Ерышев А.А. Религиоведение

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271

öèâèëèçàöèè â ÿäåðíûé âåê, çàùèòà ñðåäû îáèòàíèÿ, îõðàíà çäîðîâüÿ

è ïîäîáíûå, îáúåäèíèëè ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé ðàçëè÷íûõ ðåëèãèîçíûõ è íå-

ðåëèãèîçíûõ ìèðîâîççðåíèé. Ìûñëü î òîì, ÷òî áëàãî ÷åëîâåêà, ñîçäà-

íèå äîñòîéíûõ óñëîâèé åãî ïîëíîïðàâíîé ìàòåðèàëüíîé è äóõîâíîé

æèçíè äîëæíî áûòü ãëàâíîé öåëüþ ïðàêòè÷åñêèõ óñèëèé, âñå áîëåå óò-

âåðæäàåòñÿ â ñèñòåìàõ ðàçëè÷íûõ ìèðîâîççðåíèé, è äîñòèæåíèå ýòîé

öåëè ñîâìåñòíûìè óñèëèÿìè âàæíåå, ÷åì ìèðîâîççðåí÷åñêèå ðàçëè÷èÿ.

Âîò ïî÷åìó ãóìàíèçì ÿâëÿåòñÿ öåííîñòíîé îñíîâîé äèàëîãà âåðóþùèõ

è íåâåðóþùèõ.

Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ

1. Íàèáîëåå îáùèå òèïû ìèðîâîççðåíèé.

2. Âîçìîæåí ëè äèàëîã ìèðîâîççðåíèé?

3. Â ÷åì ñîñòîèò ñïåöèôèêà ðåëèãèîçíîé àíòðîïîëîãèè?

4. Êàê Âû ïîíèìàåòå òåçèñ: Ïðîáëåìà ÷åëîâåêà åñòü îñíîâíàÿ ïðîáëå-

ìà ôèëîñîôèè?

5. Ãóìàíèçì êàê öåííîñòíàÿ îñíîâà äèàëîãà âåðóþùèõ è íåâåðóþùèõ.

Ñïèñîê èñïîëüçîâàííîé è ðåêîìåíäóåìîé ëèòåðàòóðû

1. Áåðäÿåâ Í. À. Î íàçíà÷åíèè ÷åëîâåêà // Ìèð ôèëîñîôèè: Êíèãà äëÿ

÷òåíèÿ.  Ì., 1991.  ×. II.

2. Áåðäÿåâ Í. À. Ñìûñë èñòîðèè.  Ì., 1990.

3. Ãåãåëü. Ïîëèòè÷åñêèå ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ.  Ì., 1978.

4. Îñíîâû ðåëèãèîâåäåíèÿ / Ïîä ðåä. È. Í. ßáëîêîâà.  Ì., 1994.

5. Ðàäóãèí À. À. Ââåäåíèå â ðåëèãèîâåäåíèå.  Ì., 1996.

6. Ôèëîñîôèÿ: Ó÷åáíèê.  Ðîñòîâ í/Ä, 1997.

272

Ñîäåðæàíèå

Ïðåäèñëîâèå ............................................................................................... 3

Ðàçäåë 1

Ðåëèãèÿ êàê ïðåäìåò íàó÷íîãî àíàëèçà ............................................ 7

1.1. Ïðåäìåò ðåëèãèîâåäåíèÿ ................................................................... 8

1.2. Îñíîâíûå ïîäõîäû ê îáúÿñíåíèþ ðåëèãèè ..................................... 10

1.3. Ñóùíîñòíûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ðåëèãèè .............................................. 22

1.4. Äåòåðìèíàöèÿ ðåëèãèè ..................................................................... 25

Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ ..................................................................... 27

Ñïèñîê èñïîëüçîâàííîé è ðåêîìåíäóåìîé ëèòåðàòóðû .......................... 27

Ðàçäåë 2

Ñòðóêòóðà, ôóíêöèè è ðîëü ðåëèãèè ................................................. 29

2.1. Ðåëèãèîçíîå ñîçíàíèå ..................................................................... 30

2.2. Ðåëèãèîçíàÿ äåÿòåëüíîñòü ............................................................... 36

2.3. Ðåëèãèîçíûå îòíîøåíèÿ .................................................................. 39

2.4. Ðåëèãèîçíûå îðãàíèçàöèè ................................................................ 39

2.5. Ðåëèãèÿ êàê ñîöèàëüíûé ñòàáèëèçàòîð ........................................... 42

2.6. Ðåëèãèÿ êàê ôàêòîð ñîöèàëüíûõ èçìåíåíèé ................................... 48

2.7. Ñîöèàëüíàÿ ðîëü ðåëèãèè ................................................................ 50

Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ ..................................................................... 55

Ñïèñîê èñïîëüçîâàííîé è ðåêîìåíäóåìîé ëèòåðàòóðû .......................... 55

Ðàçäåë 3

Ïðîèñõîæäåíèå è ðàííèå ôîðìû ðåëèãèè .................................... 57

3.1. Áîãîñëîâñêî-òåîëîãè÷åñêèé è íàó÷íûé ïîäõîäû ê âîïðîñó

î ãåíåçèñå ðåëèãèè .......................................................................... 58

3.2. Ðîäîïëåìåííûå ðåëèãèè  òîòåìèçì, òàáó, ìàãèÿ,

ôåòèøèçì è àíèìèçì ....................................................................... 65

Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ ..................................................................... 73

Ñïèñîê èñïîëüçîâàííîé è ðåêîìåíäóåìîé ëèòåðàòóðû .......................... 74

Ðàçäåë 4

Íàöèîíàëüíûå ðåëèãèè ......................................................................... 75

4.1. Ïîíÿòèå íàöèîíàëüíî-ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé (ýòíè÷åñêîé) ðåëèãèè ........ 76

4.2. Ðåëèãèè ïåðâûõ öèâèëèçàöèé  Åãèïòà, Ìåñîïîòàìèè, Èíäà .......... 77

4.2.1. Âåðîâàíèÿ è êóëüòû â Äðåâíåì Åãèïòå ............................................ 77

4.2.2. Ðåëèãèè â Äðåâíåé Ìåñîïîòàìèè .................................................... 80

4.2.3. Ðåëèãèÿ èíäñêîé öèâèëèçàöèè ........................................................ 83

273

4.3. Ðåëèãèè êëàññè÷åñêèõ öèâèëèçàöèé Äðåâíåãî ìèðà ................... 84

4.3.1. Çîðîàñòðèçì (ïàðñèçì) .................................................................. 85

4.3.2. Èíäóèçì  âåäóùàÿ ðåëèãèÿ Äðåâíåé Èíäèè .................................. 86

4.3.3. Ðåëèãèè Äðåâíåãî Êèòàÿ: êóëüò Øàí-äè, êóëüò Íåáà,

äàîñèçì è êîíôóöèàíñòâî ............................................................. 97

4.3.4. Ðåëèãèÿ Äðåâíåé Ãðåöèè .............................................................. 100

4.3.5. Ðåëèãèÿ Äðåâíåãî Ðèìà ............................................................... 104

4.3.6. Èóäàèçì  ðåëèãèÿ åâðåéñêîãî íàðîäà ........................................ 105

Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ ................................................................... 109

Ñïèñîê èñïîëüçîâàííîé è ðåêîìåíäóåìîé ëèòåðàòóðû ........................ 109

Ðàçäåë 5

Áóääèçì .................................................................................................... 111

5.1. Âîçíèêíîâåíèå áóääèçìà ............................................................... 112

5.2. Îñíîâíûå èäåè è íàïðàâëåíèÿ áóääèçìà ...................................... 115

5.3. Îñîáåííîñòè ðåãèîíàëüíûõ ôîðì áóääèçìà................................. 121

Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ ................................................................... 123

Ñïèñîê èñïîëüçîâàííîé è ðåêîìåíäóåìîé ëèòåðàòóðû ........................ 123

Ðàçäåë 6

Âîçíèêíîâåíèå è ýâîëþöèÿ õðèñòèàíñòâà ................................... 124

6.1. Îáùåñòâåííî-èñòîðè÷åñêèå óñëîâèÿ âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ

è ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ õðèñòèàíñòâà ................................................... 125

6.2. Èäåéíûå ïðåäøåñòâåííèêè õðèñòèàíñòâà ...................................... 129

6.3. Ñïîðû î ëè÷íîñòè îñíîâàòåëÿ õðèñòèàíñòâà ................................ 134

6.4. Ïðåâðàùåíèå õðèñòèàíñòâà â ãîñóäàðñòâåííóþ

ðåëèãèþ Ðèìñêîé èìïåðèè ............................................................ 136

6.5. Âíóòðèöåðêîâíàÿ áîðüáà çà óòâåðæäåíèå õðèñòèàíñêîãî

âåðîó÷åíèÿ è êóëüòà ....................................................................... 138

6.6. Ðàçäåëåíèå õðèñòèàíñêèõ öåðêâåé ................................................ 140

Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ ................................................................... 141

Ñïèñîê èñïîëüçîâàííîé è ðåêîìåíäóåìîé ëèòåðàòóðû ........................ 142

Ðàçäåë 7

Òðè âåòâè õðèñòèàíñòâà: ïðàâîñëàâèå, êàòîëèöèçì,

ïðîòåñòàíòèçì ......................................................................................... 143

7.1. Ïðàâîñëàâèå êàê ðàçíîâèäíîñòü õðèñòèàíñòâà ............................. 144

7.2. Îñîáåííîñòè ïðàâîñëàâíîãî âåðîó÷åíèÿ è êóëüòà ........................ 148

7.3. Îñîáåííîñòè âåðîó÷åíèÿ è êóëüòà êàòîëèöèçìà ........................... 151

7.4. Ñîöèàëüíàÿ äîêòðèíà êàòîëè÷åñêîé öåðêâè .................................. 152

7.5. Âîçíèêíîâåíèå ïðîòåñòàíòèçìà ..................................................... 155

7.6. Îáùåå â âåðîó÷åíèè è êóëüòå ïðîòåñòàíòñêèõ

âåðîèñïîâåäàíèé ............................................................................ 158

Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ ................................................................... 161

Ñïèñîê èñïîëüçîâàííîé è ðåêîìåíäóåìîé ëèòåðàòóðû ........................ 161

274

Ðàçäåë 8

Èñëàì ......................................................................................................... 162

8.1. Âîçíèêíîâåíèå èñëàìà ................................................................... 163

8.2. Îñîáåííîñòè âåðîó÷åíèÿ è êóëüòà èñëàìà .................................... 169

8.3. Îñíîâíûå íàïðàâëåíèÿ â èñëàìå ................................................... 173

8.4. Èñëàì è ñîâðåìåííîñòü .................................................................. 176

Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ ................................................................... 180

Ñïèñîê èñïîëüçîâàííîé è ðåêîìåíäóåìîé ëèòåðàòóðû ........................ 180

Ðàçäåë 9

Èñòîðèÿ è ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå ðåëèãèé â Óêðàèíå .......... 181

9.1. Äîõðèñòèàíñêèå âåðîâàíèÿ óêðàèíñêîãî íàðîäà .......................... 182

9.2. Îñîáåííîñòè õðèñòèàíñòâà â Êèåâñêîé Ðóñè ................................. 186

9.3. Óêðàèíñêàÿ ïðàâîñëàâíàÿ öåðêîâü ................................................ 192

9.4. Óêðàèíñêàÿ àâòîêåôàëüíàÿ ïðàâîñëàâíàÿ öåðêîâü ....................... 197

9.5. Óêðàèíñêàÿ ãðåêî-êàòîëè÷åñêàÿ öåðêîâü ....................................... 200

9.6. Ïðàâîñëàâíûå öåðêâè â Óêðàèíå â êîíòåêñòå

ìåæöåðêîâíîãî êîíôëèêòà ............................................................ 202

Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ ................................................................... 205

Ñïèñîê èñïîëüçîâàííîé è ðåêîìåíäóåìîé ëèòåðàòóðû ........................ 206

Ðàçäåë 10

Ñîâðåìåííûå íåòðàäèöèîííûå êóëüòû ......................................... 207

10.1. Îñîáåííîñòè íåòðàäèöèîííûõ êóëüòîâ ........................................ 208

10.2. Íåîõðèñòèàíñêèå îáúåäèíåíèÿ .................................................... 209

10.3. Âåðîó÷åíèå, êóëüò è îðãàíèçàöèÿ Ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî

Îáùåñòâà Ñîçíàíèÿ Êðèøíû ....................................................... 210

Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ ................................................................... 214

Ñïèñîê èñïîëüçîâàííîé è ðåêîìåíäóåìîé ëèòåðàòóðû ........................ 214

Ðàçäåë 11

Îñíîâíûå íàïðàâëåíèÿ ðåëèãèîçíîé ôèëîñîôèè .................... 215

11.1. Áóääèéñêàÿ ôèëîñîôèÿ ............................................................... 216

11.2. Ïðàâîñëàâíàÿ ôèëîñîôèÿ ............................................................ 217

11.3. Êàòîëè÷åñêàÿ ôèëîñîôèÿ ............................................................ 220

11.4. Ïðîòåñòàíòñêàÿ ôèëîñîôèÿ è òåîëîãèÿ ...................................... 222

11.5. Ìóñóëüìàíñêàÿ ôèëîñîôèÿ è òåîëîãèÿ ....................................... 224

11.6. Íàäêîíôåññèîíàëüíàÿ ñèíêðåòè÷åñêàÿ ðåëèãèîçíàÿ

ôèëîñîôèÿ ................................................................................... 226

Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ ................................................................... 230

Ñïèñîê èñïîëüçîâàííîé è ðåêîìåíäóåìîé ëèòåðàòóðû ........................ 230

275

Ðàçäåë 12

Ñåêóëÿðèçàöèÿ è ñâîáîäîìûñëèå

â çàïàäíîåâðîïåéñêîé êóëüòóðå ...................................................... 231

12.1. Ñàêðàëèçàöèÿ è ñåêóëÿðèçàöèÿ

êàê ñîöèàëüíî-èñòîðè÷åñêèå ÿâëåíèÿ .......................................... 232

12.2. Ñâîáîäîìûñëèå è åãî ôîðìû ..................................................... 239

Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ ................................................................... 243

Ñïèñîê èñïîëüçîâàííîé è ðåêîìåíäóåìîé ëèòåðàòóðû ........................ 243

Ðàçäåë 13

Ñâîáîäà ñîâåñòè. Óêðàèíñêîå çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâî

î ðåëèãèîçíûõ îðãàíèçàöèÿõ ............................................................ 244

13.1. Èñòîðèÿ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíèé

î ñâîáîäå ñîâåñòè ....................................................................... 245

13.2. Ñâîáîäà ñîâåñòè â êîíòåêñòå ñòàíîâëåíèÿ

óêðàèíñêîé íàöèîíàëüíîé ãîñóäàðñòâåííîñòè ............................. 249

13.3. Çàêîíîäàòåëüíîå îáåñïå÷åíèå ñâîáîäû ñîâåñòè

â ñóâåðåííîé Óêðàèíå .................................................................. 255

Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ ................................................................... 258

Ñïèñîê èñïîëüçîâàííîé è ðåêîìåíäóåìîé ëèòåðàòóðû ........................ 258

Ðàçäåë 14

Äèàëîã è ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî âåðóþùèõ è íåâåðóþùèõ 

îñíîâà ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ñâåòñêîãî õàðàêòåðà

Óêðàèíñêîé äåðæàâû ........................................................................... 260

14.1. Âîçìîæåí ëè äèàëîã ìèðîâîççðåíèé? ........................................ 261

14.2. ×åëîâåê â ðåëèãèîçíîì è íåðåëèãèîçíîì ìèðîâîççðåíèÿõ ........ 266

14.3. Ãóìàíèçì êàê öåííîñòíàÿ îñíîâà äèàëîãà âåðóþùèõ

è íåâåðóþùèõ ............................................................................... 269

Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ ................................................................... 271

Ñïèñîê èñïîëüçîâàííîé è ðåêîìåíäóåìîé ëèòåðàòóðû ........................ 271

276

Íàâ÷àëüíå âèäàííÿ

ªðèøåâ Àíàòîë³é Îëåêñàíäðîâè÷

ÐÅË²Ã²ªÇÍÀÂÑÒÂÎ

Íàâ÷àëüíèé ïîñ³áíèê

3-òº âèäàííÿ, ñòåðåîòèïíå

(Ðîñ. ìîâîþ)

Â³äïîâ³äàëüíèé ðåäàêòîð Ì. Â. Äðîçäåöüêà

Ðåäàêòîð Î. ². Ìàºâñüêà

Êîðåêòîð Ã. Â. Ìèñëèâåöü

Êîìïþòåðíå âåðñòàííÿ Ã. Â. Ïîïîâè÷

Îôîðìëåííÿ îáêëàäèíêè Î. Â. Îâ÷èíí³êîâ

Ï³äï. äî äðóêó 18.08.03. Ôîðìàò 60

84/

. Ïàï³ð îôñåòíèé. Äðóê îôñåòíèé.

Óì. äðóê. àðê. 16,28. Îáë.-âèä. àðê. 16,5. Òèðàæ 5000 ïð. Çàì. ¹ 03-09-3

Ì³æðåã³îíàëüíà Àêàäåì³ÿ óïðàâë³ííÿ ïåðñîíàëîì (ÌÀÓÏ)

03039 Êè¿â-39, âóë. Ôðîìåò³âñüêà, 2, ÌÀÓÏ

Ñâ³äîöòâî ïðî âíåñåííÿ äî Äåðæàâíîãî ðåºñòðó

ñóáºêò³â âèäàâíè÷î¿ ñïðàâè ÄÊ ¹ 8 â³ä 23.02.2000

ÀÒÇÒ Âèäàâíè÷èé öåíòð ÄðÓê

03057 Êè¿â-57, âóë. Äîâæåíêà, 10

Ñâ³äîöòâî ÄÊ ¹ 108 â³ä 4.07.2000

Ìåòà ïðîïîíîâàíîãî íàâ÷àëüíîãî ïîñ³áíèêà  îçíàéîìèòè ÷èòà÷³â ç îñíîâàìè ðå-

ë³ã³ºçíàâñòâà. Íàâåäåíî ð³çí³ êîíöåïö³¿ òåîð³¿ ðåë³ã³¿, îïèñàíî ³ ïðîàíàë³çîâàíî íàéâàæ-

ëèâ³ø³ â³õè åâîëþö³¿ ³ñíóþ÷èõ ðåë³ã³é, îñíîâí³ íàïðÿìêè ðåë³ã³éíî¿ ô³ëîñîô³¿. Îñîáëèâó

óâàãó ïðèä³ëåíî ³ñòîð³¿ òà ñó÷àñíîìó ñòàíó ðåë³ã³é â Óêðà¿í³. Â³äñë³äêîâàíî ïðîöåñ ôîð-

ìóâàííÿ é ðîçâèòêó óÿâëåíü ïðî ñâîáîäó ñîâ³ñò³.

Äëÿ ñòóäåíò³â ³ âèêëàäà÷³â âèùèõ íàâ÷àëüíèõ çàêëàä³â.