Brooking T. The History of New Zealand

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Preface

Most American students probably know New Zealand as the spectacular

backdrop to Peter Jackson's sumptuous movie version of The Lord of the

Rings. Yet there is really very little in common between Middle Earth and

what our best-known pop group once labeled the "Enz of the Earth." New

Zealand is ancient geologically, which gives it an unspoiled and unde-

veloped appearance ideally suited to epic movies of long ago, but in fact

it is the last significant landmass to be settled by humans. Even the eastern

Polynesians who later became Maori arrived less than a thousand years

ago.

European, that is, largely British, settlers constituted the second major

wave from less than 200 years ago. The very recent influx of Asian mi-

grants and a rapidly growing Maori population mean that the country is

still very much in the flux of formation. It remains, in consequence, a

country in a hurry. The absence of any human structures of long duration

make for an uncertain national identity other than a decided propensity

to experiment with social organization, political systems, and the envi-

ronment. This desire to experiment characterizes every era of New Zea-

land history and became dominant after the arrival of the Europeans. Yet,

while this obsession with change creates unease amongst most New Zea-

landers, it also makes for a history that is much more exciting, dynamic,

and complex than the small size of the population would suggest. This

xii

Preface

long, thin country's wide range of climates and environments adds to that

complexity

The many American exchange students whom I teach confess that they

know little of this remote and small democracy, but they soon express

surprise at the range and variety of what is a very short history by global

standards. Race relations have worked out in quite distinctive ways, and

historical investigation of this subject has produced much innovative schol-

arship of international importance. Similarly, gender relations have worked

rather differently in New Zealand than in neighboring Australia, and this

development has also stimulated much excellent scholarship. New Zea-

land's early experiments with democracy have similarly attracted scholarly

investigation, and New Zealand historians have produced a surprisingly

large number of political biographies of a high standard. Overseas schol-

ars have been long interested in New Zealand as kind of test case for

rapid environmental transformation. New Zealand scholars have been

slower to investigate this area, but a new wave of research is now under-

way. Consequently, New Zealand has produced a surprisingly rich his-

toriography. Naturally, it is not as sophisticated as that of Britain and the

United States, where there are massed battalions of historians at work.

Nevertheless, New Zealand's modest-sized company has managed to pro-

duce scholarship of international standard and interest. Part of the reason

for this is the high level of book purchasing and the widespread habit of

reading that goes back to the very beginnings of European settlement.

Books have been and still are of importance to New Zealanders. Another

key factor is the vigorous reassertion of the indigenous people, which has

stimulated a mass of scholarship in relation to land claims.

It gives me great pleasure to share this interesting but little known his-

tory with the students of another land. I would like to thank Greenwood

Press and Kevin Ohe

for

this opportunity. Marcia Goldstein of Greenwood

and Paul Sorrell here in one of the world's most southerly cities smoothed

my prose and edited this work with commendable efficiency and skill. I

would also like to thank Bill Mooney of the Geography Department at the

University of Otago for drawing the maps, which should at least give

Americans an idea where we are! Thanks too to several generations of

hard-working New Zealand historians, postgraduate researchers, and his-

tory teachers without whose labors such a book could never have been

written. Thanks also go to those thousands of undergraduate students on

whom I have tried out my ideas for the last quarter of a century. Teaching

several hundred American exchange students has

forced

me to make com-

parisons with American historical examples where possible, and I have

tried to continue this practice in the book. Special mention must also be

Preface

xiii

made of our wonderful research libraries, whose underpaid and over-

worked staff make carrying out research such a pleasure. These libraries

deserve the attention of more international scholars, and the creation of

Web sites should help in raising their profile. No country has had its

history recorded more fully on paper, canvas, audiotape, and still and

moving film.

Mention must be made of the help, courtesy, and hospitality I have

always received from American historians such as Tom

Isern

and David

Danbohm at North Dakota State; John Findlay at the University of Wash-

ington; Richard White at Stanford;

Elvin

Hatch at Santa Barbara; William

Cronon at the University of Wisconsin, Madison; Jim Fleming at Colby

College; Sherry Smith at the University of Montana; George Herring and

Theda Purdue at the University of Kentucky; Larry Foster at Georgia Tech;

John Gates at the College of Worcester; Robert Weir of Bay College; John

McNeill at Georgetown; and David Hackett Fischer at Brandeis. I hope

that they all can use this book somewhere in their teaching.

Finally, I would just like to mention that my maternal grandfather, an

American citizen from New York, and my father, who was always very

proud that his French grandmother had been born in Dubuque, Iowa,

would both be delighted that I have written a book for such an audience.

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Timeline of Historical Events

Ca.

1180

Eastern Polynesians discover and settle New Zealand.

1400

Mini ice age ends return voyaging to Polynesia.

1500 Extinction of the Moa and depletion of seals.

1500-1769 Maori become more warlike as competition for resources

intensifies.

1642 Abel

Tasman

rediscovers New Zealand for Europe.

1769 James Cook rediscovers New Zealand for Britain.

1772

Cook returns and disproves the existence of the Great South

Land.

1792 Beginning of sealing.

1793

The flax trade begins.

1794 Beginning of timber trade.

1807 Battle of Te Kai-a-te-Karore in which Ngati Whatua inflict a

heavy defeat on Nga Puhi.

1814

Establishment of the CMS mission at Rangihoua in the Bay

of Islands.

xvi

Timeline

of Historical Events

1820 December 22, Hongi Hika sails for England.

1820-1839 Main period of deep-sea whaling.

1821

October, Hongi begins musket wars.

1821-1823 Te Rauparaha leads a migration of Ngati Toa from Kawhia

to the southern North Island.

1823 Arrival of Henry Williams at CMS mission and establish-

ment of Wesleyan Methodist Mission Society mission at

Whangaroa.

1828 March 6, death of Hongi.

1829-1844 Main period of onshore whaling.

1830 Te Rauparaha kidnaps and kills Te Maiharanui of Ngai Tahu.

1832 Te Rauparaha takes Kaiapoia pa and decimates Ngai Tahu.

1833 Appointment of James Busby as British resident.

1834 Busby designs Maori flag.

1835

Busby signs Declaration of Independence with Bay of Islands

and Hokianga chiefs.

1837 Aborigines Protection Society formed along with report of

parliamentary committee on treatment of aboriginal peoples.

Captain Hobson recommends the factory system. Baron de

Thiery arrives in the Hokianga. December, New Zealand As-

sociation formed in London.

1838

Arrival of Bishop Pompallier and the Roman Catholic mission.

1839

New Zealand Association reformed as the New Zealand Com-

pany. August 14, Captain Hobson dispatched with final in-

structions. September-December, Colonel William Wakefield

purchases 20 million acres.

1840 January 22, first settlers arrive in Wellington. January 29,

Hobson arrives in Bay of Islands. February 6, Treaty of

Waitangi signed. May 21, all of New Zealand proclaimed a

British colony. September, capital moved to Auckland. First

settlers arrive at Wanganui. November 16, New Zealand be-

comes a Crown colony separate from New South Wales.

1841

March 30, first settlers arrive at New Plymouth.

Timeline of Historical Events

xvii

1842 February 1, first settlers arrive at Nelson. September 10,

death of Governor Hobson. First merino sheep arrive in

Nelson.

1843 Captain William Cargill and the Reverend Tom Burns take

control of the Otago settlement scheme. June 17, Wairau af-

fray in which 22 settlers and 6 Maori are killed. December

23,

arrival of Governor Robert

FitzRoy

1844 March 26, abolition of Crown preemption over land sales.

July 8, Hone Heke cuts down the flagpole at Kororareka. July

31,

sale of Otago block by Ngai Tahu to the New Zealand

Company.

1845 The Papahurihia adjustment cult emerges in the Bay of Is-

lands.

January 10, Hone Heke cuts down the flagpole at

Kororarareka again. March

11,

Heke and Kawiti sack Koro-

rareka. May 8, Heke and Kawiti defeat Colonel Hulme at

Puketutu. July 1, Heke and Kawiti defeat Colonel Despard

at Ohaewai. November 14, arrival of Governor George Grey.

Wairarapa opened for sheep farming.

1846 January

11,

Despard takes Ruapekapeka pa for Grey. July 23,

Grey kidnaps Te Rauparaha. New Zealand Constitution Act

passed in the British Parliament to create provinces of New

Ulster in the north and New Munster in the south. Marlbor-

ough opened for sheep farming.

1847 Grey overcomes Maori resistance at Wanganui and suspends

Constitution Act for seven years.

1848 March 23, first setters arrive at Otago. The Crown acquires

20 million acres of South Island land from Ngai Tahu under

the Kemp purchase on June 12. September, Grey makes peace

with Te Rangihaeata.

1850

December 16, first settlers arrive in Canterbury.

1851

Gold discoveries in Victoria, Australia, stimulate Maori

farm-

ing as well as pastoral farming by British settlers. Governor

Grey introduces cheap rentals for large sheep runs.

1852 Grey's constitution grants virtual self-government under a

federal system of provincial councils, introduces a restricted

franchise, and largely excludes Maori from political partici-

pation.

xviii Timeline of Historical Events

1853

Grey departs for South Africa, having bought up most of the

South Island.

1854 Maori opposition to land sales gathers momentum. May 24,

first parliament meets in Auckland.

1855 Provinces win the proceeds of land sales. September 6,

Governor Gore-Browne arrives. European population moves

ahead of Maori.

1856

Otago drops the sufficient price for land sales. Responsible

government and dual control of native affairs (by governor

and parliament) introduced on April 18, when Henry

Sewell

establishes the first responsible ministry.

1858 Te Wherowhero of Ngati Mahuta crowned as Potatau, the

first Maori king.

1859

Governor Gore-Browne accepts Teira's offer of land at Wai-

tara and incenses Wiremu Kingi. Hawke's Bay and Marlbor-

ough established as separate provinces.

1860 March

17,

hostilities break out in Taranaki. June 27, Colonel

C. E. Gold defeated at Puketakauere. November 6, Ngati

Haua defeated at Mahoetahi by Major General T. S. Pratt.

Tawhiao becomes Maori king on the death of his father

Potatau.

1861 April 8, Wiremu Tamihana and Governor Browne secure a

peace. September, George Grey recalled as governor. June,

gold discovered in Otago. Southland breaks away from Otago.

Bank of New Zealand founded along with Wright, Roberston

and Stephenson and Co. Ltd., stock and station agents.

1863

April 4, Grey occupies Tataraimaka block. May 4, Rewi Man-

iapoto orders ambush of blockade at Tataraimaka. May

11,

Grey declares in favor of Wiremu Kingi's claim to land at

Waitara. June 4, Grey retakes Tataraimaka. July 12, General

Cameron invades the Waikato with 4,000 troops. October, ha-

beas corpus removed for Maori rebels and land confiscation

proposed. November 21, Maori defeated at Rangiriri. Bank

of Otago established.

1864 February 1, burning of supply village at Rangiowhia. March

30 to April 2, Cameron defeats Rewi Maniapoto at Orakau.

Timeline of Historical Events xix

April 24, Ngai Te Rangi defeat the British at Gate Pa near

Tauranga. June 21, British avenge Gate Pa at Te Ranga. De-

cember, confiscation authorized.

1865 March 2, the missionary Carl Sylvius Volkner killed by Hau-

haus at Opotiki as a spy. Native Land Court established. Cap-

ital moved from Auckland to Wellington.

1866 Scorched-earth policy implemented in Taranaki by General

Trevor Chute.

1867 First four Maori parliamentary seats established. Maori

schools set up to amalgamate Maori children.

1868 Titokowaru begins successful resistance in South Taranaki

until November. November 10, Te Kooti raids Matawhero

and kills 70. November 13, Europeans and Ropata Waha-

waha avenge Te Kooti at Ngatata hill near Gisborne by exe-

cuting 120.

1869 Te

Kooti's

raids continue in the central and eastern North

Island. Julius Vogel becomes colonial treasurer.

1870 June 28, Vogel introduces the idea of taking a large loan in

his public works budget. Large-scale public works and im-

migration begins. Secret ballot introduced.

1871 Otago Girls' High School established as one of the first

half-

dozen public girls' secondary schools in the world.

1872

Cessation of hostilities as Te Kooti escapes to the King Coun-

try. National Bank established.

1873 Repudiation movement in the

Hawke's

Bay wins the ap-

pointment of a commission of inquiry into alienation of

Maori lands in the area. Dalgety's Stock and Station Agency

commences operations. New Zealand Shipping Company es-

tablished in Christchurch. Mosgiel Woollen Mills begins

production.

1874 Union Steamship Company founded at Port Chalmers near

Dunedin.

1875 Women ratepayers entitled to vote in local body elections.

1876 Abolition of the provincial system. New Zealand connected

to the international telegraph cable.