Gibilisco S. Teach Yourself Electricity and Electronics
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P-N junction, 318–321
PNP transistor, 352–353
polar orbit, 557
polarization, wave, 421
polarizer, 105
polyethylene capacitor, 180
polystyrene capacitor, 180, 399
portable hi-fi system, 546–547
portable operation, in amateur radio, 559
position sensor, 603
positive feedback, 393–394
positive peak amplitude, 152
positive temperature coefficient, 96
pot core, 168, 291–292, 401
potential, 13
potential difference, 13, 17, 21, 41
potentiometer
audio-taper, 91–92
linear-taper, 90–91
logarithmic-taper, 91–92
log-taper, 91–92
schematic symbol, 55
slide, 90
POTS. See plain old telephone service
power
amplification, 384–388
amplifier, 391–393
apparent, 265–267
calculations, 61–62
defined, 23–24, 265
dissipation, 86–87
division of, 64
effective, 266
effective radiated, 478
factor, 269–273
forward, 267
gain, 357, 380–381
input, dc, 386–387
instantaneous, 266
output, 387
peak, 266
rating, of resistor, 95–96
reactive, 267–273
reflected, 267
supply, 337–351
transformer, 292–294, 337–338
power (Cont.)
transmission, 273–276
true, 267–275, 281
units of, 265
VA, 268–274
prefix multiplier, 24
preamplifier, 427
preselector, 425, 428
pressure sensor
back, 524–525
capacitive, 523
elastomer, 524
primary cell, 102–103
primary colors, 599
primary winding, 286–288
printer
dot-matrix, 578
image resolution of, 578
inkjet, 577
laser, 577–578
thermal, 578
product detector, 431–432
programmable multiplier/divider, 398
propagation, wave, 421–423
propane, in fuel cell, 111
proton, 3–4
proximity sensor
capacitive, 524–525
photoelectric, 525–526
P-type semiconductor, 10, 109–110,
317–318
P-type silicon, 109–110
pulsating direct current, 28
pulse modulation, 414–415
purely resistive impedance, 235, 259
push-pull amplifier, 385–386
Q
quad antenna, 482–483
quad stereo, 547
quadraphonic sound, 547
quality control, 588–589
quarter-wave vertical antenna, 474–476
quick-break fuse, 347
quiet room, 540
Index 691
R
rack-mounted hi-fi system, 542
radar, 527–528
radial leads, 96
radial system, ground, 475, 477
radian, 151
radians of phase, 151
radiant-heat detector, 590
radiation resistance, 281, 471–472
radio direction finding, 476, 530–531
radio-frequency
amplification, 391–393
bands, 423–424
field strength, 479–480
ground, 477
interference, 549–550
spectrum, 420
transformer, 297–299
radiolocation, 589
radioteletype, 408
RAM. See random-access memory
random-access memory, 499
range
plotting, 602
in radar, 528
sensing, 602
in spherical coordinates, 602
raster, 418
ratio detector, 432
RC. See resistance/capacitance
RDF. See radio direction finding
reach, 595–596
reactance
capacitive, 214–228, 239
inductive, 200–213, 239
modulation, 413
power consumption and,
268
reactive power, 267–273
read-only memory, 499
read-write
head, in hard drive, 571
memory, 499
receiver
direct-conversion, 425, 432
double-conversion, 426
receiver (Cont.)
dynamic range, 425
noise figure, 425
selectivity, 425
sensitivity, 425
single-conversion, 426
superheterodyne, 425–427
reception
dual-diversity, 434–435
wireless, 424–437
record mode, 548
recording head, 127, 548
rectangular coordinate geometry,
595
rectangular response, 428
rectangular wave, 145
rectangular waveguide, 483–484
rectification
full-wave, 28–30, 339–343
half-wave, 28–30, 325–326, 338–340,
342–343
rectifier
diode, 325–326, 338
full-wave bridge, 339–314
full-wave center-tap, 339–340
half-wave, 325–326, 338–340
selenium, 338
silicon, 338
red/green/blue, 453–454
reference antenna, 478
refresh rate, 576
reflected power, 267
reflector
corner, 485–486
in dish antenna, 484–485
in helical antenna, 485
paraboloidal, 484
in parasitic antenna, 482
spherical, 484–485
reference oscillator, 398
relay
normally closed, 125
normally open, 125
remanence, 122–123
repeater, 554–555
residual magnetism, 122–123
692 Index
resistance
calculations, 60–61
definition of, 9, 20–22
leakage, 218
loss, 471–472
negative, 233, 330
parallel, 63, 72–74
radiation, 281, 471–472
series, 62, 69–71
series-parallel, 64–65
resistance/capacitance
circuit, 523
phase angle, 221–224
plane, 218–220
resistance/inductance
phase angle, 207–210
plane, 203–205
resistance/inductance/capacitance circuit,
248–250, 257–258, 277
resistivity, 20
resistor
bleeder, 87–88
carbon-composition, 88–89
carbon-film, 89–90
color code, 96–98
coupling, 88
current-equalizing, 346
defined, 9, 21
film-type, 89–90
fixed, 88–90
impedance-matching, 88
integrated-circuit, 90
metal-film, 89–90
ohmic value of, 95
power rating of, 95–96
schematic symbol, 55
temperature-compensated, 96
tolerance, 95–96
uses of, 85–88
wirewound, 89
resolution
in high-definition television, 418
image, 513, 576
in slow-scan television, 471
optical, 598
of printer, 578
resolution (Cont.)
sampling, 415–416
of scanner, 579
resonance
definition of, 247, 252, 276
parallel, 252, 277–278
series, 247, 276–278
resonant devices, 280–282
resonant frequency, 276–278
resonant notch, 493–494
resonant peak, 493–494
response time, in meter, 39
retarding field, 513–514
retentivity, 122–123
retracing, 417
reverse bias, 320, 330, 354–355
revolute geometry, 596–597
RF. See radio-frequency
RFI. See radio-frequency interference
RGB. See red/green/blue
rheostat, 92–93
rim drive, 549
ringer, 124
ripple frequency, 340
rise, in sawtooth wave, 146
robot
arm, 588–589, 592–597
generations, 591–592
hearing, 597
leg, 603
navigation, 600–602
vision system, 597–600
robotics, Asimov’s three laws of,
592
roll, of motion in robot arm, 593
roller inductor, 396
ROM. See read-only memory
root-mean-square amplitude, 153
rotating vector, 190–192
rotation, 596
rotor, in variable capacitor, 182
“rounding-off bug,” 71
R-S flip-flop, 447–448
R-S-T flip-flop, 447–448
RTTY. See radioteletype
RX plane, 233–236
Index 693
S
safety, in electrical work, 30
sampling
rate, 416
resolution, 415–416
satellite
geostationary, 424, 556–557
low-earth-orbit, 424, 556–557
medium-earth-orbit, 557–558
radio, 542
systems, 424
saturation
of bipolar transistor, 354–356
in color image, 453
of ferromagnetic core, 166
sawtooth wave, 146–147
scan
converter, 434
mode, 543
scanner
basic features, 579
configurations, 579–580
optical character recognition and,
579–580
schematic diagram, 55–57
schematic symbols, 55–56
scrambling, 547
secondary cell, 102–103
secondary electron, 512
secondary winding, 286–288
second-generation robot, 592
sector, in hard drive, 571–572
security
in communications, 561–565
levels of, 561–563
seek mode, 543
selective squelching, 433
selectivity, of receiver, 425
selenium
chemical element, 316
rectifier, 338
selsyn, 521
semiconductor
capacitor, 181–182
definition of, 9–10
diode, 318–319
intrinsic, 328
semiconductor (Cont.)
materials, 316–317
N-type, 10, 109–110, 317–318
P-type, 10, 109–110, 317–318
sensitivity
optical, 597–598
receiver, 425
sensor
back-pressure, 524–525, 603
capacitive, 523, 524–525
definition of, 523
elastomer, 524
photoelectric, 525–526
position, 603
proximity, 524–526
texture, 526–527
sequencing code, 437
sequential logic gate, 446
serial
data port, 580
data transmission, 450
serial-access storage, 573
serial-to-parallel conversion, 450–451
series circuit
power distribution in, 74
series-parallel resistances, 64–65
series resistances, 62, 69–71
series resonance, 247
series-tuned Colpitts oscillator, 396–397
servo, 599
shape factor, 428
sheet scanner, 579
shelf life, 104
shell, electron, 4–5
shell method, 289–290
SHF. See superhigh frequency
shortwave
band, 560
listening, 560–561
shoulder, 596
shunt resistance, 40–41
sideband, 409–412
signal
comparison, 529–531
mixing, 327
signal-plus-noise-to-noise ratio, 425
signal-to-noise ratio, 425
694 Index
significant figures, 60
silicon
chemical element, 316
rectifier, 338
steel, 288
silver-mica capacitor, 399
silver-oxide battery, 106
silver-oxide cell, 106
sine function, 144
sine wave, 28, 144–145, 188–199, 400–401,
539
single-conversion receiver, 426
single sideband, 410–412, 432
sky wave, 421–422
slide potentiometer, 90
slope detection, 429, 432
slow-blow fuse, 347
slow-scan television, 416–417
small-scale integration, 498
smoke detector, 587–588
solar cell, 48–49, 333
solar flare, 117
solar panel, 108, 109, 333
solar sail, 115
solar wind, 115–116
solenoid, 92, 124, 168
solenoidal core, 290
solid, 7–8
sonar, 529–530
sound-level meter, 48
sound power, 94
source
of field-effect transistor, 365
follower, 375
south geomagnetic pole, 115
south magnetic pole, 119
space, 408, 430
spacecraft cell, 108
spark coil, 161
speaker, 543
spectral display, 409–410
spectrum analyzer, 327
spell checker, 580
spherical coordinates, 602
spherical reflector, 484–485
spread-spectrum communications,
437
square wave, 145
squelch, 433
SSB. See single sideband
SSI. See small-scale integration
SSTV. See slow-scan television
stand-alone photovoltaic system, 109
static current amplification, 356
static electricity, 11–12
static triggering, 447
stator, in variable capacitor, 182
step angle, 520
step-down transformer, 286
stepper motor, 520–521
step-up transformer, 286
stereoscopic vision, 598
storage capacity, 103–104
standing waves, 275–276
stray inductance, 171
streaming audio, 542
stroke, 12
subscriber, 452
substrate, 109–110, 365–366
superheterodyne receiver, 425–427
superhigh frequency, 424
superimposed dc, 153–154
supply reel, 548
surface wave, 421
surge
current, 342, 346
impedance, 236
protector, 346
susceptance
capacitive, 238–239
definition of, 238
inductive, 238–239
switching diode, 328
synchro, 521–522
synchronized communications,
435
synchronous flip-flop, 447–448
T
T flip-flop, 447
tachometer, 522
take-up reel, 548
tantalum capacitor, 181–182
Index 695
tape
analog audio, 548
digital audio, 549
drive, for computer, 573
hiss, 541
magnetic, 127
player, 542
recording, 127
TB. See terabyte
telechir, 603–605
telemetry, 603–605
teleoperation, 521
telephone modem, 580
telepresence, 603–605
television
broadcast channels, 433
digital cable, 434
digital satellite, 418
fast-scan, 417–418, 433–434
high-definition, 417–418
reception, 433–434
slow-scan, 416–417
temperature coefficient
of capacitor, 184
negative, 96, 184
positive, 96, 184
zero, 184
temperature-compensated resistor, 96
temperature compensation, 96
terabyte, 449, 570
terahertz, 144
terminal node controller, 451–452
terminal unit, 408
terminals, schematic symbol, 57
tesla, 32, 120
tetrode tube, 507
texture sensor, 526–527
theoretical current, 72
thermal heating, 39
thermal printer, 578
thermocouple, 39
thermocouple principle, 39
third-generation robot, 592
three-wire ac system, 345
threshold detector, 319
threshold of hearing, 48, 94,
540
timbre, 539
time domain, 148, 194, 327
time-division multiplexing, 436
timer, 496
TNC. See terminal node controller
tolerance, 43, 95–96, 184
tone control, 389, 544
toroid, 92, 167–168, 290–291
toroidal core, 290–291, 402
touch pad, 520
track, in hard drive, 571–572
trackball, 520
tracking, in receiver tuning, 428
transceiver, 554–555
transconductance, 370
transducer
acoustic, 597
displacement, 519–523
dynamic, 517–519
electrostatic, 517–518
infrared, 519
piezoelectric, 518–519
visible-light, 519
wave, 517–519
transformer
audio-frequency, 294
balanced-to-unbalanced, 295
balun, 295
broadband, 297
core method of winding, 289–290
coupling, 295, 389–391
E-core, 289–290
ferromagnetic cores in, 288–289
for impedance matching, 275, 294–299
interwinding capacitance of, 289–290
iron, 288
pot-core, 291–292
power, 292–294, 337–338
primary winding of, 286–288
principle of, 286–289
radio-frequency, 297–299
ratings, 337–338
secondary winding of, 286–288
shell method of winding, 289–290
solenoidal-core, 290
step-down, 286, 337
step-up, 286, 337
696 Index
transformer (Cont.)
toroidal, 290–291
transmission-line, 297–299
turns ratio of, 287–288
unbal, 295
unbalanced-to-balanced, 295
volt-ampere capacity of, 337–338
transient
definition of, 346–347
suppressor, 346
transistor
amplifier, basic, bipolar, 381–382
amplifier, basic, field-effect, 382–383
base of, 353
battery, 106
biasing, 353–357, 367–370
bipolar, 352–364, 425
collector of, 352
drain of, 365
emitter of, 352
field-effect, 365–378, 425
gate of, 365
NPN, 352
PNP, 352–353
power, 344–345
size of, 315
source of, 365
transistor-transistor logic, 496–497
transmatch, 299, 474
transmission line
balanced, 295
characteristic impedance of, 236–238
coaxial, 170, 236–237, 423
dielectric in, 170
as inductor, 169–170
mismatched, 275
parallel-wire, 169–170, 236–237, 423
power measurement in, 274
section, 280
standing waves in, 275–276
transformer, 297–299
unbalanced, 295
velocity factor of, 280
waveguide, 423, 483–484
transmission, wireless, 407–418
transponder, 589
treble, 389, 538
triangular wave, 146–147
trimmer capacitor, 183
triode tube, 507
tropospheric propagation, 422
true power, 267–275, 281
TTL. See transistor-transistor logic
TU. See terminal unit
tube. See electron tube
tubular capacitor, 180
tuned-circuit coupling, 390–391
tuned power amplifier, 391–393
tuner, 543
tuning control, 393
tunnel diode, 331
turns ratio, 287–288
turntable, 542
TV. See television
tweeter, 543
twin T oscillator, 401
twinlead, 295
two-wire ac system, 345
U
UHF. See ultrahigh frequency
ULSI. See ultra-large-scale integration
ultrahigh frequency, 417, 424, 513
ultra-large-scale integration, 498
ultrasonic motion detector, 591
ultraviolet, 49
unbal, 295
unbalanced load, 295
unbalanced transmission line 295
uninterruptible power supply, 107
Universal Serial Bus, 573
unwanted inductance, 171
upper sideband, 410–411
UPS. See uninterruptible power supply
USB. See upper sideband, Universal Serial Bus
user identification, 565
username, 582–583
V
VA power, 268–274
vacuum tube, 504
valve. See electron tube
Index 697
Van de Graaff generator, 11
varactor, 321, 413
variable capacitor, 182–184
vector
admittance, 241
in complex-number plane, 232
definition of, 191
diagram, 195
direction of, 191, 232
impedance, 234
magnitude of, 191, 232
in RC plane, 219–220
rendition of sine wave, 195
in RL plane, 205
rotating, 190–192
velocity factor, 170, 280, 419–420
vertical antenna, 473–476
vertical polarization, 421
very high frequency, 417, 424
very low frequency, 424
very-large-scale integration, 498
vestigial sideband, 417
vidicon, 511
VHF. See very high frequency
vinyl disk, 549
visible-light transducer, 519
vision system, 529, 597–600
VLF. See very low frequency
VLSI. See very-large-scale integration
voice-pattern recognition, 565
volatile memory, 499
volt, 17–18
voltage
calculations, 60
conservation of, 77
divider network, 78–80
doubler, 341
gain, 357, 380
instantaneous, 29, 189
loop, 276
negative-going, 188–189
node, 276
peak inverse, 338
positive-going, 188–189
regulation, 328–329, 341, 344–345,
495
voltage (Cont.)
spike, 346
transient, 346–347
Zener, 319
voltage-controlled oscillator, 330, 397
volt-ampere, 45, 265–266, 268–273, 337–338
voltmeter, 41–42, 44–45
volt-ohm-milliammeter, 44
volume
control, 389
of sound, 540
unit, 47–48
volume unit, 47–48
volume-unit meter, 47–48
VU. See volume unit
W
watt, 23–24, 265
watt rms, 47
watt-hour, 25–27, 46
watt-hour meter, 46
wattmeter, 45, 387
wave
complex, 147–148
composite, 151
cosine, 189
derivative of, 189
irregular, 147–148
polarization, 421
propagation, 421–423
rectangular, 145
sawtooth, 146–147, 539
sine, 28, 144–145, 188–199, 400–401,
539
sky, 421–422
square, 145, 539
surface, 421
transducer, 517–519
triangular, 146–147, 539
waveform, 539
waveguide, 423, 483–484
wavelength versus frequency, 419
weak-signal amplifier, 391
weber, 32, 120
Weston standard cell, 103–104
698 Index
wet cell, 14
white noise, 391
wideband FM, 413
wire-equivalent security, 561–562
wireless
eavesdropping, 561
network, 558–559
router, 559
tap, 561, 564–565
wireless-only encryption, 563–564
wiretapping, 561
wirewound resistor, 89
wiring diagram, 56–57
woofer, 543
word, in Morse code, 408
work envelope, 594
World Wide Web, 583
wrist, 596–597
X
XOR gate, 445–446
Y
Yagi antenna, 482–483
yaw, of motion in robot arm, 593
Z
Zener diode, 328–329, 344–345
Zener voltage, 329
zepp antenna, 473–474
zero beat, 425
zero bias, 353–354
zero temperature coefficient,
184
zinc-carbon cell, 105
Index 699
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