Duiker William J., Spielvogel Jackson J. The Essential World History
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William J. Duiker
e Pennsylvania State University
Jackson J. Spielvogel
e Pennsylvania State University
SIXTH EDITION
THE ESSENTIAL
WORLD HISTORY
Printed in the United States of America
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The Essential World History:
Sixth Edition
William J. Duiker, Jackson J. Spielvogel
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
WILLIAM J. DUIKER is liberal arts professor emeritus of East Asian studies at e
Pennsylvania State University. A former U.S. diplomat with service in Taiwan, South Vietnam,
and Washington, D.C., he received his doctorate in Far Eastern history from Georgetown
University in 1968, where his dissertation dealt with the Chinese educator and reformer Cai
Yuanpei. At Penn State, he has written widely on the history of Vietnam and modern China,
including the widely acclaimed e Communist Road to Power in Vietnam (revised edi-
tion, Westview Press, 1996), which was selected for a Choice Outstanding Academic Book
Award in 1982–1983 and 1996–1997. Other recent books are China and Vietnam: e Roots
of Con ict (Berkeley, 1987); Sacred War: Nationalism and Revolution in a Divided Vietnam
(McGraw- Hill, 1995); and Ho Chi Minh: A Life (Hyperion, 2000), which was nominated for
a Pulitzer Prize in 2001. While his research specialization is in the eld of nationalism and
Asian revolutions, his intellectual interests are considerably more diverse. He has traveled
widely and has taught courses on the History of Communism and non- Western civilizations
at Penn State, where he was awarded a Faculty Scholar Medal for Outstanding Achievement in
the spring of 1996.
TO YVONNE,
FOR ADDING SPARKLE TO THIS BOOK, AND TO MY LIFE
W.J.D.
JACKSON J. SPIELVOGEL is associate professor emeritus of history at e
Pennsylvania State University. He received his Ph.D. from e Ohio State University, where
he specialized in Reformation history under Harold J. Grimm. His articles and reviews have
appeared in such journals as Moreana, Journal of General Education, Catholic Historical
Review, Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, and American Historical Review. He has also
contributed chapters or articles to e Social History of the Reformation, e Holy Roman
Empire: A Dictionary Handbook, Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual of Holocaust Studies, and
Utopian Studies. His work has been supported by fellowships from the Fulbright Foundation
and the Foundation for Reformation Research. At Penn State, he helped inaugurate the
Western civilization courses as well as a popular course on Nazi Germany. His book Hitler
and Nazi Germany was published in 1987 (sixth edition, 2010). He is the author of Western
Civilization published in 1991 (seventh edition, 2009). Professor Spielvogel has won ve major
university- wide teaching awards. During the year 1988–1989, he held the Penn State Teaching
Fellowship, the university’s most prestigious teaching award. In 1996, he won the Dean Arthur
Ray Warnock Award for Outstanding Faculty Member and in 2000 received the Schreyer
Honors College Excellence in Teaching Award.
TO DIANE,
WHOSE LOVE AND SUPPORT MADE IT ALL POSSIBLE
J.J.S.
BRIEF CONTENTS
DOCUMENTS XVI
MAPS XVIII
FEATURES XX
PREFACE XXI
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXVII
THEMES FOR UNDERSTANDING WORLD HISTORY XXIX
A NOTE TO STUDENTS ABOUT LANGUAGES AND THE
DATING OF TIME XXX
STUDYING FROM PRIMARY SOURCE MATERIALS XXXI
I The First Civilizations and the Rise of
Empires (Prehistory to c.e.) xxxvi
1 The First Civilizations: The Peoples of
Western Asia and Egypt 2
2 Ancient India 29
3 China in Antiquity 53
4 The Civilization of the Greeks 79
5 The First World Civilization: Rome,
China, and the Emergence of the Silk
Road 105
II New Patterns of Civilization
6 The Americas 134
7 Ferment in the Middle East: The Rise of
Islam 157
8 Early Civilizations in Africa 183
9 The Expansion of Civilization in Southern
Asia 208
10 The Flowering of Traditional
China 235
11 The East Asian Rimlands: Early Japan,
Korea, and Vietnam 262
12 The Making of Europe 286
13 The Byzantine Empire and Crisis and
Recovery in the West 311
III The Emergence of New World
Patterns (–)
14 New Encounters: The Creation of a
World Market 334
15 Europe Transformed: Reform and State
Building 361
16 The Muslim Empires 385
17 The East Asian World 410
18 The West on the Eve of a New World
Order 435
IV Modern Patterns of World History
(–)
19 The Beginnings of Modernization:
Industrialization and Nationalism in the
Nineteenth Century 464
20 The Americas and Society and Culture
in The West 490
21 The High Tide of Imperialism 514
22 Shadows over the Pacifi c: East Asia
Under Challenge 540
23 The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century
Crisis: War and Revolution 565
24 Nationalism, Revolution, and Dictatorship:
Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America
from 1919 to 1939 589
25 The Crisis Deepens: World War II 616
V Toward a Global Civilization? The
World Since
26 East and West in the Grip of
the Cold War 644
27 Brave New World: Communism on
Trial 671
28 Europe and the Western Hemisphere
Since 1945 697
29 Challenges of Nation Building in Africa
and the Middle East 722
30 Toward the Pacifi c Century? 752
EPILOGUE 780
GLOSSARY 786
PRONUNCIATION GUIDE 798
CHAPTER NOTES 811
INDEX 815
iv
DOCUMENTS XVI
MAPS XVIII
FEATURES XX
PREFACE XXI
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXVII
THEMES FOR UNDERSTANDING WORLD HISTORY XXIX
A NOTE TO STUDENTS ABOUT LANGUAGES AND THE
DATING OF TIME XXX
STUDYING FROM PRIMARY SOURCE MATERIALS XXXI
I The First Civilizations and
the Rise of Empires (Prehistory
to c.e.) xxxvi
1
THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS: THE
PEOPLES OF WESTERN ASIA AND
EGYPT 2
e First Humans 3
e Emergence of Homo sapiens 3
e Hunter-Gatherers of the Paleolithic Age 3
e Neolithic Revolution, c. 10,000–4000 b.c.e. 4
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
From Hunter-Gatherers and Herders to
Farmers 6
e Emergence of Civilization 7
Civilization in Mesopotamia 8
e City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia 8
Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia 9
e Culture of Mesopotamia 11
Egyptian Civilization: “ e Gi of the Nile” 12
e Importance of Geography 12
e Importance of Religion 13
e Course of Egyptian History: e Old, Middle,
and New Kingdoms 14
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
Akhenaten’s Hymn to Aten and Psalm 104 of
the Hebrew Bible 17
Society and Daily Life in Ancient Egypt 18
e Culture of Egypt: Art and Writing 18
e Spread of Egyptian In uence: Nubia 19
New Centers of Civilization 19
e Role of Nomadic Peoples 20
e Phoenicians 20
e “Children of Israel” 21
e Rise of New Empires 22
e Assyrian Empire 22
e Persian Empire 24
Suggested Reading 27
Discovery 28
2
ANCIENT INDIA 29
e Emergence of Civilization in India:
Harappan Society 30
A Land of Diversity 30
Harappan Civilization: A Fascinating Enigma 30
e Arrival of the Aryans 32
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
Writing and Civilization 33
e Early Aryans 34
e Mauryan Empire 35
Caste and Class: Social Structures in Ancient India 36
Daily Life in Ancient India 38
e Economy 39
Escaping the Wheel of Life: e Religious World
of Ancient India 41
Hinduism 41
Buddhism: e Middle Path 43
e Rule of the Fishes: India A er
the Mauryas 47
e Exuberant World of Indian Culture 47
Literature 47
Architecture and Sculpture 48
Science 50
Suggested Reading 51
Discovery 52
3
CHINA IN ANTIQUITY 53
e Dawn of Chinese Civilization 54
e Land and People of China 54
e Shang Dynasty 55
e Zhou Dynasty 57
DETAILED CONTENTS
v
vi DETAILED CONTENTS
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
The Use of Metals 58
Political Structures 59
Economy and Society 59
e Hundred Schools of Ancient Philosophy 60
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
A Debate over Good and Evil 63
e First Chinese Empire: e Qin Dynasty
(221–206 b.c.e.) 65
Political Structures 67
Society and the Economy 67
Beyond the Frontier: e Nomadic Peoples
and the Great Wall 68
e Fall of the Qin 69
Daily Life in Ancient China 70
e Role of the Family 70
Lifestyles 71
Cities 71
e Humble Estate: Women in Ancient China 72
Chinese Culture 72
Metalwork and Sculpture 72
Language and Literature 74
Music 75
Suggested Reading 77
Discovery 78
4
THE CIVILIZATION OF THE
GREEKS 79
Early Greece 80
Minoan Crete 80
e First Greek State: Mycenae 81
e Greeks in a Dark Age (c. 1100–c. 750 b.c.e.) 82
e Greek City-States (c. 750–c. 500 b.c.e.) 83
e Polis 83
Colonization and the Growth of Trade 85
Tyranny in the Greek Polis 85
Sparta 85
Athens 87
e High Point of Greek Civilization:
Classical Greece 87
e Challenge of Persia 87
e Growth of an Athenian Empire in the Age
of Pericles 88
e Great Peloponnesian War and the Decline of the
Greek States 89
e Culture of Classical Greece 89
Greek Religion 93
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
The Axial Age 93
Daily Life in Classical Athens 94
e Rise of Macedonia and the Conquests
of Alexander 95
Alexander the Great 95
e World of the Hellenistic Kingdoms 97
Political Institutions and the Role of Cities 97
Culture in the Hellenistic World 98
FILM & HISTORY
Alexander (2004) 99
Suggested Reading 103
Discovery 104
5
THE FIRST WORLD CIVILIZATION:
ROME, CHINA, AND THE
EMERGENCE OF THE SILK
ROAD 105
Early Rome and the Republic 106
Early Rome 106
e Roman Republic 107
e Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean
(264–133 b.c.e.) 110
e Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic
(133–31 b.c.e.) 111
e Roman Empire at Its Height 112
e Age of Augustus (31 b.c.e.–14 c.e.) 113
e Early Empire (14–180) 113
Culture and Society in the Roman World 115
Crisis and the Late Empire 117
Crises in the ird Century 117
e Late Roman Empire 118
Transformation of the Roman World: e Development
of Christianity 119
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
Rulers and Gods 120
e Origins of Christianity 121
e Spread of Christianity 121
e Triumph of Christianity 122
e Glorious Han Empire (202 b.c.e.–221 c.e.) 122
Confucianism and the State 122
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
Roman Authorities and a Christian on
Christianity 123
e Economy 124
Imperial Expansion and the Origins of the Silk Road 126
Social Changes 127
Religion and Culture 127
e Decline and Fall of the Han 128
Suggested Reading 130
Discovery 131
Detailed Contents vii
II New Patterns of
Civilization
6
THE AMERICAS 134
e Peopling of the Americas 135
e First Americans 135
Early Civilizations in Central America 135
e Olmecs: In the Land of Rubber 136
e Zapotecs 136
Teotihuacán: America’s First Metropolis 136
e Maya 138
e Aztecs 142
e First Civilizations in South America 146
Caral 146
Moche 147
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
History and the Environment 148
e Inka 149
Stateless Societies in the Americas 151
e Eastern Woodlands 152
Cahokia 153
e “Ancient Ones”: e Anasazi 153
South America: e Arawak 153
Amazonia 154
Suggested Reading 155
Discovery 156
7
FERMENT IN THE MIDDLE
EAST: THE RISE OF
ISLAM 157
e Rise of Islam 158
e Role of Muhammad 158
e Teachings of Muhammad 160
FILM & HISTORY
The Message (Muhammad: The Messenger
of God) (1976) 160
e Arab Empire and Its Successors 162
Creation of an Empire 162
e Rise of the Umayyads 162
Succession Problems 164
e Abbasids 164
e Seljuk Turks 166
e Crusades 167
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
The Siege of Jerusalem: Christian and Muslim
Perspectives 168
e Mongols 169
Andalusia: A Muslim Outpost in Europe 169
Islamic Civilization 171
Political Structures 171
e Wealth of Araby: Trade and Cities in the Middle East 172
Islamic Society 172
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
Trade and Civilization 173
e Culture of Islam 174
Suggested Reading 181
Discovery 182
8
EARLY CIVILIZATIONS
IN AFRICA 183
e Emergence of Civilization 184
e Land 184
Kush 184
Axum, Son of Saba 185
e Sahara and Its Environs 187
East Africa 187
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
The Migration of Peoples 190
e Coming of Islam 191
African Religious Beliefs Before Islam 191
e Arabs in North Africa 191
e Kingdom of Ethiopia: A Christian Island
in a Muslim Sea 192
East Africa: e Land of Zanj 193
e States of West Africa 193
States and Stateless Societies in Central
and Southern Africa 197
e Congo River Valley 197
Zimbabwe 198
Southern Africa 199
African Society 199
Urban Life 199
Village Life 199
e Role of Women 200
Slavery 200
African Culture 201
Painting and Sculpture 201
Music 202
Architecture 203
Literature 203
Suggested Reading 205
Discovery 207
9
THE EXPANSION OF CIVILIZATION
IN SOUTHERN ASIA 208
e Silk Road 209
India A er the Mauryas 211
viii DETAILED CONTENTS
e Gupta Dynasty: A New Golden Age? 211
e Transformation of Buddhism 211
e Decline of Buddhism in India 213
e Arrival of Islam 214
e Empire of Mahmud of Ghazni 214
e Delhi Sultanate 216
Tamerlane 217
Society and Culture 219
Religion 219
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
Caste, Class, and Family 220
Economy and Daily Life 221
e Wonder of Indian Culture 222
e Golden Region: Early Southeast Asia 225
Paddy Fields and Spices: e States
of Southeast Asia 225
Daily Life 228
World of the Spirits: Religious Belief 229
Expansion into the Paci c 230
Suggested Reading 232
Discovery 234
10
THE FLOWERING OF
TRADITIONAL CHINA 235
China A er the Han 236
China Reuni ed: e Sui, the Tang, and the Song 237
e Sui Dynasty 237
e Tang Dynasty 238
e Song Dynasty 239
Political Structures: e Triumph of Confucianism 239
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
Action or Inaction: An Ideological Dispute
in Medieval China 240
e Economy 242
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
The Spread of Technology 243
Society in Traditional China 244
Explosion in Central Asia: e Mongol Empire 247
Mongol Rule in China 250
FILM & HISTORY
The Adventures of Marco Polo (1938) and
Marco Polo (2007) 251
From the Yuan to the Ming 252
e Ming Dynasty 252
e Voyages of Zhenghe 252
An Inward Turn 253
In Search of the Way 254
e Rise and Decline of Buddhism and Daoism 254
Neo-Confucianism: e Investigation of ings 255
e Apogee of Chinese Culture 256
Literature 256
Art 257
Suggested Reading 260
Discovery 261
11
THE EAST ASIAN RIMLANDS:
EARLY JAPAN, KOREA, AND
VIETNAM 262
Japan: Land of the Rising Sun 263
A Gi from the Gods: Prehistoric Japan 264
e Rise of the Japanese State 264
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
Feudal Orders Around the World 269
Economic and Social Structures 270
In Search of the Pure Land: Religion
in Early Japan 271
FILM & HISTORY
Rashomon (1950) 272
Sources of Traditional Japanese Culture 273
Japan and the Chinese Model 276
Korea: Bridge to the East 277
e ree Kingdoms 277
e Rise of the Koryo Dynasty 278
Under the Mongols 279
Vietnam: e Smaller Dragon 279
e Rise of Great Viet 279
Society and Family Life 282
Suggested Reading 284
Discovery 285
12
THE MAKING OF EUROPE 286
e Emergence of Europe in the Early
Middle Ages 287
e New Germanic Kingdoms 287
e Role of the Christian Church 287
Charlemagne and the Carolingians 288
e World of Lords and Vassals 289
Europe in the High Middle Ages 291
Land and People 292
e New World of Trade and Cities 293
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
Two Views of Trade and Merchants 295
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
Cities in the Medieval World 296
Evolution of the European Kingdoms 297
FILM & HISTORY
The Lion in Winter (1968) 298
Christianity and Medieval Civilization 302
e Culture of the High Middle Ages 304
Detailed Contents ix
Medieval Europe and the World 306
e First Crusades 306
e Later Crusades 307
E ects of the Crusades 307
Suggested Reading 309
Discovery 310
13
THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND
CRISIS AND RECOVERY IN
THE WEST 311
From Eastern Roman to Byzantine Empire 312
e Reign of Justinian (527–565) 312
A New Kind of Empire 314
e Zenith of Byzantine Civilization (750–1025) 317
e Beginning of a Revival 317
e Macedonian Dynasty 317
e Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire
(1025–1453) 319
New Challenges and New Responses 320
Impact of the Crusades 320
e Ottoman Turks and the Fall of Constantinople 321
e Crises of the Fourteenth Century 321
e Black Death: From Asia to Europe 321
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
The Role of Disease in History 323
Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval 324
Political Instability 324
e Decline of the Church 325
Recovery: e Renaissance 326
e Intellectual Renaissance 326
e Artistic Renaissance 327
e State in the Renaissance 328
Suggested Reading 330
Discovery 331
III The Emergence of New World
Patterns (–)
14
NEW ENCOUNTERS: THE CREATION
OF A WORLD MARKET 334
An Age of Exploration and Expansion 335
Islam and the Spice Trade 335
e Spread of Islam in West Africa 336
A New Player: Europe 337
e Portuguese Maritime Empire 338
e Portuguese in India 339
e Search for Spices 339
Spanish Conquests in the “New World” 341
e Voyages 341
e Conquests 341
Governing the Empire 342
e Impact of European Expansion 343
New Rivals 343
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
The Columbian Exchange 344
Africa in Transition 345
Europeans in Africa 345
e Slave Trade 346
Political and Social Structures in a Changing
Continent 350
Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade 351
e Arrival of the West 351
State and Society in Precolonial Southeast Asia 352
FILM & HISTORY
Mutiny on the Bounty (1962) 352
Society 355
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
The March of Civilization 356
Suggested Reading 359
Discovery 360
15
EUROPE TRANSFORMED:
REFORM AND STATE
BUILDING 361
e Reformation of the Sixteenth Century 362
Background to the Reformation 362
Martin Luther and the Reformation
in Germany 364
e Spread of the Protestant Reformation 365
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
A Reformation Debate: Conflict at
Marburg 366
e Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation 367
e Catholic Reformation 367
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
Marriage in the Early Modern World 368
Europe in Crisis, 1560–1650 369
Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth
Century 370
Economic and Social Crises 371
Seventeenth-Century Crises: Revolution and War 373
Response to Crisis: e Practice of Absolutism 375
France Under Louis XIV 375
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe 377
England and Limited Monarchy 378
Con ict Between King and Parliament 378