Dunn D. War and Society in Medieval and Early Modern Britain
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1–5; R. Hutton, The Royalist War Effort, 1642–46 (Harlow, 1982), esp. chs 5 and 13; and
P. Gaunt, A Nation Under Siege: The Civil War in Wales, 1642–1648 (1991), chs 2–5. See
also R.N. Dore, ‘Sir Thomas Myddleton’s Attempted Conquest of Powys’, Mont-
gomeryshire Collections, vol. 57 (1961–62), pp. 91–118.
6 ‘Sir Thomas Middleton, coming suddenly to Mountgomery upon Wednesday
4 September with about 800 foot and horse …’, National Library of Wales (NLW)
Aberystwyth, Powis Castle Collection, Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Chir-
bury, box 5, vol. 9, f. 3.
7 Knight, ‘Excavations Part I’, pp. 105–123 provides a concise ‘tabulated’ history
of the castle drawn from surviving documentary evidence.
8 Reproduced in Phillips, Memoirs of the Civil War in Wales, II, p. 206.
9 In c. 1646–47 Herbert wrote an account of his actions, addressed to parliament,
stressing that he had ‘secured and defended my Castle for the space of about 2 yeares
(to my no little Cost and Charges) against all Attempts by the Adverse party to put a
Garrison into the same’, NLW, Powis Castle Collection, Edward Herbert, 1st Baron
Herbert of Chirbury, box 5, vol. 9, f. 15.
10 Paper relating ‘By what means the Castle of Montgomery was delivered to Sir
Thomas Middleton the 5th inst’, reproduced in Montgomeryshire Collections, vol. 22
(1888), pp. 181–83.
11 NLW, Powis Castle Collection, Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Chir-
bury, box 5, vol. 9, ff. 1–3.
12 Ibid.
13 Most of the important documents relating to the surrender of Montgomery
castle and its aftermath which are to be found in NLW, Powis Castle Collection,
Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Chirbury, box 5, vol. 9, have been fully calen-
dared in Herbert Correspondence, ed. W.J. Smith (Cardiff, 1968). Many of these, together
with some other documents, were reproduced with a brief commentary in Mont-
gomeryshire Collections, vol. 22 (1888).
14 Phillips, Memoirs of the Civil War in Wales, I, pp. 248–49, II, pp. 203, 208.
15 Ibid., II, pp. 201–9.
16 All the principal reports are printed in ibid., II, pp. 201–9; they are also
printed, together with reports from the newspapers, in Montgomeryshire Collections,
vol. 22 (1888), pp. 186–98. Comparison with the originals in the British Library,
Thomason Tracts, confirm that these transcripts are accurate and together they pro-
vide a reasonably full picture of the action on 18 September. My reconstruction of
events in the following paragraphs is based upon these documents, to which further
reference will be made only on precise points of detail or where they have been quoted.
There are a small number of modern, brief accounts of the battle: D.E. Evans, Mont-
gomery, 1644 (n.p., n.d. c. 1984–85); Gaunt, A Nation Under Siege, pp. 48–49; A. Abram,
The Battle of Montgomery, 1644 (Bristol, 1993); P. Gaunt, ‘Cromwellian Britain X:
Montgomery, Montgomeryshire’, Cromwelliana (1997), pp. 50–59.
17 Phillips, Memoirs of the Civil War in Wales, II, p. 203.
18 Ibid.
19 Ibid., II, p. 205.
20 Montgomeryshire Collections, vol. 22 (1888), p. 193.
21 Phillips, Memoirs of the Civil War in Wales, II, p. 201.
22 Ibid., II, p. 205.
200 War and Society
23 Montgomeryshire Collections, vol. 22 (1888), p. 194.
24 Phillips, Memoirs of the Civil War in Wales, II, p. 209.
25 Journal of the House of Commons, III (n.d.), p. 636.
26 See: Phillips, Memorials of the Civil War in Wales I, chs 5–7; Hutton, The Royal-
ist War Effort, pts 5–6; Gaunt, A Nation Under Siege, chs 5–6; and Dore, ‘Sir Thomas
Myddleton’s Attempted Conquest of Powys’.
27 Montgomeryshire Collections, passim, but see especially the 1561 town charter
transcribed and translated in vol. 21 (1887), pp. 22–31; I. Soulsby, The Towns of
Medieval Wales (Chichester, 1983); G. Williams, Renewal and Reformation: Wales,
c. 1415–1642 (Oxford, 1993); G.H. Jenkins, The Foundations of Modern Wales,
1642–1780 (Oxford, 1993); J.G. Jones, Early Modern Wales, c. 1525–1640 (Basingstoke,
1994); C.J. Arnold, The Archaeology of Montgomeryshire (Welshpool, 1990); J. Speed,
The Theatre of Great Britain: The Second Book Containing the Principality of Wales (1676),
p. 115, which noted the ‘fruitfull … Soyle’ of the county, especially the ‘fruitfulnesse’
of the eastern half, and which described Montgomery as ‘the chiefest’ of the six towns
of the county, blessed with ‘very wholesome … aire, and pleasant … situation, upon
an easie ascent of an hill, and upon another farre higher mounted stands a faire and
well-repaired Castle, from the East Rocke whereof the Towne hath beene walled, as by
some part yet standing, and the tract and trench of the rest even unto the North-side
of the said Castle, may evidently be seene’.
28 The House of Commons, 1558–1603, ed. P.W. Hasler, 3 vols (1981), vol. I,
pp. 320–1; The House of Commons, 1660–1690, ed. B.D. Henning, 3 vols (1983), vol. I,
pp. 516–18; P.D.G. Thomas, ‘The Montgomery Borough Constituency, 1660–1728’,
Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies, vol. 20 (1962–64), pp. 293–304; D. Brunton and
D.H. Pennington, Members of the Long Parliament (1954).
29 D. Underdown, Fire From Heaven: Life in an English Town in the Seventeenth
Century (1992); M. Stoyle, From Deliverance to Destruction: Rebellion and Civil War in an
English City (Exeter, 1996).
30 Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of Charles I, eds J. Bruce,
W.D. Hamilton and S.C. Lomas, 23 vols (1858–97) (‘CSPD’), 1635, p. 555; CSPD,
1635–36, pp. 204, 216; CSPD, 1636–37, pp. 419, 448–49, 506–7; CSPD, 1637, pp.
64–65, 393; CSPD, 1637–38, pp. 92, 365, 490; CSPD, 1638–39, pp. 74, 401; CSPD,
1639–40, p. 430; Herbert Correspondence, ed. Smith, pp. 91–92.
31 See, for example, P. Lake, ‘The Collection of Ship Money in Cheshire during
the 1630s: A Case Study of the Relations between Central and Local Government’,
Northern History, vol. 17 (1981); C.A. Clifford, ‘Ship Money in Hampshire: Collection
and Collapse’, Southern History, vol. 4 (1982); and K. Fincham, ‘The Judges’ Decision
on Ship Money in February 1637: The Reaction in Kent’, BIHR, vol. 57 (1984).
32 CSPD, 1637–38, p. 490.
33 CSPD, 1638–39, pp. 513–14; CSPD, 1639, pp. 103, 122, 525.
34 CSPD, 1640, pp. 205, 467–68.
35 See especially the work of Stoyle, From Deliverance to Destruction and Loyalty and
Locality: Popular Allegiance in Devon during the English Civil War (Exeter, 1994). A. Duf-
fin, Faction and Faith: The Political Allegiance of the Cornish Gentry, 1600–42 (Exeter,
1996) also stresses the centrality of religion, as does D. Underdown, Revel, Riot and
Rebellion: Popular Politics and Culture in England, 1603–60 (Oxford, 1985), though
Underdown links religion to broader cultural and socio–economic trends and patterns.
Montgomery and the Civil War 201
36 BL, Additional MS. 70002, f. 137. This document is noted and briefly dis-
cussed by J. Eales, ‘Iconoclasm, Iconography and the Altar in the English Civil War’,
in Studies in Church History, vol. 28, The Church and the Arts, ed. D. Wood (Oxford,
1992), p. 325. See also Eales, Puritans and Roundheads: The Harleys of Brampton Bryan
and the Outbreak of the English Civil War (Cambridge, 1990), p. 40.
37 DNB, vol. IX, pp. 624–32; The Autobiography of Edward, Lord Herbert, ed. S. Lee
(1886); The Life of Edward, First Lord Herbert of Cherbury Written by Himself, ed. J.M.
Shuttleworth (Oxford, 1976); Montgomeryshire Collections, vol. 16 (1883), pp. 106–7;
ibid., vol. 22 (1888), pp. 182–83; NLW, Powis Castle Collection, Edward Herbert, 1st
Baron Herbert of Chirbury, box 5, vol. 9, ff. 4, 13–15.
38 Montgomeryshire Collections, vol. 16 (1883), p. 107.
39 CSPD, 1641–43, p. 379; Journal of the House of Commons, II (n.d.), pp. 743, 762.
For Price, see also Montgomeryshire Collections, vol. 31 (1899), pp. 65–114, 289–336, esp.
p. 310, and Dore, ‘Sir Thomas Myddleton’s Attempted Conquest of Powys’.
40 BL, Additional MS. 42711, f. 66. Although undated, the petition relates a
sequence of events and burdens down to December 1643 or January 1644, which
might therefore be taken as the date when it was drawn up. The British Library cata-
logue suggests ‘early 1644’ as the probable date of the document.
41 BL, Egerton MS. 1048, f. 188. The document is reproduced and briefly dis-
cussed in Montgomeryshire Collections, vol. 16 (1883), pp. 388–94.
42 NLW, Powis Castle Collection, Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Chir-
bury, box 5, vol. 9, f. 15; see also Montgomeryshire Collections, vol. 16 (1883), p. 107.
43 Montgomeryshire Collections, vol. 20 (1886), p. 25.
44 CSPD, 1644, pp. 534–35; CSPD, 1644–45, pp. 80–81.
45 A.H. Dodd, Studies in Stuart Wales (2nd edn, Cardiff, 1971), ch. 4; CSPD,
1645–47, pp. 441, 455, 458–59, 461, 491; CSPD, Addenda 1625–49, p. 706; PRO, SP
28/251, 256.
46 Montgomeryshire Collections, vol. 23 (1889), pp. 72–73.
47 Historical Manuscripts Commission, 6th Report Appendix (1877), p. 174.
48 Most of the surviving town records are now lodged at the Powys County
Archives Office, Llandrindod Wells; the current Archives Office call numbers are
noted here. For the early modern period, they principally comprise: a series of bor-
ough charters from 1486 to 1670 – 869 (33/8); a series of ‘court books’, relating to var-
ious leet courts and small courts, running from 1633 onwards, though with some
overlaps and some gaps – 923–8 (34/2); a series of ‘court files’, unbound bundles of
papers recording the declarations, pleadings and decisions of the small courts, run-
ning from 1647 onwards, though with some overlaps and some gaps – 917–22 and 934
(34/2); two bound volumes of transcripts of the various charters and customs of the
town – 914 and 932 (34/2); and a bound volume of various original papers and later
transcripts, spanning from the early sixteenth to the early nineteenth century, includ-
ing some nineteenth-century transcripts from seventeenth century court books and
files, the originals of which are no longer extant – 909 (34/1). This collection was dis-
cussed and listed by J.D.K. Lloyd, ‘The Borough Records of Montgomery’, Mont-
gomeryshire Collections, vol. 45 (1937), pp. 19–43, though at that time it was held by the
National Library of Wales and arranged somewhat differently. I am most grateful to
the County Archivist, Gordon Reid, and his colleagues for their assistance in locating
and making available much of this collection. The NLW, Powis Castle Collection,
202 War and Society
includes some further items relating to the administration of the town in the early
modern period, especially several boxes containing bundles of loose, unbound papers
relating to actions in the leet court – Powis Castle Collection, Manorial Records II,
Borough of Montgomery (1525–1840). My comments in this and the next two para-
graphs are drawn from these collections and documents, to which further reference
will be made only on precise points of detail or where they have been quoted.
Although the parish register covering the mid-seventeenth century does survive and
is now held at Powys County Archives Office, it tells us little, for it was maintained
very poorly during the civil war years; there are just a handful of entries for 1643, 1645
and 1646 and none at all for 1644.
49 As demonstrated by the relevant court books and court files, Powys County
Archives Office, Montgomery Borough Council, 921, 923–4 (34/2). See also Mont-
gomeryshire Collections, vol. 44 (1936), pp. 104–7.
50 Ibid.
51 Powys County Archives Office, Montgomery Borough Council, 921 (34/2),
paper no. 64.
52 Powys County Archives Office, Montgomery Borough Council, 909 (34/1), p.
32; Montgomeryshire Collections, vol. 44 (1936), pp. 105–7.
53 NLW, Powis Castle Collection, Manorial Records II, Borough of Montgomery
(1525–1840), unbound and unnumbered paper on the case in a bundle of papers relat-
ing to meetings of the leet court held during the 1640s; the paper is dated 2 March
1644 [1645].
54 Calendar of the Committee for Compounding with Delinquents, 1643–60, ed.
M.A.E. Green, 5 vols (1882–92), pp. 2876, 3743. A small batch of papers relating to the
activities of parliament’s Montgomeryshire sequestration committee has recently
come to light, but none appear to refer to property in, or residents of, Montgomery:
NLW, Powis Castle Collection (1990 Deposit), loose and unnumbered bundle of
papers; I am most grateful to Dr Stephen Roberts, of the History of Parliament Trust,
for drawing these papers to my attention, and to Tudor Barnes, the archivist at the
National Library of Wales, who is working on the 1990 Deposit, for allowing me
access to them while they are still in the process of being sorted and catalogued.
55 NLW, Powis Castle Collection, Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Chir-
bury, box 5, vol. 9, f. 42. It is also noticeable that the town’s church needed quite exten-
sive repairs in the mid-1650s, for which a local rate was imposed: Montgomeryshire
Collections, vol. 20 (1886), pp. 35–38.
56 Montgomeryshire Collections, vol. 20 (1886), pp. 24–25; Montgomeryshire Collec-
tions, 23 (1889), pp. 74–77; NLW, Powis Castle Collection, Edward Herbert, 1st Baron
Herbert of Chirbury, box 5, vol. 9, ff. 15–20, 37.
57 CSPD, 1648–49, p. 232; CSPD, 1649–50, pp. 53, 78, 167, 171; NLW, Powis Cas-
tle Collection, Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Chirbury, box 5, vol. 9, ff. 21–31,
36, 38; the account book for the demolition has been transcribed and reproduced by
M.W. Thompson, The Decline of the Castle (Cambridge, 1987), appendix 4, pp. 186–93.
58 R. Haslam, The Buildings of Wales: Powys (Harmondsworth, 1979), pp. 163–71.
59 T. Lloyd, The Lost Houses of Wales (2nd edn, 1989), p. 41.
60 D. Verey, A Shell Guide to Mid Wales (1960), p. 74; Haslam, Buildings of Wales:
Powys, p. 164.
Montgomery and the Civil War 203
Adeliza, queen of England 81
Aethelflaed, ‘Lady of the Mercians’
145
Agincourt, battle of (1415) 22, 29,
30, 34, 36, 40, 130
Alençon 118, 123
duke of 119, 121, 126, 128,
137n.24
Albright Hussey see Shrewsbury,
battle of
Albright Lee see Shrewsbury, battle
of
Alney, Robert de 62–3
Ambrières, battle of (1427) 117
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 17, 43, 46, 47,
55, 56
Annales Cestrienses 48
Annales Gandenses 11, 19, 27
Annales Londinienses 41
Annales Paulini 41
Annals of Clonmacnoise 47
Anonimalle Chronicle 20, 21, 23,
24
Anstis, John 124
Ashdon, battle of (1016) 47, 48
Assandun, battle of see Ashdon
d’Aubigny, William pincerna, earl of
Arundel/Sussex 59, 80, 81, 82,
83, 89
Aumale, William of, earl of York 80,
81, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92n.16
Avesbury, Robert of 20
Badon Hill, battle of 47
Banbury Field see Edgecote
Bannockburn, battle of (1314) 38,
41, 42
Barbour, John 21–22
Bardolf, Lord see Phelipp
Barnet, battle of (1471) 40, 43,
155
Basin, Thomas 121
Baston, Robert 41
Bath, bishop of, Robert 25
Bath and Wells, bishop of see
Bekyngton
battles see Agincourt; Ambrières;
Assandun; Badon Hill;
Bannockburn; Barnet; Blore
Heath; Boroughbridge;
Bosworth; Brunanburh;
Camlann; Castillon; Conty;
Courtrai; Cravant; Crécy;
Dadlington; Durham;
Edgecote; Edgehill; Harfleur;
Hastings; the Herrings; La
Rochelle; Lincoln; Marston
Moor; Mortimer’s Cross;
Nantwich; Naseby; Neville’s
Cross; Northampton;
1
Index
Note: ‘n.’ after a page reference indicates the number of a note on that page.
Otterburn; Patay; Poitiers;
Rouvray; St Albans;
Shrewsbury; Sluys; Stamford
Bridge; the Standard;
Tewkesbury; Towton;
Verneuil; Wakefield;
Winchelsea
Bayeux, Ranulf de 66
Beauchamp, Richard, earl of
Warwick 117
Beaufort, Henry, bishop of
Winchester 129
Beaufort, Henry, duke of Somerset
153
Beaufort, John, duke of Somerset
132, 140n.79
Beaufort, Thomas, duke of Exeter
133
Beaugency 118, 119, 120, 126
Beaumont family 79, 80
Beaumont, John, Viscount 151
Beaumont, Robert de, earl of
Leicester 78, 84, 88, 91n.1
Beaumont, Roger de, earl of
Warwick 78, 81, 82, 86, 88
Beaumont, Sir Thomas 129
Bedford, borough of 78, 80
Bedford, John, duke of 114, 115,
116, 117, 118, 119, 124, 125,
126, 127, 128, 131, 133, 134,
138n.36, 139n.72
Bekyngton, Thomas, bishop of Bath
and Wells 129
Berkeley
inheritance 127, 139n.62
James, Lord 127
Berwick 45
Beverley
church 40
St John of 40
Biddlesden abbey 63
Bigod, Hugh, earl of Norfolk 84, 85,
89, 90
Blois, Henry, bishop of Winchester
99, 104–5
Blore Heath, battle of (1459) 12, 36,
142, 151–52
Boroughbridge, battle of (1322) 35
Bosworth Field, battle of (1485) 2, 5,
40, 44
Bourchier, Lord see Robessart,
Louis
Boulogne, Faramus of 106
Brereton, Sir William 184, 185
Bristol, city of 83, 98, 55
Brito, Hervey, earl of Wiltshire 84,
86
Bromborough, battle of (937) 47
Bruce, Robert 21–22
Bruges 27, 102
Brunanburh, battle of see
Bromborough
Brut y Tywysogion 41
Bueil, Jean de 122, 123
Butler, James, earl of Wiltshire
151
Byland abbey 62–63
Byron, John, Lord 184, 185
Caen, siege of (1434) 128, 130, 135
Caister castle 132, 135, 136, 139n.72
Calais 29, 152
Cambridge 47, 78
Camlann, battle of 47
Camoys, Thomas, Lord 132,
140n.79
Candidus, Hugh 55, 56
Canterbury
archbishop of see Laud; Theobald
city of 127
Canterbury, Gervase of 103
Castillon, battle of (1453) 135
Cessolis, Jacobus de 148–49
Charles I, king of England 162, 175,
190
Chartier, Jean 121
206 Index
Chester
bishop of see Durdent
city of 151, 187, 192
earldom of 82
siege of 181
Chester, Ranulf II, earl of 78, 82, 86,
91n.1
Chester, Ranulf III, earl of 47
Cirencester abbey 88
Clifford, John, Lord 141, 153
Clito, William 102
Conques, shrine of St Faith 57, 58
Conty, battle of (1430) 132, 136,
140n.93
Corbeil 121, 124
Cornwall, John, Lord Fanhope
133
Courtrai, battle of (1302) 11, 19, 27,
30
Coventry
city of 127, 151, 152
parliament 152, 159n.56
Cravant, battle of (1423) 130
Crécy, battle of (1346) 28, 30
Crowland abbey 153
Croxden abbey 41
Dacre, Thomas, Lord 153
Dadlington,
battle of see Bosworth Field
church 44
Daiville, Robert de 62–63
Daventry priory 61–62
David I, king of Scotland 11, 39, 60,
78, 98, 100, 108, 111n.11
Dennington church 140n.79
Devizes castle 7, 83, 83
Devizes, Richard of 146
Devon, countess of 155
Dover castle 98, 106
Dudley, Lord 151
Dunstanville, Reginald de, earl of
Cornwall 85, 88
Durdent, Walter, bishop of Chester
64
Durham
battle of see Neville’s Cross
Chronicler of 47
St Cuthbert of 60
second treaty of (1139) 81
treaty of (1136) 78
Edgecote, battle of (1469) 40
Edgehill, battle of (1642) 180, 181
Edward II, king of England 143,
147–48, 156
Edward III, king of England 20, 40,
111n.21, 131
Edward IV, king of England 30, 39,
141, 154, 155, 160n.68
Edward, the Black Prince 23, 24
Edward, Prince, son of Henry VI
149, 150, 152, 154, 155, 160n.70
Eleanor of Aquitaine, queen of
England 100, 146
Eleanor of Provence, queen of
England 144, 146–7, 156
Ely
abbey 61
bishop of 64, 83, 99
Cathedral 64
city of 58, 105, 146
Empingham, rout of (1470) 40–41
Ernley, Sir Michael 184, 185
Espec, Walter 61
Esther, Queen 144, 145
Eugenius III, Pope 56, 64
Everard, bishop of Norwich 56–57
Exeter
castle 26
city of 189
rebellion of 98
Fairfax, Sir William 184
Faringdon 26, 101, 111n.12
Fastolf, Sir John 4, 38, 114–36
Index 207
Ferrers, Robert de, earl of
Nottingham/Derby 80, 81, 88,
89
Fienes, Sir Ingram 147
Fienes, Isabella 147
Fitz Gilbert, Gilbert, earl of
Pembroke 80, 81, 86
Fitz Gilbert, John 83
Fitz Gilbert, Richard, earl of
Pembroke 86
Fitz Hubert, Robert 83, 104, 111n.24
Fitz Richard, Gilbert, earl of
Hereford 80, 82
Fitz Vitalis, Robert 61–62
Fitz Walter, Robert 57
Flanders, Charles, count of 102, 103
Flemings 27, 102–6, 109
Foliot, Gilbert, bishop of Hereford
61
Foliot, Robert, bishop of Hereford
58, 61, 71n.34, 73n.57
Fontenay abbey 57
Fortescue, Sir John 160n.70
Froissart, Jean 3, 6, 18, 19, 23
Frontinus 28, 30
Fulford, battle of see Hastings
Gant, Gilbert de, earl of Lincoln
86–89
Garter
companion 131
fraternity 115, 116, 130, 133, 135,
138n.37, 140n.85
knights 114, 121, 124, 129, 133,
136
Order of the 4, 114, 125, 130, 135
ordinances 125
Gaunt, John of, duke of Lancaster
150
Geoffrey Plantagenet, count of
Anjou 98, 99, 100
Geoffrey le Baker 18
Gerald of Wales 10
Gesta Henrici Quinti 18, 29, 34
Gesta Stephani 2, 7, 10–12, 24–25,
27
Giffard, Walter III, earl of
Buckingham 78
Gloucester
castle 155
city of 83, 155
Gloucester, Humphrey, duke of 127,
129
Gloucester, Miles of, earl of
Hereford 85
Gloucester, Robert, earl of 2, 78–81,
83, 85, 96–100, 102, 106–7,
111n.15
Gloucester, Roger, earl of Hereford
86, 88, 89
Gloucester, William, earl of 86, 88
Glyn Dwˆr, Owain 45, 116, 174
Goxhill, Peter of 66
Gray, Thomas 147, 158n.34
Gregory, William 151, 160n.68
Grey, Reginald, Lord 127
Hall, Edward, 117–18, 125, 137n.8,
142
Hardynge, John 8
Harfleur 29
battle of (1416) 43
Harlech castle 5
Harlescott township see Shrewsbury
Haselbury, Wulfric of 73–74n.68
Hastings, battle of (1066) 17, 43–47
Haughmond abbey 112n.39
Henry I, king of England 25, 26, 55,
64, 77, 81, 82, 87, 89, 90, 97,
102, 103, 107
Henry II, king of England 3, 11, 53,
88–90, 106, 146
Henry III, king of England 144,
146–47, 156, 181
Henry IV, king of England, 45, 132,
133, 134, 150
208 Index
Henry V, king of England 18, 23, 29,
40, 115, 116, 133, 134, 143, 150
Henry VI, king of England 124, 130,
133, 134, 141, 143, 149, 150,
152–56, 159n.45
Henry of Scots, earl of Huntingdon
60, 78, 79, 81, 82, 108
Herbert, Edward, first Lord 183–84,
191–93, 197, 200n.13
Herbert, Richard, second Lord 189,
192, 197
Herberts of Powis, 189, 198
Hereford
bishops of see Foliot, Gilbert;
Foliot, Robert
castle 84, 85
Herrings, battle of the (1429) see
Rouvray
Hexham priory 39, 60, 61, 72n.54
Hexham, John of 83, 106, 108,
112–13n.44
Hexham, Richard of 11, 39, 60, 145
Holland, Henry, duke of Exeter 153
Horsham priory 57
Hundred Years War 2, 3, 4, 5, 43,
114–36
Hungerford, Edmund, Lord 129,
132, 140n.79
Hungerford, Sir Walter 119, 121,
122, 127, 132
Huntingdon, Henry of 7, 105, 106,
108, 145
Hyde abbey 104
I
ˆ
le-de-France 58, 119
Isabeau of Bavaria, queen of France
161n.76
Isabella of France, queen of England
143, 147–48, 156, 158n.34,
158n.38
Jacquetta of Luxembourg, duchess
of Bedford 154
Janville 119, 120, 126
Jargeau, siege of (1429) 118, 119
Jean le Bel 18, 28
Jeanne de Bourbon, queen of France
144
Joan of Arc 118, 120, 123, 137n.24
Judith, Queen 145
Katherine of Valois, queen of
England 143, 150
Kenilworth castle 150
Knighton, Henry 43
La Ferté-Bernard 117, 118, 127
La Gravelle 117–18, 134
Lancaster, duchy of 45, 150, 151, 155
Lancaster, duke of see Gaunt
Lancaster, Thomas, earl of 35, 131
Lanercost, Chronicle of 18, 21
La Rochelle, battle of (1372) 43
Laud, William, archbishop of
Canterbury 190
Laval 118
Le Crotoy 116
Le Févre 124, 132
Leicester 61, 78, 151, 181
Le Mans 118
Lincoln, battle of (1141) 7, 11, 96,
99, 101, 105, 106, 107
bishop of 61–62, 63, 66, 73n.65,
74n.73, 90
castle 83
cathedral 63, 73n.65
siege of (1144) 100, 101
Llanfyllin 187, 189
Llanidloes 189
Lloyd, Morgan 173–74, 178n.52
London
archdeacon of 65
city of 12, 20, 26, 29, 99, 101, 145,
153, 187
press 162–75
siege of (1471) 5
Index 209