Гусейнов Мамедали. Древний палеолит Азербайджана (по материалам пещерных стоянок)

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materials of global scientific importance of the

history of the man's initial settlement in the terri-

tory of our country, ethnical genesis, social and

spiritual life of our ancestors in Azerbaijan.

There is identified the chronological succes-

sion of Paleolithic periodization ranging from the

period of pebble Kuruchay culture (resembling

Oldowan) to the beginning of Upper Paleolithic,

for the territory of Azerbaijan. Moreover,

Paleolithic of pre-mindel (Absheron) and mindel

(Baku) age in the entire Caucasus's Paleolithic

stratigraphy was absent before Cave Azykh was

excavated.

The results of complex studies illustrate that,

in terms of geological age of the most ancient cul-

tural layers, Cave Azykh is one of the most inter-

esting sites of the ancient man and unique one in

the post-Soviet territory and, in terms of chrono-

logical range of cultural layers covering the bigger

part of the humankind primordial history (from

pebble culture to the Mousterian period inclusive-

ly), is the only one of such kind in the world. The

area of Cave Azykh, i.e. southeast of the Small

Caucasus is one of the most ancient hearths of

human civilization on the planet.

Artifacts, which were obtained from the most

ancient layers – VII – X – dating back to the

Absheron epoch (Eopleistocene), strongly dif-

fered from the Lower Acheulian Layer VI tools by

big dimensions, prevalence of pebble tools,

absence of bifaces, and roughness and primitive-

ness of secondary refining techniques. All this

served as a ground to unite the industry of

Azykh's Lower (VII – X) Layers into particular

one, more ancient than the Lower Acheulian peb-

ble culture we call Kuruchay culture. This culture

emerged and developed in a very favorable geo-

graphical area, at a junction of three great conti-

nents. This geographical area may yield new, still

unknown archeological monuments of origin of

humankind's material culture. The typological

composition of pebble tools of the Kuruchay cul-

ture illustrates that the tools were the prototypes

of materials of Lower Acheulian, Middle

Acheulian and Mousterian layers of the site.

It is possible to conclude from all details of

forming of the tools, an increase of typological

composition, secondary refining techniques and

technical-typological indicators that Kuruchay

culture inhabitants entered the Cave with tech-

niques of making of tools, which had been devel-

oped within several hundreds of thousands of

years and then passed to the next generations as a

tradition.

Thus, Kuruchay culture carriers, long before

they settled the Cave for the first time, existed and

developed their traditions and culture inhabiting

open-air expanses of the valley of River Kuruchay

approximately 1.5 milion – 2 million years ago.

In Azykh's Lower Pleistocene (Baku-Mindel),

there were already identified Lower Acheulian

forms, which are represented in the form of Layer

VI materials and developed on the basis of

Kuruchay culture. Such succession of the industry

either genetically or ethnically makes the archeo-

logical cultures of the site's such non-contempora-

neous geological periods related and allows con-

cluding that Cave Azykh's Lower Acheulian cul-

ture is the continuation of Kuruchay culture.

Inhabiting Azykh in the Middle Acheulian

period were hominids like pre-Neanderthal man

dating back to Middle Pleistocene (the Lower

Khazar, Mindel-Riss).

The Paleoanthropologic discovery in Azykh

is the most ancient one of all discoveries known in

the post-Soviet area. It allowed identifying the

physical type of Acheulian man who inhabited

here approximately 350,000 – 400,000 years ago.

In terms of physical type, Azykh's

231

Acheulian man – Azykhanthropus – occupied

an intermediate position in the stage of anthropo-

genesis between Archanthropuses and

Paleoanthropuses. A pre-Neanderthal man's jaw

discovered in Azykh is very similar to the anthro-

pologic discovery at the site of Toutavel, France,

an indication of existence of a wide area of inhab-

itance of pre-Neanderthal men in the territory of

Europe.

Remains of hearths and masonry were dis-

covered in the Cave Azykh's Acheulian Layers

for the first time ever in the post-Soviet area.

The discovery of "a hiding-place" with skulls

of cave bears allows asserting the birth of reli-

gious notions/the cult of animals of Acheulian

inhabitants of the site of Azykh.

Archeological materials in Azykh's Layer III

have the earliest age (Upper Khazar, Riss-Wurm)

of Mousterian complexes in Azerbaijan. The

Azykh's Mousterian industry combines typologi-

cal distinctions and techniques of making of tools

of either Acheulian or new forms of tools.

Technical-typological indicators of the

industry of the site of Taglar put it into the group

of typical Mousterian, in its Levalloisian faction.

The archeological discoveries in Cave Azykh

and at other sites in Azerbaijan enable to restore

the first historical pages of the Caucasus's being

settled by man starting from the Absheron peri-

od.

232

Оглавление

Предисловие .................................................................................................................................3

Введение ...............................................................................................................................................5

ГЛАВА I. История изучения палеолита в Азербайджане ..................................................................7

ГЛАВА II. Природные условия Азербайджана в антропогене ........................................................13

ГЛАВА III. Географическое положение и комплексная характеристика палеолитических стоянок

Азербайджана ....................................................................................................................................17

1. Географическое положение палеолитических стоянок Азербайджана ..................................................17

2. Комплексная характеристика пещеры Азых и ее отложений .................................................20

3. Комплексная характеристика пещеры Таглар и ее отложений ..............................................47

4. Пещерные палеолитические стоянки на горе

Авейдаг ............................................................53

ГЛАВА IV. Культура куручай (олдувай) ..........................................................................................60

ГЛАВА V. Древний ............................................................................................................................81

ГЛАВА VI. Средний ашель ..............................................................................................................114

ГЛАВА VII. Средний палеолит (мустье) .........................................................................................140

1. Мустьерская эпоха в пещере Азых .........................................................................................140

2. Мустьерская стоянка в пещере Таглар ..................................................................................146

3. Мустьерская стоянка в Дашсалахлы ......................................................................................148

4. Каменная индустрия грота Дамджылы ..................................................................................151

ГЛАВА VIII. Индустриальные особенности древнепалеолитических культур азыхской

пещеры ..............................................................................................................................................167

1. Некоторые предварительные итоги изучения индустриальных комплексов куручайской

культуры (VII - X слои) ....................................................................................................................167

2. Технико-типологические особенности древнеашельской индустрии VI слоя ....................177

3. Технико-типологическая оценка среднеашельской индустрии V слоя ................................189

4. Основные типологические черты среднепалеолитических индустрий Азербайджана ......194

Заключение .......................................................................................................................................201

Литература ...............................................................................................................................204

Summary ..................................................................................................................................211

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Корректор: И.А.Гинсбург

Компьютерный наборщик: М.М.Гусейнова

Ф.А.Алиева

Дизайнер обложки и графика: С.Т.Кязимова

Графика: К.М.Алиева

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Подписано в печать: 07.09.2010.

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Директор типографии: Алекпер Мамедов

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