Creagh D., Bradley D. (Eds.) Physical Techniques in the Study of Art, Archaeology and Cultural Heritage. Volume 2
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Electrostatic attraction 130
Embedded fossils 108
Emulsion 158–159, 161–166, 168–172, 174–178,
180, 183, 188, 190
Erosion 105
Exposure time 209, 213, 215, 219, 224–225, 240,
248, 253
Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) 3
External deposition 133
External generation 133
External transport 133
Fading 156, 158, 178, 183, 185–187, 193
Ferrite yellow 230–231
Fibre-optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) 200
Fibre-optics 200, 210
Film stock 179–180, 191, 193, 195–196
Filter angle 254
Filter wheel 214, 218–219, 222, 254
Filtering 129
Filters 30
Focusing magnets 13
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 187,193
Fresnel zone plate 36
Gas deposition 132
Gas deposition mechanisms 124
Gas sources 119
Gases 119
Glare 210, 221, 254
Glass plate 158, 164, 169, 175, 178
Gravitational settling 126
Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction 55
corrosion on metal surfaces 55
electrochemical cells 55
Growth of silver sulphide particles 174, 177
Henry’s law 125, 132
Holistic model 117
Hydrogen peroxide 161, 174, 176
Hydrogen sulphide 159–163, 172, 176–177
Hyperspectral imaging 199–203, 205, 209, 217, 220,
222, 227–228, 247, 249, 254–255
Image grains 162, 164, 172
Indigo 232–233, 241, 243–244
Infrared 81, 82
bending magnet radiation 81
cross-sections of hair 82
edge radiation 81
inclusions in minerals 82
FTIR microscopy 82
FTIR spectroscopy 82
altar pieces 82
electrochemical cell 82
Infrared microscopy 3
Interference filters 202, 218–219, 247
Internal deposition 137
Internal generation 137
Internal transport 137
Invasive techniques 103
IR reflectance 201
Iron 107
Keratin 108
Kirchhoff theory 204
Kodak 179–180, 183–184, 189, 191–195
Kubelka Munk equation (KMT) 251
Laminar diffusion 127
Lead white 236, 238–239, 245, 251–252
Light projector 210
LINAC 11
Linear pattern noise 215
Liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF) 218
Magenta forming couplers 180
Magenta layer 180, 184, 189, 191, 193
Mary Rose 107
Metamerism 205, 232
Micro-
computed tomography (CT) 101
energy dispersive spectrometry
(SEM-EDX) 101
infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy
(FTIR) 101
ion-beam analyses (PIXE, IBA) 101
Raman microscopy 101
transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 101
X-ray absorption near edge structure
(XANES) 101
X-ray diffraction (XRD) 101
X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) 101
Micro-focussed mode 99
Micro-XRD 63
cellulose 63
collagen 63
geological thin sections inclusions 63
Mixture analysis 205, 247, 250–251
Momentum-dominated impact 127
Monochromator 202, 218, 227
272 Subject Index
Monochromators 30
double crystal 30
mirrors 30
single crystal 30
Mosaicing 222
Motion picture films 156, 158, 178–181, 196
Mughal miniature 105
Negative 158–161, 164, 166, 169–170, 172,
179–180, 183, 185, 187–188
NIR imaging 206
Non-destructive testing 102, 201–202
Non-invasive techniques 104
Non-uniformity noise 215
Object degradation 136, 149
Oil paint 221
Oxidation 174
Oxidation-migration-re-aggregation model 160–161,
163, 174, 178
Oxide products 148
Painting cross-sections 104
Palaeontology and taphonomy 108
Particulate sources 118
Particulates 118
Penetration depth 165–166
Photographic materials 156, 158, 178, 184, 196
Photophoresis 131
Phthalocyanine 229, 232–234, 236, 240–244
Pigment identification 199–200, 205–206, 232, 247,
251, 253–254
Pigments 105
Polarization 24
optical elements 24
Priderite yellow 230–231, 238
Prussian blue 229, 232–234, 236–239,
251–252
Quantum efficiency (QE) 214–215, 225
Quartz tungsten halogen (QTH) 209
Raman microscopy 63
Raman spectroscopy 188, 190–191, 226,
238, 255
Reaction with external sulphur compounds
174, 176
Read noise 215
Reference spectra 201, 220, 226, 232, 236, 255
Reflectance (see spectral reflectance) 201, 203–204,
206, 220, 223–224, 227, 250
Reflectance spectroscopy 200–201, 203
Refractive index 203–204, 206
Remote sensing 200, 251
Resolution 201, 209–210, 213, 216–217, 220–223,
226, 228
Rocks 108
Roman glass 105
Roughness 137
Salinity 134
Scattering 203–204
Scattering coefficient 204
Shot noise 215
Sidney Nolan 206, 239, 242–243, 254
Silver 163
Silver gelatin glass negative 158–161, 164
Silver ions 160–162, 164, 172, 174–178
Silver mirroring 158–166, 168–178, 196
Silver sulphide 161–164, 166, 170–172,
174, 176–178
Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) 3, 56, 103
archaeological bones 56
fibre structure and morphology 56
paper 56
parchment 56
SOLEIL 100
Spectral bandwidth 202
Spectral curve 203, 209, 250
Spectral databases 200
Spectral matching 220, 226
Spectral processing 220
Spectral reflectance 201, 203–204, 206, 220,
223–224, 227, 250
Spectralon 210, 217, 220, 223–225, 227, 239–240,
245, 248–250
Stratification 152
Surface temperature 132
Synchrotron imaging techniques 100
Synchrotron radiation 4, 6, 18
brightness 6
coherence 4
directionality 4
emittance 18
flux 6
horizontal divergence 18
polarization 4
source size 4
spectral brightness 6
spectral flux 6
spectral flux/horizontal angle 6
spectral flux/solid angle 6
Subject Index 273
Synchrotron radiation (Continued)
spectrum 4
vertical divergence 18
Tarnishing 159, 176–177
Teeth 108
Tempera 221, 231, 233, 251
Thermophoresis 131
Thin layer chromatography 187
Third-generation sources 14
Tomography 86, 87
phase contrast 87
spherical wave projection 86
Trace elements 108
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 169
Tristimulus values 207
Turbulence 137
Turbulent diffusion 128
Ultramarine 228, 232–235, 240, 251
Undercooling 131
Underdrawings 199, 205–206, 247, 253–254
Undulators 15
UV fluorescence 201, 253–254
UV/Vis/NIR 220, 250
Varnish 199, 205, 210, 247–249, 251, 253–254
Vasa 105
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 120
Vortex shedding 128
Water colour 251
Wigglers 15
X-ray 165
X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) 3
X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) 3
X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) 3
X-ray diffraction 3, 44, 50, 53, 54, 166–168
Australian aboriginal bark paintings 53
Egyptian cosmetics 53
grazing incidence (GIXD) 54
monochromatic 44
quantitative phase analysis 50
Rietveld analysis 50
white beam 44
X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) 3
X-ray microscopy 3
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
166, 168
X-ray reflectivity (XRR) 3, 54, 55
interfaces 54
protective coatings on metals 55
Yellow forming couplers 180
Yellow layer 180, 189, 191
Yellow ochre 230–231, 245
Zone plates 26
274 Subject Index