Boyle G. (Ed.) Renewable Electricity and the Grid: The Challenge Of Variability
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refrigerators 153, 168, 204, 205
regional differences 49–51
regional upscaling 97, 98, 103–5,
104, 106
regulation 74, 203
reliability 17–18, 41, 67, 89, 140
additional capacity require-
ments for 82–3, 84
costs 84–5, 86, 88
of offshore wind power 187–8,
188, 189
system 74–5, 76–7, 77, 78, 79,
88
see also intermittency; LOLP;
outages; variability
renewable electricity generation 1,
209
costs 164, 165
impact on conventional genera-
tion 18–20, 19, 21, 65–7, 66,
183–4
integrating 71, 201–2, 209
role of non-wind capacity 70
UK 1, 55–8, 57, 178, 207
renewable energy system for UK
158–61, 160, 161, 162, 165
sustainable electricity system
162–80, 163, 165, 166, 169,
171–3, 175–7
renewable resources 2–3, 2, 70,
201
characteristics 55, 71, 178
penetration levels 65–7, 66,
179, 201
variability 2–11, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8,
10, 27, 75, 202
renewable source-dominated
energy supply systems 202–4
Renewables Obligation 56
reserve 34, 35–6, 38, 47, 74, 82
costs 47, 49, 50, 50, 85, 87, 88
England and Wales 39
forecasting to reduce need for
97
misconceptions 77–8
scheduling 39, 50
spinning reserve 144–5, 145–6,
146
to cope with wind power 39,
97
see also backup
Reserve Service 144, 145, 146, 149
scheduling error 34–5, 35
seasonal variability 55, 59–60, 59,
76, 186
security, strategic 166
security of supply 13–14, 18,
18–20, 19, 21, 24, 27, 201
backup and 19, 21–7, 25, 26
Severn Estuary barrage 3, 8
Sizewell B 36, 123, 146
small-scale generation 208, 209
smart appliances 209
smart meters 155, 208, 209
smoothing 33–4, 33, 36–8, 37,
58–9, 76
by geographical dispersion 36,
37, 75, 77
of forecast error 105–7, 107
see also aggregation
SNG (substitute natural gas)
138–9, 139, 140
solar energy 56, 159
see also PV
source load 207, 208
sources of renewable energy 2–3, 2
space heating 160–1, 160, 161,
163, 168
Spain 82, 96
spare capacity 11, 13, 14, 22
spinning reserve 144–5, 145–6,
146
stability 202, 203–4, 207
standby, hot 11, 35, 112, 145, 146
steam plants 125–7
see also coal-fired steam plants
storage 39–40, 47–8, 158, 163,
166, 168, 207
of biomass and waste 56, 158
domestic 163–4, 204
older conventional plant as 183
pumped 35, 40, 153, 163, 169,
204
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in sustainable UK system 177,
178, 179
technologies 40, 49, 163–4
strategic security 166
substitute natural gas see SNG
Supergrid 194–8, 194, 195, 196,
197, 198
superheaters 123, 134, 135
HSRGs 128, 129, 133, 134
steam plants 125, 126, 127,
134
surplus wind power 47–8
sustainable electricity industry 209
sustainable electricity system for
UK 158–9, 162–80, 163, 165,
166, 169, 171–3, 175–7
system balancing see balancing
system characteristics 86–7
system defences 35–6
system margin 74–5, 78, 84, 89
system reliability 74–5, 76–7, 77,
78, 79, 88
system stability 202, 203–4, 207
terminology 77–8
thermal mass 204
tidal barrages 3, 8, 202
tidal energy 55, 56, 57, 158
variability 3, 3, 58, 59, 61, 62
tidal lagoons 3, 164, 165, 202
tidal power 152, 164, 165
tidal stream energy 3, 57, 63, 63,
202
‘total extra cost’, wind energy 51
trade 159, 168, 170, 178, 179
day-ahead 102, 102
exporting surplus power 47, 48
intra-day 102, 119
transmission 51, 119, 162, 191,
192, 192, 203
transport, electricity for 158, 159,
162, 164, 207
triad periods 146–7
‘two-shifting’ 132–6, 134, 135,
140
UK (United Kingdom) 6, 87,
123–4, 157, 167
costs of intermittency 88–9
demand for electricity 162–3,
163, 203
dependence on natural gas
138–9
emergency diesel capacity 149
firm capacity 166
market 74, 202–3
model of future electricity
supply system 158–9
North Sea offshore power 195,
196, 198
onshore wind power 193, 195,
195
renewable electricity generation
55–8, 57
renewables’ share 1, 56, 178,
207
reserve and standby generating
144–6
sustainable electricity system for
162–80, 163, 165, 166, 169,
171–3, 175–7
unit cost of electricity 173, 174,
178, 179
wind power dominance 56, 57,
58
UKERC (UK Energy Research
Centre) 73–4, 80, 85
uncertainty 34–5, 35, 39, 117, 118
unit cost of electricity 173, 174,
178, 179
US (United States) 40, 49, 80, 202
variability 51–2
costs of 48, 49, 51, 82, 83
dispersed offshore wind power
188, 189
and diversification 58–9
large-scale 8–11, 9, 10
long-term 7–8, 8
North Sea project and 196–8,
196, 197
of power generation 3–11, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 27
of renewables 2–11, 3, 4, 6, 7,
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8, 10, 27, 75, 202
seasonal 55, 59–60, 59, 76, 186
tidal stream energy output 3, 3,
58, 59, 61, 62
and timescales 58–62, 59, 60,
62
wave power 4, 4, 58, 59, 59,
61, 62
see also backup; balancing;
intermittency; reliability; wind
power
variable-output renewables 56–8,
57, 67–70, 70, 202
voltage reductions 36, 131
waste 55, 56, 165
water heating 154, 163
water pumping 153
wave energy 55, 56, 57, 202
wave power 67, 164, 165
and demand 63–5, 63, 64, 65
variability 4, 4, 58, 59, 59, 61,
62
weather forecasting 152, 167
wind 46–7, 51, 52, 146, 152
weather patterns 181, 182, 184
Wessex Water 143, 146–7, 148
wind 36–8, 37, 46–7, 51–2
correlation with electricity
demand 42, 43, 45
forecasting 46–7, 51, 52, 146,
152
lack of/low wind 183–6, 184,
185, 187, 188
wind capacity credit 23, 24, 26,
27, 48, 51, 201
UK 17–18, 18–20, 19, 21, 43
wind chill 42, 201
wind energy 46, 46, 85, 86, 202–3
penetration levels 31, 41, 43,
44, 45, 47–9, 47, 81, 87, 201
total extra costs 45–7, 51–2
wind farms 36, 37, 43, 87, 117
output fluctuations 105–7, 107
shading effects 98, 100
wind power 27, 201
and backup 69–70, 70
capacity factor 50
contribution to peak demands
41–5
cost estimates 190–2, 191, 192,
193
and demand 43–5, 63–5, 63,
64, 65
Dynamic Demand and 205–7,
206
geographical dispersion 43, 58,
184, 203
Germany 96, 96
impact on conventional genera-
tion 18–20, 19, 21, 71,
121–3, 183–4
intermittency 146
load factors 23–7, 25, 26
long-term variations 7–8, 8
managing a network with
38–41
offshore see offshore wind
power
onshore see onshore wind
power
output probability distribution
16–17, 17, 18
penetration levels 47–9, 47, 81,
87, 183–4
potential 164, 165, 181
seasonal variability 59–60, 59,
186
UK 16, 56, 57, 58, 202–3
variability 5–8, 18, 27, 58–61,
59, 60, 62, 95
variability and dispersion 36–8,
37
variability simulations 22, 36
variability and system operation
31–3, 69
see also aggregation; capacity
credit; offshore wind power;
onshore wind power; renew-
able electricity generation;
Supergrid; wind power fore-
casting
wind power forecasting 97–8,
117–19, 190, 190, 204
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current research 113–17, 114,
115, 116
forecast horizon 97, 98, 101–2,
102, 103
numerical weather prediction
(NWP) 97–8, 98–9, 99,
100–1
power output forecasting 97,
98, 99–101, 101
regional upscaling 103–5, 104,
106
see also forecast accuracy; fore-
cast error; smoothing; WPMS
Wind Power Management System
see WPMS
wind resources 56, 57
wind speeds 10–11, 33, 46, 50, 60,
61, 83, 168
wind turbines 5, 36, 46, 48, 203
high 113, 114
hub height 11, 100, 103, 114,
187, 193
outputs 5, 5, 43, 99–100, 146
power transform curve 60, 61,
98, 100
winds
European 181, 182, 183
forecasting 46–7, 51, 52, 146
WPMS (Wind Power Management
System) 103–5, 104, 106, 109,
110–12, 111–13, 117–19
examples of current research
113–17, 114, 115, 116
Index 219
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