Brooking T. The History of New Zealand

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THE

HISTORY OF

NEW ZEALAND

ADVISORY BOARD

John T. Alexander

Professor

of History and Russian and European Studies,

University of Kansas

Robert A. Divine

George

Littlefield Professor in American History Emeritus,

University of

Texas

at Austin

John V. Lombardi

Professor

of History,

University of

Florida

HISTORY OF

NEW ZEALAND

Tom Brooking

The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations

Frank

Thackeray and John

Findling,

Series Edi

Greenwood Press

Westport, Connecticut • London

Library of Congress Catalog Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Brooking, Tom,

1949-

The history of New Zealand / Tom Brooking.

cm. — (The Greenwood histories of the modern nations, ISSN 1096-2905)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-313-32356-9

New

Zealand—History.

I. Title. II. Series.

DU420.B745 2004

993—dc22

2004004720

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available.

reproduced, by any process or technique, without the

express written consent of the publisher.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2004004720

ISBN: 0-313-32356-9

ISSN: 1096-2905

First published in 2004

Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881

An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.

www.greenwood.com

Printed in the United States of America

The paper used in this book complies with the

Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National

Information Standards Organization

(Z39.48-1984).

10 987654321

Contents

Series Foreword vii

Frank

Thackeray and John E. Findling

Preface xi

Timeline of Historical Events xv

1 Geography, Environment, Peoples, and Government 1

2 Eastern Polynesians become Maori 11

3 An Australasian Colony and an Apprenticeship in Race

Relations, 1792-1840 23

4 Building a Better Britain at Someone Else's Expense,

1840-1870 43

5 Boom and Bust, 1870-1890 67

6 Britain's Experimental Farm, 1891-1914 77

7 The Most Loyal Dominion Loses Its Way, 1914-1935 97

Contents

8 The Struggle for Greater Independence, 1935-1973

119

9 Coping with a Decolonizing World, 1974-1984 143

10 Facing the Challenges of Globalization, 1984-2002 153

Notable People in the History of New Zealand 179

Glossary: Maori Names and Terms 211

Bibliographic Essay 217

Index 231

Series Foreword

The

Greenwood

Histories of

the

Modern Nations series is intended to provide

students and interested laypeople with up-to-date, concise, and analytical

histories of many of the nations of the contemporary world. Not since the

1960s

has there been a systematic attempt to publish a series of national

histories, and, as editors, we believe that this series will prove to be a

valuable contribution to our understanding of other countries in our in-

creasingly interdependent world.

Over thirty years ago, at the end of the 1960s, the Cold War was an

accepted reality of global politics, the process of decolonization was still

in progress, the idea of a unified Europe with a single currency was un-

heard of, the United States was mired in a war in Vietnam, and the eco-

nomic boom of Asia was still years in the future. Richard Nixon was

president of the United States, Mao Tse-tung (not yet Mao Zedong) ruled

China, Leonid Brezhnev guided the Soviet Union, and Harold Wilson was

prime minister of the United Kingdom. Authoritarian dictators still ruled

most of Latin America, the Middle East was reeling in the wake of the

Six-Day War, and Shah Reza Pahlavi was at the height of his power

in Iran. Clearly, the past 30 years have been witness to a great deal of

historical change, and it is to this change that this series is primarily

addressed.

\1ii

Series Foreword

With the help of a distinguished advisory board, we have selected na-

tions whose political, economic, and social affairs mark them as among

the most important in the waning years of the twentieth century, and for

each nation we have found an author who is recognized as a specialist in

the history of that nation. These authors have worked most cooperatively

with us and with Greenwood Press to produce volumes that reflect current

research on their nations and that are interesting and informative to their

prospective readers.

The importance of a series such as this cannot be underestimated. As a

superpower whose influence is felt all over the world, the United States

can claim a "special" relationship with almost every other nation. Yet

many Americans know very little about the histories of the nations with

which the United States relates. How did they get to be the way they are?

What kind of political systems have evolved there? What kind of influence

do they have in their own region? What are the dominant political, reli-

gious,

and cultural forces that move their leaders? These and many other

questions are answered in the volumes of this series.

The authors who have contributed to this series have written compre-

hensive histories of their nations, dating back to prehistoric times in some

cases.

Each of them, however, has devoted a significant portion of the

book to events of the last thirty years, because the modern era has con-

tributed the most to contemporary issues that have an impact on U.S.

policy. Authors have made an effort to be as up-to-date as possible so that

readers can benefit from the most recent scholarship and a narrative that

includes very recent events.

In addition to the historical narrative, each volume in this series con-

tains an introductory overview of the country's geography, political in-

stitutions, economic structure, and cultural attributes. This is designed to

give readers a picture of the nation as it exists in the contemporary world.

Each volume also contains additional chapters that add interesting and

useful detail to the historical narrative. One chapter is a thorough chro-

nology of important historical events, making it easy for readers to follow

the flow of a particular nation's history. Another chapter features bio-

graphical sketches of the nation's most important figures in order to hu-

manize some of the individuals who have contributed to the historical

development of their nation. Each volume also contains a comprehensive

bibliography, so that those readers whose interest has been sparked may

find out more about the nation and its history. Finally, there is a carefully

prepared topic and person index.

Readers of these volumes will find them fascinating to read and useful

in understanding the contemporary world and the nations that comprise

Series Foreword

it. As series editors, it is our hope that this series will contribute to a

heightened sense of global understanding as we embark on a new century

Frank W.

Thackeray

and

John

E. Findling

Indiana University Southeast