinson

Fifty Major Thinkers on Education

Joy Palmer

Fifty Modern Thinkers on Education

Joy Palmer

Key Concepts in Eastern Philosophy

Oliver Leaman

Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics

R. L. Trask

Key Concepts in the Philosophy of Education

John Gingell and Christopher Winch

Communication, Cultural and Media Studies:

The Key Concepts (third edition)

John Hartley

COMMUNICATION,

CULTURAL AND

MEDIA STUDIES

The Key Concepts

Third Edition

John Hartley

With additional material by

Martin Montgomery, Elinor Rennie and Marc Brennan

First published 2002

by Routledge

11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Routledge

29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001

RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup

# 2002 John Hartley

anyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,nowknownorhereafter

invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or

retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

A catalog record for this title has been requested

ISBN 0–415–26888–5 (hbk)

ISBN 0–415–26889–3 (pbk)

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004.

ISBN 0-203-44993-2 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-45754-4 (Adobe eReader Format)

CONTENTS

Preface to the third edition viii

Introduction ix

Acknowledgements xi

List of concepts xii

KEY CONCEPTS 1–237

Bibliography 238

Index 259

vii

PREFACE TO THE THIRD

EDITION

This is the third edition of a book first published in the early 1980s,

followed by an enlarged and revised edition in the 1990s. It has

remained in print and in demand for all of the intervening time. It has

also been translated into Chinese, Spanish, Korean and Bahasa

Malaysian.

Now here it is again, spruced up for a new century. For this edition

it has been revised from top to bottom, has come under single

authorship, with crucial input from Martin Montgomery, Elinor

Rennie and Marc Brennan, and it has been redesigned. Some concepts

survive from earlier editions, but for the most part this is an entirely

new work. The entries now include many that relate to new

interactive media and the ‘new economy’, developments that were not

even on the horizon when the first edition was published.

The first edition was published in 1982 with the title Key Concepts

in Communication Studies. The second edition was Key Concepts in

Communication and Cultural Studies, published in 1994. This edition is

called Communication, Cultural and Media Studies: The Key Concepts, the

change in form of the title reflecting this volume’s alignment with

Routledge’s ‘Key Guides’, of which it was the prototype. Cultural and

media studies have also been successively added, in recognition of their

importance both within these covers and in the world.

viii

INTRODUCTION

In 1969, computers were the size of rooms; computer disks the size of

woks. Time spent on them was so valuable you had to hire it by the

hundredth of an hour (0.6 of a minute). These impressive machines,

however, had about as much computing power as the old PC that

people now pass on to the kids because it is too slow. But those

behemoths – the IBM 360s – were used in 1969 to send people to the

moon. In the same year, the year of the Woodstock music festival and

the first episodes of Sesame Street, the first Boeing 747 jumbo jet rolled

out of its Seattle hangar. It was in 1969 also that, using the resources of

a military budget distended by Cold War fears and the continuing

Vietnam War, the US Defense Department’s Advanced Projects

Research Agency invented a ‘packet switching’ technology – better

known now as the Internet.

Communication was entering an unprecedented phase of intensi-

fication; culture was flowering; information was valuable and the sky

was the limit. The media, communications and culture were moving

centre stage, becoming among the most dynamic areas of con-

temporary life.

Since 1969 computing, communication, media and the field of

popular culture have changed and burgeoned. Computing is many

times faster and now much more socially pervasive. International

transport is now a mass medium in its own right. The Internet grows

exponentially each year. The new economy has made its presence felt.

But things have not changed out of all recognition. The USA is still

the engine of innovation and growth, and simultaneously a source of

anxiety and hostility. Jumbos are still flying. And some of Woodstock’s

greatest hits are still playing. People don’t go the moon any more, but

they do go to Disney World, which also began life in 1969.

Communication, cultural and media studies are also of this vintage;

relatively young by academic standards. They grew out of the period

in the 1960s and 1970s when higher education began to take modern

communication, culture and media seriously. This was also the time