Desonie D. Climate
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climate
196
mitigation, 138–139
modeling, 45–48, 66–67,
109–112,
171
monsoons, global dimming
and,
36
Montverde Cloud Forest, 127
Mosley, Ellen, 56
N
natural causes of climate
change, 24–32
natural gas, carbon cycle and,
22
negative feedback mechanisms,
46, 47, 103–104
Neogloboquadrina pachyderma,
43–44
neutrons,
isotopes and, 42
nitrous oxides (NOx), 4, 34
Norris, Richard, 116
North Atlantic gyre, 15
North Atlantic Oscillation
(NAO),
32
nuclear power plants,
153–154
nuclei,
isotopes and, 42
O
obliquity, 26, 27
oceans
climate and, 15–17
climate change and,
81–83
feedback mechanisms and,
47
fertilization of, 159–160
future of global warming
and, 116–117
water cycle and, 9–10
Y
ounger Dryas and, 53
offsetting of carbon emissions,
164–165
oil
shale, 156
organisms. See also human
civilization
freshwater, 92–93
marine, 93–95
overview of effects of
climate
change on,
91–92
terrestrial, 96–102
Orr
, James C., 127
oscillations, climate, climate
change and, 30–32
oxygen, oceanic dead zones
and,
95
oxygen isotopes, overview of,
42–43
ozone,
4, 9, 34
P
Pacific Decadal Oscillation
(PDO), 31
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal
Maximum (PETM), 50–51,
116
paleoclimatology, 40–41,
56–57
pandemics, 55–56
Parmesan, Camille, 98,
99–100,
101
particulates, 7–9, 28, 35–36,
69,
160
Patzek, Tad, 155
penguins, 101–102
per capita greenhouse
emissions,
72
permafrost, 10, 79
Permian Period, 29
Peru Current, ENSO and, 31
phenology, 92
photons, energy and, 5
photosynthesis, carbon cycle
and,
19
photovoltaic cells, 151
phrenology, 100
phytoplankton
carbon
cycle and, 19, 127
climate change and, 93,
94
dead
zones and, 95
iron fertilization and,
159–160
pikas,
98
Pimentel, David, 155
plankton
carbon sequestration and,
21
climate
change and, 93,
94
dead
zones and, 95
defined, 19
iron fertilization and,
159–160
sediment
record and, 43
plants, climate change and,
98
plate tectonics, climate change
and, 28–30
Pleistocene Ice Ages, 28,
51–53
political action, 163–164
pollen,
ice cores and, 41
polyps, 96–97
positive feedback mechanisms,
46–47,
76, 79, 133
poverty, adaptation and,
165–166
precession,
26, 27
precipitation, 10, 43, 65,
115
pressure
zones, climate and,
14
primary productivity, 19,
92–93, 97, 103–104
producers,
defined, 19
protons, isotopes and, 42
proxies, climate study and,
40–45
Q
Qori Kalis glacier, 57
Quelccaya ice cap, 56
R
radiation, 5–6, 11
Rapley, Chris, 123–124
recent climate, 62–65
reflection, energy balance and,
11
refugees, 129–130
197
index
research, importance of,
160–161
reservoirs,
19–22, 80
respiration, carbon cycle and,
21
Revkin,
Andrew, 138
rice production, 34, 103,
149
rivers, global warming and,
80–81
Rolling
Stones, 164
Russia, greenhouse gas
emissions
and, 70–72
S
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane
Scale, 86, 87
Sahel region, 36, 80, 103
salinity, 125–126
satellites, climate study and,
40
scattering, energy balance and,
11
Schellnhuber
, H.J., 126
sea levels, 81–82, 122–125
seasons, Milankovitch cycles
and,
26
sea surface temperatures,
43–46, 50, 88–89
sedimentary rocks, as climate
proxies,
40, 44
sediments, 21, 40, 42–44, 51
September 11 terrorist attacks,
37
sequestration, 19–22, 51,
159–160
Shea,
Dennis, 90
Siberian Traps, 29
Simms, Andrew, 131–132
six
-cell model of global air
circulation, 14
slash-and-burn agriculture,
33–34
snow cover, rising temperatures
and,
65
soils, carbon sequestration and,
160
solar
cells, 151, 161
solar variation, climate change
and, 24–25
Sopoaga,
Enele, 130
South Pacific gyre, ENSO and,
31
specific heat, climate and,
16–17
Sriver, Ryan, 118–119
storm
surge, 82
strategy development,
148–150
stratosphere,
defined, 9
sulfur hexachloride, 34
sulfur oxide emissions,
141
sunlight, 6, 9, 12–13, 24–25,
35–36
sunspots,
25
Swiss Re, 133
switchgrass, 155
syngas, 158–159
T
tar sands, 156
taxes, 147–148, 163–164
tax incentives, 163–164
tectonics, 28–30
temperature
climate
change and, 85
climate consequences by,
114–115
coral reefs and, 96–97
electromagnetic wavelength
and,
5
future of global warming
and,
115
greenhouse gas levels and,
69–70
hottest years on record and,
64
terrestrial organisms,
96–102
thermal expansion, 81–82,
116–117
thermal inertia, 70, 116–117,
122,
125
thermohaline circulation,
13–15,
70
Thompson, Lonnie, 54–55,
56–57
threshold effects, modeling
and,
46–48, 113
Tikal, 58
tipping point
climate refugees and,
129–132
European ice age and,
125–126
extinctions and,
126–129
human civilization and,
132–133
ice sheet loss, sea level rise
and, 122–125
overview of, 121–122
toads, 126–127
transportation, improvements
to, 148–149
T
ravis, David, 37
tree rings as climate proxies,
40,
45
Trenberth, Kevin, 90
troposphere, 9, 34
Turkey, 54
Tuvalu, 130–131
U
ultraviolet (UV) radiation,
defined, 6
uncertainties, modeling and,
110
Union of Concerned Scientists,
146
United States, 70–72, 131,
141–144
urban
heat island effect, 35
V
Vikings, 58–59
visible light, defined, 5–6
volcanic eruptions, 21–22, 25,
28,
29
Vostok ice core, 52
climate
198
W
Warren, Rachel, 139
water, oxygen isotopes and,
42–43
water
cycle, 9–11, 80–81,
115
water
vapor, 3
wavelengths, defined, 5
waves, energy and, 5–6
weather, 83–90, 118–119
West Antarctic Ice Sheet,
123–124
W
est Nile virus, 120
wildfires, 47, 105–106
W
ilkinson, Clive, 97
wind belts, 14
wind energy, 152, 158
wobbles, 26, 27
Y
yellow fever, 120
Younger Dryas, 53, 55,
125,
126
Z
zooplankton, 19, 93,
94
zooxanthellae, 96–97
199
About the Author
DANA DESONIE, PH.D., has written about the earth, ocean, space,
life, and environmental sciences for more than a decade. Her work has
appeared in educational lessons, textbooks, and magazines, and on
radio and the Web. Her 1996 book, Cosmic Collisions, described the
importance of asteroids and comets in Earth history and the possible
consequences of a future asteroid collision with the planet. Before
becoming a science writer, she received a doctorate in oceanography,
spending weeks at a time at sea, mostly in the tropics, and one amaz-
ing day at the bottom of the Pacific in the research submersible Alvin.
She now resides in Phoenix, Arizona, with her neuroscientist husband,
Miles Orchinik, and their two children.