George W. Stimson introduction to Airborne Radar (Se)
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INDEX
Index Terms Links
573
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Diffraction:
of radio waves 54
radiation pattern 92
Digital scan converter 29
Digital filtering:
advantages 240
converting to digital 246
forming the filters 246
sampling the video 245
sidelobe reduction 263
synchronous detection 242
translation to video 241
what the filter does 256
what the inputs represent 253
Digital RF memory (DRFM) 447
Direction of doppler shift 67
Discrete Fourier transform 259
Displays (common types) 21
Distributed processing 536
Doppler beam sharp (DBS) 434
Doppler blind zones 347
Doppler effect:
causes 189
phasor representation 193
where it takes place 190
Doppler filtering:
bandwidth of a filter 236
direction of doppler shift 67
filter bank 235
Doppler frequency:
magnitude of 192
of an aircraft 195
of ground return 196
semiactive missile sees 197
simple derivation of 194
INDEX
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574
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Double-cross, deception 453
DPCA 318 547
Dual-mode TWT 551
Duplexer 16
E
E-2C Hawkeye 547
E-8C (AWACS) 549
Early warning/surveillance 548
ECCM:
artificial intelligence, use of 467
broad RF bandwidths 465
clutter reduction features 460
crosseye/crosspol, for 463
frequency agility 457
jam cancellation, mainlobe 465
jam cancellation, sidelobe 463
lobing deception, for 462
LPI features 467
offensive ECCM 467
passive ranging 459
range-gate stealers, for 461
sensor fusion 466
surface-based radars 463
terrain bounce, for 463
track on jamming 458
velocity-gate stealers, for 462
ECM:
angle deception 450
barrage jamming 444
chaff 439
false targets 446
future trends 454
gate-stealing deception 448
multiple-spot jamming 444
noise jamming 440
radar decoys 453
range-bin masking 445
INDEX
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575
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ECM (Cont.):
swept-spot jamming 444
velocity-bin masking 444
velocity-gate stealing 449
Electric field 49 51
Electromagnetic fields 49
Electromagnetic radiation:
defined 49
how antennas radiate 51
myriad sources of 50
Electronic intelligence 469
Electronic support measures 469
Electronically steered antenna (ESA) 473
Energy/power, defined 112
Envelope detector 17
ESA 473
ESA design:
Active, concept 474
advantages 475 477
basic concept 473
beam stabilization 478
beam steering controller 473
Bragg lobes, avoidance of 482
field of regard 478
grating lobes, avoidance of 481 482
limitations, circumvention 478
passive, concept 474
phase shift, to steer beam 474
radiator lattice 482
stepped search scan 474
T/R module 475
ESM:
basic functions 469
detecting RF emissions 470
extracting parameters 471
identifying sources 472
Exciter 25
INDEX
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576
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F
F-16 C/D 551
F-2 550
F-41 554
F/A-18 552
False targets, generation:
digital RF memory (DRFM) 447
repeater for 446
swept spot jamming, for 444
transponder for 446
Fan beam 8
FFT (fast Fourier transform):
basic concept 268
butterfly, instruction 277
computations required 277
identifying filter outputs 273
processing flow diagram 270
reduction in computations 272
required phase rotations 269
Fighter/interceptor mission 41 550
Fire control (air-to-air):
guns, for 42
missiles, for 43
FM ranging:
basic principle 177
doppler shift, accounting for 179
ghosts, eliminating 180
performance 185
Foldover, doppler spectrum 243 244
Forward altitude and range
measurement 38
Fourier series:
basic concept 213
fundamental frequency 213
harmonics 213
rectangular waves, of 214
INDEX
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577
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Fourier transform:
continuous 217
discrete (DFC) 259 260
fast (see FFT)
Frame, search scan 5
Frequencies used for radar 83
band designations 84
performance, influence on 85
optimum selection of 88
Frequency/phase modulation 66
Frequency:
agility 457 552
diversity 505
Frequency spectrum, defined 209
G
Gate array 537 548 552
Gate stealing deception:
coordinated range/velocity 450
range, noncoherent radar 448
range, coherent radar 449
velocity 542
GFLOP 542
Ghosts:
FM ranging 180
pulse-delay ranging 157
Global bulk memory 540
Gridded traveling-wave tube 26
Ground return:
altitude return 302
backscatter coefficient 294
dispersed nature of 310
doppler ambiguities in 314
mainlobe clutter (MLC) 296
normalized backscatter coefficient
295
objects on terrain 306
range ambiguities in 311
INDEX
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578
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Ground return (Cont.):
relation to target frequencies 303
sidelobe clutter (SLC) 299
Ground mapping 11
GMT detection:
combined notching, DPCA 321
notching technique 320
precise angle measurement 322
DPCA technique 318 547
slow GMTs, problem of 317
Guard channel 366
Guard horn 366
Gun fire control 42 551 553
H
Hellfire missiles 558
High PRF operation:
advantages, limitations 331 369
analog processing 373
digital processing 375
eclipsing, problem of 376
isolating target returns 370
medium PRF, interleaved with 378
range-gated mode 519
range measurement 375
tail-aspect, targets against 378
waveform 370
High-resolution mapping
(see also SAR):
cell size 393
optical processing 399
pixel 393
resolution distance 393
resolution requirements 394
HISAR radar 561
Hollow waveguide 16 486
Home on jamming (HOJ) 458
HPA (high-power amplifier) 475 487 488
INDEX
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579
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HUD (head-up display) 551
I
IFF 42
I and Q:
bipolar video signals 28
synchronous detector 243
Ice patrol 39
IF amplifier 17 28
Image frequencies 64 70
Indicator (pulsed radar for) 20
InSAR (3-D radar):
ambiguity resolution 517
basic concept 516
implementation 517
interferogram 517
phase unwrapping 517
Instantaneous bandwidth 503
Integrated processing:
advantages of 542
data security for 543
F-22 example 542
UAV example 542
Integration, signal:
postdetection (PDI) 131
predetection 127
Intercept systems 525
Interferometric clutter reduction 554
Interferometric SAR (see InSAR)
Intermediate frequency 17 28
Interrogator, radar beacon 37
ISAR 435
J
Jam angle track (JAT) 458
Jamming:
noise (see also Noise jamming) 440
terrain bounce 450
Joint STARS 549
INDEX
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580
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L
Law enforcement 39
LNA 474 487 505
Lobe on receive only 462
Lobing 9 102
Local oscillator 17 28
Logarithms 72
Long-range reconnaissance 40 546
Longbow radar 558
Look-in measurements 498
Low PRF operation:
advantages 346
doppler blind zones 347
GMT problem 351
less sophisticated processing 346
limitations 347
multiple-time-around echoes 250
separating targets from clutter 335
signal processing for 340
tracking MLC 345
Low probability of intercept (LPI) 525
Low-noise preamplifier (LNA) 28 417
LPI (low probability of intercept):
cost of 532
definition and need for 525
design strategies 527
generic interceptors 525
operational strategies 526
possible future trends 533
LPI design features:
mimicking enemy waveforms 532
multiple beams and frequencies 530
power management 528
pulse-compression 532
random waveforms 531
wide instantaneous bandwidth 530
LRU (line replaceable unit) 551 552
INDEX
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581
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M
Magnetic field 49 52
Magnetron 13 18 19
Magnetron transmitter 16
Mainlobe clutter (MLC) 296
Massive parallel processing 544
Max. unambiguous range 154
Medium PRF operation:
advantages, limitations 333
clutter problem 355
eliminating blind zones 361
guard channel 366
large RCS targets in sidelobes 365
minimizing SLC 364
rejecting GMTs 360
rejecting MLC 357
rejecting SLC 357
signal processing 359
Millimeter-wave applications 90 558
MIMIC 487
Missile guidance 43
Mixer (superheterodyne) 17 28
MMIC 487
Mode:
interleaving 379 551 553
management 523
Modulation:
amplitude 63 66
envelope 66
frequency 66
intrapulse 109
phase 500
pulse 217
Modulator 16
Modules (processor) 540 552
INDEX
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582
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Monopulse:
amplitude comparison 103
phase comparison 104
sum/difference signals 103
Monopulse ground mapping 559
MOSFET 539
MTI 11 549
Multilook SAR/DBS 432 553
Multifrequency operation 500
Multisensor fusion 466 561
N
N-Channel MOSFET 539
NAND gate 538 539
NIU (network interface unit) 540
Noise:
ambient vs.frequency 86
minimizing noise figure 505
receiver 116
receiver noise figure 116
reduction loop 505
sources ahead of receiver 110
transmitter 108
Noise jamming:
barrage 444
basic technique 440
burn-through range 442
cooperatively blinked 443
effectiveness of 441
mechanization 441
more than one radar 443
multiple spot 444
power in receiver output 441
swept spot 444
Noncooperative target identification:
ISAR 42
range profiling 42
NOT gate 538