Daniel E. Williams. Sustainable Design. Ecology, architecture and planning. (анг. яз)

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cooling. Also, a third of the exterior envelope is a ventilated double facade with a

four-foot buffer that tempers solar gains year-round. The building’s central atrium

space acts as a huge return-air duct and light shaft, and steam from a nearby power

plant supplies central heating and cooling. The building will also use 32 percent less

water than a comparable office building by having waterless urinals, dual-flush toi-

lets, automatic faucets, and low-flow fixtures.

Genzyme as client for the interiors and a big part of the sustainable elements

was a rare example of how an ideal client-architect relationship and decision-

making process can happen. The CEO of Genzyme and Stefan Behnisch took the

lead to establish the major sustainable-design criteria, but there was also a huge

international design-team effort and a broad response from the entire Genzyme

Company. The sustainable design in this building is fully integrated into architecture,

space, and light. Sustainability in this sense is not an extra you could add or not. It is

interwoven with the vital parts of architecture. Genzyme as a client fully understood

and supported this issue.

Jury Comments: ”The corporation invested heavily to make this great piece of

architecture a model for corporate offices in the coming decade, with its sophisti-

cated glazing, lighting, and mechanical systems that create a growing, active place

supportive of its occupants.”

Building Performance, According to the Architects

It takes time to adjust, correct, and tune the systems. Today, the building performs

reasonably close to what was planned and expected, in spite of items that had to be

corrected during the first year of operation. The facade, for instance, was leaking the

first winter. This magnitude of air infiltration was not expected. The facade was

repaired, and now it performs well.

However, how people use the building, what temperature range they want to

accept, has a big impact on the performance of the building. If you ask: Can the

building perform better over time? The answer is yes, over time with the help of habit

changing and acceptance of a wider range of ideas on what constitutes comfort.

2004 AIA/COTE Top Ten Winner

GREYSTON BAKERY

LOCATION: Yonkers, New York

ARCHITECT: Cybul & Cybul

The Greyston Bakery offers a 23,000-square-foot, state-of-the-art production bak-

ery on a 1.6-acre former brownfield site in an old industrial area near downtown

Yonkers. Intended as a revitalization catalyst to this blighted neighborhood, the new

bakery functions as a continuous automated machine to produce brownies and

other baked products. The building is bisected by a three-level light shaft with

translucent floors and then bisected again in the opposite direction by a two-story

2004 AIA/COTE TOP TEN GREEN PROJECTS 223

atrium, which separates the office areas from the production bakery and introduces

light and air into the offices. The light shaft and atrium also allow natural airflow

throughout the bakery. Outside ambient air cools the baked products as they travel

down a continuous spiral conveyor.

Jury Comments: ”This is a cultural ecology where the design team understood

that a workplace is not just a box you work in, but a quality environment to main-

tain workers; one in which the fundamental processes reveal the greatest potential

for energy savings.”

2004 AIA/COTE Top Ten Winner

HERMAN MILLER BUILDING C1

LOCATION: Zeeland, Michigan

ARCHITECT: Krueck & Sexton

Reuse of a building is one of the most sustainable strategies available. This project

restored, revitalized, and transformed a classic but aging modern building into an

environmentally responsive, high-quality workplace, exemplifying Herman Miller’s

core values of human-centered, spirited, and purposeful design. Located on the

company’s main campus, this two-story 1974 office building housed Herman Miller

executives until 1997. The architects stripped the building to its structure and rebuilt

it with minimal finishes, using more than 50 percent recycled content. The floor

plates are organized to provide maximum daylight penetration and 100 percent line

of sight to the landscape. With 69 percent of its total energy produced on site, the

redesign achieves a 29 percent reduction in energy consumption, mainly through

envelope improvements and high-efficiency mechanical equipment and lighting.

The project also supports the regional economy, with 57 percent of construction

materials sourced within 500 miles.

Jury Comments: ”As if Saarinen had returned with more tools and an additional

30 years of experience in sustainable use, good light, and air, this sweet little

exposed-structure box shows that the Top 10 is also about extending the life of

existing buildings in clever ways.”

The light shaft and

atrium in Greyston

Bakery allow natural

airflow throughout the

bakery.

224 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

Herman Miller Building

C1 is an example of

smart reuse of a

building, which is one of

the most sustainable

strategies available.

2004 AIA/COTE TOP TEN GREEN PROJECTS 225

2004 AIA/COTE Top Ten Winner

LAKE VIEW TERRACE BRANCH LIBRARY

LOCATION: Lake View Terrace, California

ARCHITECTS: Fields Devereaux and GreenWorks

Lake View Terrace Branch of the city of Los Angeles’s public library system enjoys a

spacious main reading room that stretches along the east-west axis, providing dra-

At the Herman Miller

Building C1, spaces are

organized to provide

maximum daylight

penetration and 100

percent line of sight to

the landscape.

226 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

Of the public spaces in

Lake View Terrace

Branch Library, 80

percent are naturally

ventilated via

mechanically interlocked

windows controlled by

an energy-management

system.

2004 AIA/COTE TOP TEN GREEN PROJECTS 227

The design provides

nearly 100 percent

shading of glazing for

solar control and

daylight.

matic views of the park to the south. The site’s stormwater runoff was reduced by

25 percent with landscaping features that include a series of radial bioswales for effi-

cient rainwater infiltration. More than 75 percent of construction waste was diverted

from landfills to local recycling facilities. The library’s energy performance is more

than 40 percent more efficient than California standards. Night venting takes advan-

tage of its exterior insulated, high-mass concrete block shell. Approximately 80 per-

cent of the public spaces are naturally ventilated via mechanically interlocked

windows controlled by a sophisticated energy-management system. A building-

integrated photovoltaic system shades the entry and roofs the community room

while providing 15 percent of the building’s energy. The design provides nearly 100

percent shading of glazing for solar control and daylight. The program called for an

LEED Platinum building; it is the first project of the city to attempt this level.

Jury Comments: ”Ample daylight without glare, the distinguished evaporative

cooling tower that greets you at the entryway, natural ventilation, inventive use of

color, careful material selection, and outstanding views make this library wonderful.”

2004 AIA/COTE Top Ten Winner

PIERCE COUNTY ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES BUILDING

LOCATION: University Place, Washington

ARCHITECT: The Miller|Hull Partnership

This building sits on a 900-plus-acre site, much of which has been extensively mined

for gravel for over 100 years, resulting in a barren landscape. As the first major build-

228 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

The Pierce County

Environmental Services

Building is built on a

brownfield site once

mined for gravel.

ing constructed under “Reclaiming Our Resources,” the county’s 50-year master

plan for the site, it sets the tone for future development. Its driving concepts call for

a more humane work environment, natural light, interior vegetation, and views to

the exterior. The project attempts to make people aware of being part of a greater

regional context by developing a Mount Rainier axis through the site. Space plan-

ning follows a European office model: no desk is more than 30 feet from a window.

Extensive daylighting studies led to the use of baffles in the skylights, a large west-

ern overhang, and exterior sunscreens on the east facade. A raised-floor air-

distribution system reduces the size and energy consumption of the mechanical

system, improves indoor air quality, provides for future flexibility, and gives individ-

uals direct control of their immediate environment. Nighttime flushing lowers the

temperature of the concrete structure by several degrees, resulting in “free” cooling

at the beginning of the day.

Jury Comments: ”A brownfield site becomes a benchmark for future buildings as

the design team applies nontraditional daylighting strategies to create interior spaces

that are very humane and sophisticated.”

2004 AIA/COTE Top Ten Winner

THE PLAZA AT PPL CENTER

LOCATION: Allentown, Pennsylvania

ARCHITECT: Robert A.M. Stern Architects; Kendall/Heaton Associates;

Atelier Ten

This LEED Gold high-performance urban office building was designed and built in

18 months on a suburban real-estate budget (see color insert). The eight-story

building offers Allentown’s downtown its first new office development in over 25

years. A dramatic eight-story glass atrium brings natural light deep into the core of

the building, while extensive perimeter glazing provides panoramic views and

abundant daylight, filtered through brises-soleil, directly to all building spaces. Car-

bon dioxide (CO

) sensors ensure that fresh air is supplied directly to each building

area as needed. A pair of two-story, plant-filled winter gardens along the south

facade of the building provide unique workspaces for occupants, bring daylight

deeper into the floor plates, control glare, and improve indoor air quality. Other

features include efficient building systems, use of zero-emitting or very-low-VOC-

emitting paint, adhesives, sealants, carpet, and composite wood. Estimated energy

demand is 30 percent less compared to code requirements. Water use is 45 percent

below code requirements. Construction materials contained more than 20 percent

recycled content.

Jury Comments: ”With a clean aesthetic in a conventional building block, this

project makes a number of nice moves with double envelopes, daylight, and a win-

ter garden to frame a public space and contribute it to the city.”

2004 AIA/COTE TOP TEN GREEN PROJECTS 229

2004 AIA/COTE Top Ten Winner

WOODS HOLE RESEARCH CENTER

LOCATION: Falmouth, Massachusetts

ARCHITECT: William McDonough + Partners

Placed within a challenging and constrained site, the design preserves the cultural

landscape represented by an existing nineteenth-century summer home, respectfully

and adaptively reusing the original house and adding contemporary office, labora-

tory, and common spaces. The all-electric building relies on renewable energy

sources, including a grid-connected and net-metered 26.4-kilowatt photovoltaic

array that powers the building’s closed-loop, ground-source heat-pump system. A

planned on-site wind turbine will likely make the building a net-energy exporter.

Icynene spray foam insulates all exterior walls and roof assemblies, creating a techni-

cally and ecologically effective air barrier and optimized R-values. Other components

reinforce the performance benefits of this extremely secure envelope, including

offset-stud framing; double- and triple-glazed argon-insulated low-E windows;

enthalpy wheels that recapture heat and moisture from exhaust air and precondition

incoming fresh air; and high-efficiency lighting controls and occupancy monitors.

Jury Comments: ”By testing and understanding how to achieve the highest level

of performance in environmentally sensitive elements, such as water recovery and

sole-source wind-turbine energy, this building raises the bar very high for the next

generation of buildings.”

Building Performance, According to the Architects

The client had very high ambitions, as did the designers. The building not only per-

forms extraordinarily well, but it is full of light and air, generous common space, and

safe materials, all of which were goals that competed in the design process with the

quantitative goal of the lowest possible energy use. The owner was very knowledge-

able, appreciative, and very involved. A commissioning process helped ensure opti-

mal performance. The client’s entire organization is delighted with the building.

2005 AIA/COTE Top Ten Green Projects

Only nine projects received this award in 2005:

Austin Resource Center for the Homeless, Austin, Texas

The Barn at Fallingwater, Mill Run, Pennsylvania

Eastern Sierra House, Gardnerville, Nevada

Evergreen State College Seminar II, Olympia, Washington

Heimbold Visual Arts Center, Sarah Lawrence College, Bronxville, New York

Leslie Shao-ming Sun Field Station, Woodside, California

Lloyd Crossing Sustainable Urban Design Plan, Portland, Oregon

230 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

Pittsburgh Glass Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Rinker Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida

2005 AIA/COTE Top Ten Winner

AUSTIN RESOURCE CENTER FOR THE HOMELESS

LOCATION: Austin, Texas

ARCHITECT: LZT Architects

The Resource Center is on a former brownfield in downtown Austin, within easy

access of several bus lines. Much more than an emergency shelter, the center serves

as a meeting place and support center, helping people make the transition out of

homelessness through its many programs. A 13,000-gallon rainwater-collection

system supplements the building’s water supply. A passive-solar hot-water system

preheats water for the showers, and a photovoltaic array supplements electricity

usage. Many of the materials used in the project contain rapidly renewable or recy-

cled content.

Austin Resource Center for the Homeless is the reclamation of a former infill-brownfield in downtown Austin.

2005 AIA/COTE TOP TEN GREEN PROJECTS 231

Building Performance, According to the Architects

䊏

We have had problems with the mechanical systems functioning properly,

but this is more a subcontractor performance problem than a design issue.

䊏

The complex rainwater-collection system needs periodic maintenance, and

we have had some issues with pumps going out intermittently.

䊏

Occupants have little interest in or education with regard to use and func-

tionality of these systems and devices. Much of what we did pushes occu-

pants into unfamiliar modes of use in the building.

Lessons Learned by the Architects

䊏

The client was essential in supporting the building design and ideas and

required that the building be LEED rated. There is a strong green community

in Austin, always very supportive and helpful in seeing the building design and

construction through. Groups like the Center of Maximum Potential Building

Systems (our sustainability consultant) and Austin Energy Green building pro-

gram help to make Austin fertile ground for new and experimental green

building.

䊏

We would spend more time and money in design with energy modeling and

look at alternative mechanical systems. We chose to be conservative with the

At the Austin Resource

Center for the Homeless,

a passive-solar hot-water

system preheats water

for the showers, and

a photovoltaic array

supplements electricity

usage.

232 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN