Домбровский В.В., Дукштау А.А., Пинский Г.Б. Гидрогенераторы
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
12.6,
BNU'.HVIE
h3MEHEHVfl
B'3KOCTh
MACJIA
B
NNOCKOCTU
TPEHV1'.
BqaKocrb
cyu{ecrnyrcuIHX
MaceJr
3Haqnre",'IbHo
yMeHbuaerctl
npn
HX
lrarDeBaHHV.
B
KaqecrBe
npt{Mepa
e ra6n. l2-5
npwBeAeHa
3aBHCI.{MOCTb Bq3KoCTI{
oT
TeMnepaTypbt
A,'Itr
MaC,[a
ryp6tiHHoro
30
no
|OCT.32-74.
Pocr reMneparypbr
H
yMeHb[ieHrre
Bfl3Kocru
MacJIa
B
HanpatsJe-
rrHH
ABLl>KeHVtl
rrJrocKocTH
TpeHrjfl cKa3bIBaIOTCq
Ha
paC[peAe,TeHIIIt
AaBJreHHfl
HaA
noAytuKofi.
Ans
yqeTa
3Toro
o6croqreJlbcrBa
B ilpaK-
rnKe npr{ Hcno",'IL,3oBaHHt{
$oprtayn
rHra
(12
11)
ilpHHflro
BBoAI{rl)
B HHX nu6o
cpeAHroro Bl3Kocrb
Fcp:0,5
(Vz*
p1)
,
'un6o Bq3Koc'rI)
npu
cpe4Hefr
reMneparype
lio:
:U,(T"p),
fAe
Tcp:0,5(Tt*
*72),
a
Vz
v
lrr-Bfl3KocrH
MACJIA HA
BXOAHOft
14 BbIXOAHOfi
KpoMKax
noAyrxKH.
Kax
nol(a3aHo HH)Ke, HCno,'tL,-
3OBaHHe Bfl3KOCTH
Fc
AaeT
XO-
pollrHe pe3yJrbrarbr
npr.r
onpe-
AeneHHH
TOIUII4HbI CJrOfl
ht,
IIO-
repb Ha
rpeHue
II
v neperpeBa
Tt-Tr,
CC,,'IH
CtIHTaTb
3aAaH'
HbrM
HaKJroH
noAyruKr{
13
OL-
HaKO
TaKHM
npHeMOM HeJrb3r{
yqecTb
Bbr3BaHHoe HafpeBoM
MacJra
H3MeHeHHe
HaKJTOHa npr4
3aAaHHoM
gKcrreHTpHcHTere.
Ha-
K",IIOH
X€, OqeBHAHO,
yBe"ril4-
rIHTCq,
TaK
KaK Bfl3KOCTb
MaCJIa,
a
3HarJHT,
14
AaBJIeHHe
B CJIOe
yMeHbulaTcfl
cH,rrbHee
Bcero
slnvsu
BbrxoAHofi
KpoMKH
no-
Aytur{H.
Bcne/l.creHe
3roro MO-
MeHT
OTHOCHTeTbHO
Ofropbr
cH.:r
AaBJeHHq
CO CTOpOHL,T nXOAHOfi
KpoMKH
npeBbrcHT
MOMeHT
CO
noBopariHBaTb
cerMeHT
AO
TeX
cflTcfl.
cropoFrbr
esrxoAHorl
KpoMr{ti
Lr 6yaer
trop,
noKa
MoMeHTbr
He
ypaBHoBe-
I
To'rHHfi
yqer
H3MeHeHHfl
BflsKocru
BbrnoJrHeH
B
pa6ore
[65],
rAe
ypaBHeHHfl
PeirHo,usAca
u
3HepfHH
rrrrcreHHo
peueHbr
i.nn
npflMo-
yroJlbHofi
noayruKn
c
coorHotrleur.rer'r
cropoH
tll;:
I
u
reruneparypori
p,
ne.c,l0-g
0,15
Prc.
12.8.
K
onpeAeJreHaro
roJruruHbl
MacJrfiHoro
cJrofl
npr
nepeuesnofi
Bff3.
Kocru,
llb:1,
T2:38
"C
Cuournrte
.nHHHr{
-
tro MeloAy
sBHBaJTeHT-
ttofi
Bs3KocrH,
rurpuxoeue
-
n-o
pa6ore
[6b]
I
I
8,3
Ta6ttuqa
l2-5
262
158
76
6,2
Macr
a
Ha RXOre
B cJtoll
Tr:38"C.
Ec.ntl
pe3yJlb'tarbl
sroro
pacqeTil
ItpCACTaIll'lTI)
I]
IlllIe
hr
:
k;|i;,uttp,p
,
To Noa{rQuurler{T
k'r, 6yrer
nMerb
3HaqeHltr,
noKa3aunbte
Ha
pt.IC.
l2-B
tuTpIiXoBbIMI.t
"r"tuHuqMlI.
BbtseauHoe
HarpeBoM
Macrrla
yMeHbrleHr{e
raHreHuHarbHoro
aKcqeHTpHcr{Tera
npHBeAeHo
B
Ta6r.
t2-6.
fleperpeB MacJra
no
pe3)'rbraraN{ pa6oru
[65]
xlrilaKrep]t3verctl
c,reAyrouHMH
3HaqellHnttu
k1 (np"
0:3):
Cpe4uee
,qaBJreHr.re
I(osQSuuueur
ky
Pcp,
Mfla
OrHocurerbHo cila6afl
3aBHcHMocrb
JIeHI{fl
AaeT
OCHOBaHHe
IIO;'Ib3OBaTbCfl
Ha
Hefo
pacxoAa.
D,ns
onpeAe"'IeHHr
ToJIUTHHbI croq
rro
MeroAy sKBHBaJTeHTHOfi Bfl3KOCTH
npe-
o6pasyela
$opuy;ry
(
12-14)
x eu4y
hr:
k;4
v.zullpcp;
kn: kol
Srol 1Lz,
(t2-25)
rAe
SKBHBaJIeHTHafl
Bf 3KOCTb
Fo:
:
p
(T"p).
3aAaeaflcb
AaBireHHeM
u
Ha-
K.rroHoM
F,
no
(12-20)
ualiAeu
neperpeB
H
cpeAHroro
reMreparypy
T
"p,
no
ra6n.
l2-5
onpeAerluM
[r0,
a
no
(12-25) pac-
crrHTaeM 3Har{eHHs h'n.
llo.nyueHHbre
ra-
KHM O6paSOrrA 3HarreHHs h'n npHBeAeHbr Ha
pnc.
l2-B
(cn.nouHue
nuHura). CpanHH-
0,70 I
,8
12,3
I
I
,6
4,4 8,4
10,8 10,1
3TO|O
napaMerpa
or
AaB-
npaKTHKe
MeTOAOM
CPe.U,-
Ta1ttuua
12-6
Le,
%,
rpr
2
3
4
5
b
8
2,8
4,2
5,4
6,3
7,0
7,5
7,8
2r3
3,8
5,0
5,9
6,6
7,1
7,5
,o;:
t{:
Bafl,
co
rxrpr{xoBbrMH
KpHBbTMH
pHc.
l2-8, nocrpoeHHbrMr,r
no
quc-
JIeHHoMy
pe[IeHHIo, y6e>x4aer\{cfl
B xopourerl
ToqHocrH
MeroAa
sK-
BHB aJr
eHrsorl Bfl
gKocTH.
B cexropHoM
6aruuaxe
HafpeB
MacJra
cKa>Kercfl.
H
Ha 3HaqeHHI{
seo6xoAuMoro
paAHaJIbHofo eKclreHTpncnrera.
Oxsaxo
B
",'Iurepa-
Type HeT
AaHHbIX AJrf
OnpeAeJIeHHf
3TO|O BlrlJfl.Hr4fl,.
12-7. O Bb|EOPE
PA3MEPOB nOAntTHhKA
I4cxoAubrMu
AaHHbTMH
npu
rrpoeKrnpoBaHuu
noArIflTFIIzKa
fllApo-
arpefara
flB.rrflrorcfl
qacl'ora
Bpau{eHHfl
poropa n,
Hafpy3Ka
Ha
noA-
nrrHHK
P
u
ero MHHHMa.nrHufi
BHyrpeHHLri4
AHaMerp
D"n. Heo6xo-
Ar{MO
nn6parn
TaKHe
pa3Mepbr
cef MeHToB
noAnflTHLlKa,
riro6bl
TOJTUIHHa
MaCJTflHOTO
CJIOfl B HOMHHaJTbHOM pe)KHMe pa6Orri
6rtra
Aocraroquofi
AJrfl
HcKrIor{eHHr MeraJrJrHr{ecKoro
KoHTaKTa
noBepx-
Hocrer?
TpeHHfl,
a
TeMneparypa
cefMeHroB He npeBbr[raJra
Aony-
cruuofi.
Xors npu orcyrcTBun MeraJrJrurrecKoro
KoHTaKTa
Susravecxofi
fpaHHrleir
flBJrfleTcfl
TeMneparypa
BcnbrrrrKH
MacJra,
cocTaBJrffroulafl
S:l'5-+2
263
oKor'ro
IB0oC,
no
cyuecrBylou{uN,r
tropMaM
rcMneparypa
no/lnRrHtr_
KoB
ol'pal{ttqetta
3tlaqetu{eM
80
"C.
Ec,rrr
nl)rrrrnrb
lcMneparyp),
Ha
BXoAe
u Milc,.rstrr_,rri
c"ryofi pasirori
45"C (nolpo6rio
od 3roM
cr{zr:tuHo
ttux<e)
,
r9
4onycrHutni
neperpeu
cocrzruui'35"C.
flpur{r.rMarr
B cbop-
MyJre
(12
20)
rcn"rroeMriocrb_
gc:1,7.
106
A>Nl(t
3."c),
tr,rr,p,pn-
IlHeHr
kt-10
(ltn
0:3
u llb:1,\
H ncperpcB
Tt-T'z:jb"C,
niii
AeM_AOn)'C1'H^'1Oe
AaB"rIeH
IIe
/rcr):
6
MfIa.
Ten
ep
I'M olKHo
on
peAer'I
urr, n
eo6xoAri
M
yro
p
a
6ou1,'xr
no
rJepxri
ocrb
TpeHHfl
cerMeH-To_B
S:Pf
Pgp,
noJlHyro
[JroUaAb
[oBepxHocrH
[oA-
nflTHHKa
So:
Slk,
H ero
uapyxntlr?
AHaMerp
pzn:pzorr*4Ss/n.
oruoruer{He
n,ToulaAeii
k,
xapaKrepr43yer
BerhrrnHy
rrpoMe}Kyrr{oB
MCX(AY
CC|MCHTAMH
H
ATq
BbIIO",'IHCHHbIX
NOANflTHHKOB
,IICX{HT B
NPC-
AeJrax
0,7-0,8.
Taxula
o6-
pa3oM,
paLldalrblHafl
tuH-
pHHa
cerMeHToB
b:0.5
(D"
-
D"')
onpe.u,eJleHa
H
ocraercn
nlr6parb
r4x raH-
rcttUHa",'IbHyro
A,rrHHy
(wnu,
LITO
TO
X{e
caMoe.
ux
qr4-
c"rro).
r{ro6rr
onpeAeJrrzrb
orr-
rHMaJrbHoe
orHowewue
lf
b,
o6ecneqHBarouee
H a
u 6o,rl-
IUyrc
ToJruIHHy
cJroff
MacJra,
Sop
r'ry"rry
h:kl
ltrublp"p;
npeo6pa3yex,r
(12-25)
K BHAy
0
0,5 1
j,s
Puc.
l2-9.
Tonuuna
MacJrsnofo
cJrofl
npa
Pcp:6
MlIa,
Tz:45
"C
k,:
k'nlm
:
khi
polfu,rb)
.
nnn
onpeAeJleHHfl
sua.{eHHI2
lro
H
Vz
3aAaAHMcfl
exo4uol)r
reM-
neparypoft
Mac"rra
Tz:45
"C
u
cpeAHHM
AaBJTeHHeM
p.p:6
Mfla.
flpuuauan
sHaqeHuf
kn
Hs
ra6i.
l2-2,
HafiAeu
sHaqeHHs
h. Ko-
ropble
npuBeAeHbr
Ha
puc.
l2-9.
Vs
srofo
pHcyHKa
BHAH9,
r{ro
TOJIU{HHa
MacJIfHOfO
CrOq
MaKCHMaJIbHa
H
npaKTnr{ecKH
nocroflHHa
npt{
H3MeHeHHH
B
or
3
Ao
4 u
0,6-<llb.-<\,I.
3ru
3Har{eHHf
B
Lr-
I
lb
ttBJIflrorcfl
ortrnMaJIbHbrMH
rro
roJnr{HHe
MacJrflHoro
cJrofl
Ailn
IIpHHflrbIx
sHa.JeFrufi
Pcp
H
72.
Kax
roKa3aHo
B
pa6ore
[36],
ilpr.r
P"p:4
MfIa
onruMaJrbHbre
rpaHHrIbr
HaKJroHa
pacur.rpflrorcr
Ao
3l{arIeHHli
2-<F-{4,
Ho MaI{cHMa,'IbHafl
ToJruruHa
MacJrrrHoro
cJIotI
Ha
DbIXoAHori
xpour<e
no-npe)KHeMy
AocrHfaercfl
npn
B:
S.
lloc.ryc
roro
KaK
pa3Mepbr
cerMeHroB
nrr6paHbr,
rro
Qoprray,re
(12-14)
Hnrkr,
rrro
ro
>Ke
cauoe,
no
(12-2s)
onpb4.nflercfl
roJru{rrHa
r{scJirHofo
cJrofl
ht.
!,onycrHMoii
A,rq
rr{AporeHeparopoB
c
6a66u-
TOBbIM
nOKpbITHeM
CefMeHTOB
H BbIUeyKa3aHHbrM
r.ICnoJIHeHHeM
IT{IICKA CI{HTACTCfl
TOJIU{HHA
CJOfl
HC
HHX{C
40
MKM NPH
AHAMCTPC
AHcKa
Ao
3 M
u
50 MKM
npu
6onrruux
Ar-raMerpax.
f,i"tree
ueo6xo-
AHMO
OnpeAeJIHTb
SKCIIeHTpHCI4Terbr
cefMeHTa
OTHOCHTeJTbHO
O[OpbI,
264
ry1
I
,.{
li,
.rl
w:
Sr
$l
J
.,1
IITO
Bbrno,lHfleTcrr
no
AaHHbrM,
IIpHBeAeHHbIM
B
Ta6il.
l2-2,
l2-4 il
t2-6.
AO
C14X
ItOp npHH14Ma.noCb,
qTO
TcMnepaTyl)a
MaC/'Ia Ha
BXOAe
B
CJrOr?
H3BeCTlla.
B
AelicrBtrTe",'lbllocTH
3Ta
TeMneparypa
3aBHcllr
crBIrlAerfleMIJIXIlIIoAnflTFIi{KeIIorepb'UHpl{5rntl*t"'N{acJIzlBBaljlie
r.r
ycJroBlrri
ero
oxJraiKAeHr.rr.
B
ItepBoN{
npH6JIH}KetttlH
Mox{Ho
rrpa'
ut/
HflTb,
,iro
TeMfrepaTVpa
Mac,rla Ha
BXOAe
B
cnou
ilpl4
BCTpOeHHbI-\
B Bar{rry
MacJIooxJl
aAr4Teilflx
paBHa
T
z:
7"p
1-
ATr
*
LT
r,
(t2-26)
fAe Tcp-CpeAHqfl
reMneparypa
9XJIa)KAaIOUeH
BOAbI
B
MzC;-Io-
oxila1lrelflxi
AIr
-
reMllepaTypllblfl
ileperaA
MeMAy
BoAoli
H
MaC-
JIOM B BaHHe;
LTz
-
reMnepar}P-
Hbrri tIeperlaA
Me]KAy
].,1ac./IoM
g
B BaHHe
g
Ha BxoAe
B
cJlofi.
M2'"c
B
cBolo oqepeAb
,
LT
r:
n
I
@F)
,
rAe
n
-
norepH or
rpeHHf
B noA-
nflTHHKe;
F
-OXJIa>KAaIOU{afl
IIO-
BepxHocrb
rpy6oK;
IIHeHT
TenJIOOT
LAqV
OT
MaCJIa
K Tpy6KaM
oxJIaAHreJIfl.
3HaqeHHq
a
LJrfl
rpy6oK c
Hapy>KHbIM
Ar4a-
MerpoM
l9
MM 14
BHyTpeHHHM
17 tvtu
npu
cKopocrn
ABHX<eHHfl
BoAbr
B
rpy6Kax
oKoJIo
I
u/c
npH-
BeAeHbr
Ha
pl{c.
12-10
B 3aBHcI]Mo-
crH
oT cKopocTH
ABHX(eHHfl
MaCJIa
uM.
I-Ioc.neAHIoIo
opHeHTI4poBoqHo
Mox(Ho
rrpr{Hr4Marb
paBHoIl uA/600,
rAe
0a- oKpyxHafl
cKopocrb
AHCKa
nOA[qrHHKa
Ha
Hapyx<HoM
AHaMerpe.
flepena
L
LT2
no
onbIrHbIM
AaH-
HbIM COCTABJIflCT
5-
I O
"C,
BO3-
0,3
0,2
0,1b
0,05
0,1
n/c
PHc. l2-10.
KoeSQtluHeHr
rerrloor-
AaqH
rpy6ox
MacJIooxJIaAHTerq
pacTafl
c
rroBbrrrreHueM
AaBJIeHufl
Ha IIoArIfrHHK.
lIpH
BbIHeceHHbIX
H3 BaHHbr
oxJraAHTeJrffx
H
noAaqe
oxJIa)KAeHHOfO
MaCJIa
HenocpeA-
CTBeHHO
K nOBepXrIocTqM
TpeHHfl
sTOT
nepenaA oTcyTcTByeT.
flocxo.unKy
reM[epaTypa
Tz
3aBIacHT
oT BbIAeJIfleMbIx
B noAIIfr-
HHKe
noTepb,
KoTopble,
B
cBolo
oqepeAb,
nponopIIHoIIaJIbHbI
Bfl3KO-
crn
MacJra,
To B
HaqaJIe
pacqeTa TeMneparypol?
Tz Heo6xoAHMo
3aAarbcs
(o6uuno B
pIHrepBaJIe
35-45"C), a B._1ol^U.e
rpoBepnrb,
coBnaAaer
JrH
oHa
c
HaHAeHHoIi
ro
sopM)",re
(12-26).
B 3arurroqeHue
orMerHM,
qro
yKa3aHHbII?
BbIUre
reMneparypnutl
IpeAe,'r
B0'C
ycJroBeH.
I4uercrcs
cBeAeHHfl,
rITo
ilpH
llcrtblTaHHflx
reMneparypa
MacJIa B
BaHHe
noAnffrHl{Ka
AoBoAIiJIacb
Ao
123
"C
(sa
cuer
orpaHl{qeHnfl
noAaqu
BoAbI
B
oxJla4ll1eryr)
.u
aro He npII-
BeJro
K
)/xyA[rer{Hro
cocroflHI{fl
IIoAnflrHHKa
157]
PaQgla onblrHoro
rroAnflTHHKa
c
reMileparypot?
cerMeHToB
BbIIrIe
100
"C
onHcaHa
rar{}rie
B
pa6ore
[19].
It)il
i
I
12-8.
AEOOP
MAL\VM nOBEpXHOCTEN
TPEHVI
vl
v1x BnuflHvlE
HA XAPAKTEPVICTV1KV|
nOAnTTHhKA
flprtBeAerrHbre
Bbrue
pacqerrrbre
Qopvryru
ocrroBar-rbr r'ta
AOn}'-
tIlC}IIIII
O
TOM,
{ITO
NOBCPXHOCTI{
TPCIIIIfl
fI.,lOCKTIE. B
ACiiCTEHTCJIb-
uocTII, KaK
)')Ke
orMeqa/'Iocb,
noBepxr{ocru
rpenufl, ti n oco6enrrocr}r
cerMeHTbr,'noA
AeircrsHeNa
rJarpeBa H Harpy3Ku
AeQopMrrpyrorcq.
TaN xaK
onpeAerenHe
AeQopuaqHli
ccrMeHroB
rrpeAcraBJrser
co6ofi
caMocrorrerbr{yrc
cJro}KHyio
3aAaqy,
To
Bo
MHorprx
pa6orax
aHa-
nH3HpOBaJrOCb BJIHIHHe 3a-
paHee
3aAaHHofo HcKpHB-
TCHHq CCIMCHTOB
HA
XA-
p
aKTepHCTHKr{
noArrflTH HKa.
Oanofr
Hs nepBbrx B
oroM
HanpaBJreHHH
qerqbrcn
p
a-
6ora
[66],
rAe
paccMorpeHo
HCKpHB,'IeHHe
KBaAparnOfi
noAyIxKH B BbrnyKJryro
v
BorHyrvro
cSepnuecKyCI TI
I{HJII'IHAPHI{CCKYIO
TIOBCPX-
HocrH.
floayueHHbre
e eroii
pa6ore
pe3yJrbrarbr
noKa-
3aHbr
Ha
puc.
l2-ll
B
BHAe
3aBHcHMocrefi
MHHHMaJTb-
sofi ro"rrurr4Hbr
cJrofl
Ae$op-
MHpoBaHHofo
cef
N{eHT
&
hmn
or
nporH6a
cefMeHra
,6
H
TOJITUHHbI
CTOq MACJIA HA
BbrxoAHoft
xpouxe
[JrocKo-
ro
cerMeHTa
hr.
Kax
BHAHo
H3
pHcyHKa,
HCKpHBJ'IeHHe
Cef
MeHTa B
BbInyKJryro
rIHJrHHApHqe-
cKylo
noBepxHocrb
c
o6pa-
3YIOUIH
U H,
rrep IIeHAHKyJr
f
p
-
HbrMr.r
HanpaBJreHHIo
ABr.rlKeHHf AHCKa
(<npoAoJrbHaq>>
KpHBH3Ha,
KpH'Bafl
1),
npueoAur K HeKoropoMy yBerr.rqeHr{ro
roJrrqnHbr
MacJrfl-
Horo
cJlot,
TorAa
KaK
Bce ocraJlbHue
Qoprr,trr
HcKpHBJreHr.rfl,
r.r oco-
6esno
r{cKpHBJreHHe
BorHyrocrbro
BBepx (xpnean
4),
npHBoArr
K
CyurecrBeHHoMy yMeHblrreHHro
roJru{HHbr
MacJrf
Horo
cJrofi.
orueruu,
qro
rrpH
ae$opunpoBaHnH
cerMeHra
Ha
Hexoropoli
ero
qacru
o6paayercfl
pac[Inpqlou{Hl?cq
B
HarpaBJreHnr.r
ABnx(eHr.rfl
3a3op,
npH
KoropoM
HaliAeHHoe
r{3
ypaBHeHHq
(12-l)
4ae,rreHHe
MoxeT noryr{HTbcs
orpHIrareJIbHbrM.
3ro
o3Haqaer,
qro
Ha
r{acrH
cefMeHra raacrqHorrl
c.noft
HafpysKy
He
Hecer.
fpaHllqa
s Me>KAy
.[,ByMf
r{acTfl
Mr.{ cefMeHTa onpeAeJrfleTcfl,
r43
ycJroBl.{fl
45
NE
U,J
Pnc.
l2-ll.
Bnus:aue
HcKpHBJreHHr cefrueHra
Ha
TOJIUII{Hy MacJlsHofo
cJIofi npu
eo: l0
0/o
u llb:l
/
-
nuuyx.rrtrri
TIHIHHAp
c ocbro, rrepnegAaKynrp-
uoli nanpaBJreHnro
ABrix(ennff;
2
-
nrrnyx.rras
c$epa;
J
-
nuny6rrrfi
qll.ltr.rn,u,p
c ocbro,
napanreJrbnofi
Ha-
lpaBneHr-trc
ABrrxeHlrr;
4
-
norHyruft
qu.nnHAp
HnH
c@epa
0p
Ps.:
^
on
s
luu
:0
(n-
r{opMaJlb t{
KoHrypy
S),
qro
BHocHr
AonoJIHI.tTeJIbHbte
rpyA-
uocrt{
rrl)rr I.rHTcnptrpoBat{t.II{
yp:lBIlcHufl
Peituo"ntAca H
ruJIrercfl
oArroil H3
rrpHqr.rH cHH;*ienr.rfl
uecyuteii cttoco6uocrn
aeQopMIrpouaH-
uofo cerr\,terrr':r. Oco(ternro
npeAlro
pacuuperll.tc
3a3rlpa e6n
I{:Jtt
RXoA-
rroll
r{poMritr,'rzrri riaK
ono
3arp}IAIIfleT
o6pa3oIJaunc
MacJIfrlofo
cJrofl npH rrycxc.
Harpen MZC,'ra
r.r cHHlKeHHe
ero Bfl3Kocru
B
pa6ore
[66]
He oilpe-
Ac,rnnr.rcr,.
3rn
:QQcxru
H3yqet{br
ll.
3.
ffonoeutnt,
xoropsll?
pac-
clvfttrprrB:trT
rrbin)/K.rrbrii
cefMelIT c
npo4o,rluoii
xpunHsuofi.
!,;1fl
9TO|O
CJryqar{
rrM
rroKa3ar{o,
qTO
c
pocToM
npofHozl cefMel{Ta
HarpeB MacJIa
Ire
y'BerHqttBzleTCfl,
a
flpH
yMepeHrlbtX
nportt6ax
AalKe
yMcFlbirraercfl.
Taxrervr
o6pa30M,
no,'roiKr.rrerJlbr.ral
nl)oAoJrbI{atI
ItpuBt43ta,
no
Be-
JtrIr{rilrc il(]
npcBbt[Iaroulati
TOJIU{rrHy
Mac.rlfHofo cJIofi,
oJafonpll-
rirlro BJtr{iter
r{a Hecyuiyro
cnoco6uocrb
r{
Harl)eB noAnflTHI{Ka.
Ta-
Kar{
Sopua
HCr{pHBJreHHfl
Bo3Mo)KHa
rtpH
onnpaHHrr
cerMeHToB
IIo
trrt4lHlHr4,
KaK
B HeKOTOpbTX
yilopHbrx
noAurHfrHuKax
rypooafpefaroB.
IleAocrarKoM onHp
aHvn
iro JIHHTtA
f,Bnfl,ercfl
HeBo3N{o}KHocrt,
Kaqa-
nHfl cerr\{eHTa B
oAHoM H3 HanpaereHltll. B
rHAporeFieparopax
c rape.,'Ibr{arbtMI{
onopaMH,
JIe}Kau{uMH
Ha
roqeqHoir
onope,
BJILIflHIIe
HcKpHBr'teHHt{
cerMeHToB
cJieAyeT ortpeAe.rlflTb
no
npnnoir
2 Ha
pHc.
12-ll.
IlpH
pacqere
Ae$opvrarlHii
cerMeHru o6uquo
paccMarpHBalorcfl
KaK
roHKHe
ynpyrne nJIacrHHKH.
Tax,
B
pa6ore
I3B]
cerMet{r
cxe-
Marn3upyercfl
B
BHAe
roHxoti
xpyroeoft nJIacTHHKH c
uarpyaxofi
n
Soprrae
KpyroBoro
KoHyca. OAnaKo
B rHAporeHeparopax
roJIudHHa
cefMeHTa
MolKer
AoxoAHTb
AO
50
%
efo
pa3MepoB
B
n,'IaHe,
BCneA-
crBHe
qefo
cxeMa
roHKofi
n.rracrr.IHKn
npHBoAHr
x
6orn[II,tM
norpeu-
HocrflM .
Ans
noBbr[IeHnfl
TorrHocrH
pacqeTa
Moryr
6sIrl
ptclloJlb3o-
BaHbt
ypaBHeHHff llzrvl6a
ro,rcroft
il,,'IacruHKrI,
yt{r{TbtBa}ou{t4e
Ae$opMaurrtr
cABrlra.
CerneHr
3aN{eHeH
xpyroeofi
r.racrtiHxor?
pae-
HoBeJrHKofi
n"noula1r4
c
Hapy>KHbIM
paAHyCoM A, oneprot?
no
ol(pylK-
Hocru
paAHycoM b
-<a
H
Harpy>KeHuoti
AaBJIeHHeM,
pacilpeAe"reH-
HbIM NO 3AKOHV
p
(r)
:
po
tl
-
(rla)"|.
MaxcHtr{
a,'IbHoe
.{aBJIeHI,Ie
AaBJIeHIIeM
pcp
Qop
uy"rtoii
Po:
H
rlpI4
H3MeHeHHH
B IIOAIIflTHHKAX
(12-27) nporu6u
p
aBHbI
Po
cBflsaHo
npH
n-L9
P"p,
nw
-
it
(t2-27)
STOM
cO CpeAHHIv{
n
n or 0,8
Ao
2 Mo>KHo
norytlHrb
peaJII'I3yeMbIe
orHorueHHfl
PolP"p-3,5+-2.
llpu
AaBJIeHHH
no
rrJracrr{HKH B
IreHrpe
&r
(0)
H Ha
Kpa}o a
(a)
n^2
Yqt
ru
Lno
nn2
Yu f
(t2-28)
'
(o):(uo
+k;+)
a
ii:
,F
€,
ri&:
:*
i*
::
,-1
EIt
a
w(a):
(u,
*k'r+)
Eh
267
nAe,
noJrHafl
Hafpy3Ka
Q:nn?2pol
(n+2),
a
3HaqeHufl
xossQlruneH-
,,9y
!.npHBeAeHbr
r{a pnc.
12-12.
llepnure
crraraeML,re
n
{rojrMyrrax
!12-28)
orpa)Karor
BIIHflHHe
u3ru6a,
a
Bropbre
-
BJrHflr{rre
cAtsHra.
flporll6
KpaeB
cerMenra
orHocHreJrbHo
r{enrpa
onpeAeJrrrercr
rbop-
uVnot'i
a (a)-@
(0)
:
(/r-
f
;
Ql(Eh),
a
3t3qeHnt
ir-fo
Arrfl,
tL:
I
rpeAcraB.rreHbr
Ha pHc.
12-13.
llpll
HarpeBe
cerMeHTa
ero
L{cKpr{BJreHHe
Bbr3brBaercfl
Hecr{o,,rb-
Kirx,lr{
npHqr.iHauu.
Bo-nepBbrx,
Hg-3a
pa3HHr{br
B 3HaqeHnflx
xoessH-
uHerlroB
TeMneparypHoro
)/AJrHHeHr{r
craJrH
rr
6a66wra
cerMer{r
q
I
i
I
ko'kt
0,20
n 14
0,10
0,05
0
-0,05
0,+
k'o,k;
0,2
fi-fo
utl
0
-0,1
-0,2
-n1
-0,4
-0,5
Puc.
12-12.
I(
onpe4eJrenr{rc
cocraBJrflrorrrux
npora6a
cefMeHra
Puc. 12-13.
K
onpeaerreHuro
cyMMapHoro
nporu6a
cerMeHra
HCr(pHBHJrCf
6U
AaXe
npH
paBHOMepHOM
efo
HafpeBaHwH.
Bo-ero-
pbIX,
oAHopoAriufi
craJlbHofi
cerueHT
H3orHyJrcfl
6t't
ug-ga nepenaAa
TeMliepaTypbI
no
roJIU{HHe.
!,a"uee,
B nJrocKocrflx,
rrapaJrreJbHbrx
nJiocKocTH
TpeHHq,
TeMIIepaTypa
raKX<e
MeHflercfl,
qro
BbI3bIBaer
AonoJrHHTeJrbHbre
nporra6rr.
IrI HaKoHei{,
KaK
orMeqa/rocb
B
S
l2-9,
HepaBHouepHrrfi
IIo
AJTHHe
HafpeB
npHBoAHT
K O6paSOeaHHro
KItu-
HOBpTAHOTO
sa3opa
v3-3a
yBerHqeHHfl
ToJrurHHbr
cefMeHTa.
@axrltqecKH
Bce
qerblpe
npHrIHHbr
4elircrnyror
coBMecrHo,
Ho
oCHoBHbIM
IIo
BeJIHIILIHe
flBJIfleTcfl
npOrH6,
BbI3Basuurr?
ilepenaAoM
reM[eparypbr
rlo roJrrqHHe
cefMeHra.
3ror
npori.r6
MO]KHO
Orpe-
AeJIHTb
lrcxoAfl H3 Toro,
qro
Harperafl
uracruHNa
llgrlr6aeTcfl
e
cQe-
prrqecKyro
noBepxHocrb
c
paAHycoM
KpHBH3Hbr
\
I
\
{
\'
/
/
v
X
V
k6
\4
20,
t
'0,i
;
0,t
!
')i
268
R
-
hsl(12m1);
mt:
I
aztdV
,
{v)
q
t
1
i
i
I
rAe
h
-
ToJrulHHa n.lracrnnrcr;
y/{JIIlrrcrrr{fl;
z
-*
KoopArrrrara,
nepiler{Ar{r{yJrflpI{afl
nJrocKocrn
rpe-
IIr{q;
dV
-
3JreMeHr
o6r,eua
[Jracrr4Hr(r{.
Sror
pe3yJbrar
cnpaBeAJIHB
AJrtr
nJracraHr{H
nro6oft
Qoputt,
ecJIH
ee TO/'IUIHHa
AOCTaTOqHO
MaJIa, UtO6Sl
AOBOr'rbCTBOBaTbCfl
LIH-
TerpaJIbHbIM
BbrnoJrHeHHeM KpaeBbrx
yc.noeuri
Ha 6oxoeofi
noBepx-
Hocru,,
Ec,ru )Ke reMfleparypa
MeHsercr
rro ro",rlrqr]He nranelirro,
To
ara
SopMyr'ra
cnpaBeAilrrBa
npH
rro6oli ro,'ru-tnr{e
[racrHHKlI.
Tax
xax Ko",'rbueBafl onopa cefrueHTa
noAnsrrrl{Ka,
He Boc[pHHH-
MaIou1afl ropH3or{Ta/'rr,Hbrx
ycunrtii,
ne
nperrflTcrByeT Hsru6y cer-
MeHTa e c$eprrqecKyro noBepxHocrb, ro
B
onope He
Bo3HHKaer
Bep-
TrrKa/'rbHur
vcrirHii
t4
orcqrrraHtruii or
Hee
nporu6 cefMeHTa
paBeH
wot)
''
6
(rz
-b')
m1lh3.
fIp,
"ryaserisou
rto roJrulrlHe IJ3N{erreHHr.r
reMrieparypbr
HafiAevr
nporaS r{paeB
orHocrireJrbHo
ueHrpa:
uto@)-Luo(O)
:
+(ATu*J-
A7"'*),
4h
rAe
AT"*
H
Aluu,"
-
fiepefiaAbr
reMfieparypbr
rro
roJrurr.rHe
cefMeHTa
Ha BXoAuofi u BbrxoAHori
xpouxax.
12-9,
TEMNEPATYPHOE
NONE
CETMEHTA
nOAnflTHVIKA
Enq
onpeAeJreHHfl
renJroBbrx
leQopna
aryufr
cerMeHToB neo6xo-
AHMO
3Harb HX
HafpeB H,
r/'IaBHOe,
TeMneparypHUfi nepenaA no
roJru{r{He
cerMeHTa. Sror
nepenaA
onpeAeJlrercr noroKoM TeIIJIoTbI
nonepeK
MacJrflHofo
cJrofl
H
ycJIoBHflMH
oxJra)KAeHHfl cerMeHToB.
VpanHenpre
oHeprr4H
B
BHAe
(12-3)
He rro3BoJraer
uafrru
rroroK Ten-
JIOTbI H3 MACJIflHO|O
CJIOfl
B CCIMCHT.
Als
pacqera
cerMeHra
H3BecrHbI
ABa
MeroAa. flo
nepeoMy
Me-
roAy
ypaBHeHI4e
sHeprun
6epercl
B
BHAe
,
,.
i
I
l
j
,i
a
I
I
*(r,+:j-vn+
#v"+):
:rl(+)'+(+)'l
*^,
:tr
'{i
:Hr
i&.
o"l
(12-2e)
da'
'
fAC Bfl3KOCTb,
TCMIICPATYPA
H
CKOPOCTb 3ABHCflT
OT
KOOPAHHATbI
tJ,
rranpasreHHoft
nonepeK MacrqHoro
cJrofl,
a
^,p-Te[Jronpo-
BOAHOCTb
MACJIA.
flpu HsMeHeHHH
Br3KocrH
MacJIa
no[epeK
cJIofl
ypaBHeHHe
Peli-
HoJrbAca
AJrfl
IlpflMoyrolbHoro
6amMaKa
rpHMer BHA
A
/
dp\
A
/
dp\
rr
-.
I
m+-
l-t-
-:-
[
m
4-l:
uH; (12-30)
0x
\
0x/
0z
\
0z)
trL
-
Fot
@) [d
tr,l
-
Fz@)
Fo@];
269
p-'f
da,
Cocraenqrcu{He
cr{opocrn
Mac"rra
paBHbr
k--0,
1,
2.
ro
ocrrM
KoopAriHar
6yayr
H
s
Fa(0:
J
0
v
*:
uoU-
F;'
(h)
F,fu)l
*
[F, @)-
F;l
@)
!\(tl
Fo@)1ff,
v
"
:
lr,
@)-
Fo'
(h)
F,
(h)
Fo
tul
$
;
!/
v,,:-te++dv,\ar.
"
J\
dx
'
az
)'r'
Enr-
onpeAerretr4r,
r{3
Bbrpa>Nessfi
(12-29)
v
(12-30)
AaBrreHHR
H rer\{reparypbr
ueo6xoAHMO
HMerb
rpaHHqHbre
yc,roeut.
B
o6uevr
cryqae
3TH ycJIoBHr
6ylyr
c/rreAyrou{vMz.
Ha
BXoAe
B lrac.rlsulrri
cnofi
TeMneparypa
aa1ara,
T.
e.
Tlx-o
:72.
Ha
rpaHarre
Me>KAy
MacJIflHbIM
cJIoeM
H
cerMeHToM
TeMrreparypa
H
ren,rogori
rroroK
HenpepbrBHbr,
T.
e.
Tl
-'r
I
'lA:h
--tslg":0,
^
arn
:
Ac
_:___:__
u:h
dAc
AT
?,"$
0s
t
a
c:o
fAe
h:h(x,
z)
-
roJrurHHa
MacJrflHoro
cJrori
?u"
-
reuroilpoBoA-
HocTb
MarepHaJIa
cefMeHTa
14 I"
-
ero
TeMnepaTypa,
onpeAeJrfle-
Mafl
B ycTaHoBHBUreMCfl
pex{HMe
r43 ypaBHeHHfl
0rT"
,
0rT"
0rT.
n
;+a-+;:0
Ha
6oxoBbIX
KpoMKax
H Ha
tu.nruori
cropoHe
cerMeHTa
oTa
reM-
rreparypa
yAoBJrerBopfler
ycJroBr.{flM
reu.uoo6MeHa
c
oKpy)KarourgM
MACJIOM
^"+
-
dc(T.-To):0,
(12-3t)
rAe
n-
HopMaJrb
K KOHrypy
cefMeHTa;
dc- roaQouqpreHr
renJro-
orAarrH
or cerMeHTa
K
MacJry
c reMrreparypori
Is.
KoeQQuqpIeHr
reIIJIoorAaq^v
Ha rpaHr{qe
MacJrsHofo
cJrofl
c
ALr-
cKoM
o6H'Iuo
[pLIHHMaercfl
nu6o
6ecxoseqno
6o.ntruurra
(saAaua
reMneparypa),
nu6o
paBHbIM
HyJIry (oreo4
rerrJrorbr
orcyrcrByer)
.
?t,
ycrroBufl
Hcnorrb3oBaHbr
n
-pa6oiax
[39,
62].
llpta
orcyrcrBr.rg
6oxoeoro
pacreKanufl
H uax.none
F:2
1teperpeB
MacJra
(.p.a"r,i
no
ToJru{nue
c.nox)
yN{eHbrrraercfl
6oeee
qeM
B
ABa
pa3a
[pH
nepe_
xoAe
or
cJryrrafl, KofAa
Nlac.rlqHHfi
c"nofi
TerrJroH3onr.rpoBaH,
K
Apy_
foMy
npeAeJrbHoMy
cJryqaro,
KofAa
reMneparypa
rroBepxHocrefi
Tpe_
270
271
i:
.ftt
#l
rl
'''
1
I
I
Ht4fl,
paBHa TeMnepaT),pe
MaCJIa
Ila
BXoAe B
c,rotl. VXagaHHHfi
Pe:
3yJrbrar
noJlyqeH
^rui-6espa3MepHoro
rapaMerpa
),ull
ftch2&)
:0,1
(2,.1,
_-
TenJIOnpOBOllHOCTL
Mac,la
)
.
M.
E.
fIoAO,'Itct<nrt
TeopeTnqectitt
nOI{a3aI,
qro
TeMrlepATypa
AtrcKa
Maflo oTflHr{aeTcfl
oT
TeM[epa'lypbl
IVIac,'la
Ha BXoAe B
c.nofi,
HO
SKCnepHMerrTa,'rbHo
3To
norox{eHlle
B
fl',l,(pofeHepaTopax
Henpo-
BepqJrocb.
Conlrecrsoe
petrieHHe
Jep]\4orr4ApoIlliI{aMuqecKoIl
3aAaqH
AJrr
MacJrtHoro
cJIoff
H
Aera,nefi
noAnflTHHKa
BecbMa
cJIo)KHo'
no3ToMy
paCqeT
TeMnepaTyp
BbIIIOJIHfleTcS
MeToAoM IIOcneAOBaTe,'lbHbIX
np n6,rr uNi
esufi
. B
n aq a Jre
onp
eAenfl
ercfl
cp eAHfl fl tlo
ToJIUII'IHe
reMrle
-
parypa renJrou3oJrnpoBaHHoro
Mac,'IfHoro
cJlofl. 3areu
?Ta
reMne-
paTyp
a 3a[aeTcfl
Ha noBepxHocTH
TpeIIHf
cefMeHTa
H onpeAeJlfleTcfl
ero reMneparypHoe
no.,'Ie
npl4
ycrIoBHH
(12-31).
IIo
HafiAeHHofi
TeMneparype
cerMeHTa
paccqurblBaercfl
ren,roeoii
noroK
Ha
no-
BepxHocrH
TpeHHfl
flt:t
+-
,
on
xoropufr
BbrrrgTaercfl
HB BbrAeJIfleMbIX
B
MacJIrHoM
cJloe
Ilorept
IIo
B
upaeofi
qacTn
ypaBHeHHfl
(12-3)
,
u cHoBa
orpeAe,lsercf
reMre-
parypa
cJrofl.
flo.tyueHHafl
ortrM cnoco6oM
reMneparypa
MacJlflHoro
b"troi-
(a.nq
llb:0,
p:3)
rrpuBeAeHa
Ha
pnc.
l2-5
(rurpuxonan
ilu-
uun).
CHHx<eHHe
lreperpeBa
B c.Iloe
npu
ilpHHflTblx
I{cXoAHbIX
AaH'
HbIX
BeCbMa
CVU{eCTBeHHO.
12-10.
TUAPOCTAThI{ECK4r
noAbEM
PoroPA
Kax
y)Ke
orMeqaJrocb,
[pr{
BbIcoKHx
nycKoBbIX
AaBneHHflx
Ha
noAnqrHHK
npuMeHqercr
cncreMa
npHHyAHre,'IlHoi'I
cMa3KH
noAflrr'
HHKa
(ncn),
pa6oraroulas
ilpH
nycKax v
ocraHoBKax
arperara.
B CCCP
ra:6.afl.
cucreMa
BrrepBne
6u"na
ycraHoBJIeHa
Ha arpefarax
Eparcr<ofr
f3C,
rAe
nycKoBoe
AaBJreHHe
Ha
noAnflTHHK
AocrLIraJlo
3,7
M[a. B
Aa.nsHefiIrleM
Ha
reHeparopax
npol43BoAcrBa
.Iln3o
<S.rrerrpocgJra>> cucreMa
ncn
ycraHaB
Jrvaalracb
Lr npu
MeHbIIIHX
nycKoBbrx
AaBJreHHqx
A,4r
yMeHbueHl{fl
H3Hoca
lloBepxHocrefi
Tpe-
Hkrfl.,
o6,uerqeHltfl
IloBoporoB
poropa
ilpl{
peMoHTax
H
peB}I3l{flx'
AJIfl
o6ecneqeHHf
nycKoB
cpa3y
noc,{e
ocraHoBKH
(<<ropxuue>>
nycxn)
H
nocJle
AJIHTeJIbHoTo
ocraHoBa
6es
npeABapHTe,rlbHofo
noAbeMa
po-
ropa
Ha ropMo3a-AoMKparbr.
Ha sxcnoprHblx
reHeparopax
cHcreMa
ncn
qacTo
yCTaHaBJII{BaeTcfl
no
rpe6onaHulo
3aKa3rIHKa.
lIpuHUrlnHaJIbHafl
cxeMa
cIlcreMbI
nCn
npHBeAeHa
Ha
pHc.
12-14.
B6nWSu
uaclssOfi
BaHHbI
noAnflrHgKa,
HHX<g
ee
He MeHee
r{eM
Ha
1
u,
pacnoJraraercfl
HacocHafl
ycraHoBKa,
cocroflu{ar
I'I3
aKcgaJrbuo-nopruHeBofo
pefyJllipyeMofo
Hacoca
2 I{ acl{HxpollHoro
gJIeKTpoAeHraienq.
Hacoc
nHTaeTcfl
MacJloM r43
rrtacnsHofi
BaHHbI
nOAnflTHHKa
10 H
npH
nycKe
rgApoarperaTa
HafHeraeT
MacJlo
B
KoJrbIIeBoIl
Tpy6onpoBoA
9,
saxoAqrluitcq
BHyrpH
BaHHbI
H
coeAH-
neuHtrr?
ueRHsirrlu
rprr6xarrau
B
c
Ka)KAbIM cerMeHTol\,I
noAnflTl{r'lKa
6.