Black J. A Military History of Britain From 1775 to the Present

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A Military History of

Britain: From 1775 to the

Present

Jeremy Black

PRAEGER SECURITY

INTERNATIONAL

AMILITARY HISTORY OF BRITAIN

Praeger Security International Advisory Board

Board Cochairs

Loch K. Johnson, Regents Professor of Public and International Affairs,

School of Public and International Affairs, University of Georgia (U.S.A.)

Paul Wilkinson, Professor of International Relations and Chairman of the

Advisory Board, Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence,

University of St. Andrews (U.K.)

Members

Eliot A. Cohen, Robert E. Osgood Professor of Strategic Studies and Direc-

tor, Philip Merrill Center for Strategic Studies, Paul H. Nitze School of

Advanced International Studies, The Johns Hopkins University (U.S.A.)

Anthony H. Cordesman, Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy, Center for

Strategic and International Studies (U.S.A.)

The

se Delpech, Senior Research Fellow, CERI (Atomic Energy Commis-

sion), Paris (France)

Sir Michael Howard, former Professor of History of War, Oxford Univer-

sity, and Professor of Military and Naval History, Yale University (U.K.)

Lieutenant General Claudia J. Kennedy, USA (Ret.), former Deputy Chief

of Staff for Intelligence, Headquarters, Department of the Army (U.S.A.)

Paul M. Kennedy, J. Richardson Dilworth Professor of History and Direc-

tor, International Security Studies, Yale University (U.S.A.)

Robert J. O’Neill, former Chi chele Professor of the History of War, All

Souls College, Oxford University (Australia)

Shibley Telhami, Anwar Sadat Chair for Peace and Development, Depart-

ment of Government and Politics, University of Maryland (U.S.A.)

Jusuf Wanandi, co-founder and member, Board of Trustees, Centre for

Strategic and International Studies (Indonesia)

Fareed Zakaria, Editor, Newsweek International (U.S.A.)

AMILITARY HISTORY OF BRITAIN

From 1775 to the Present

Jeremy Black

PRAEGER SECURITY INTERNATIONAL

Westport, Connecticut

•

London

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Black, Jeremy.

A military history of Britain : from 1775 to the present / Jeremy Black.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.

ISBN 0–275–99039–7 (alk. paper)

1. Great Britain—History, Military. 2. Great Britain—History, Naval. 3. Great Britain—

Foreign relations. I. Title.

DA65.B53 2006

335.00941—dc22 2006022876

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available.

reproduced, by any process or technique, without the

express written consent of the publisher.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2006022876

ISBN: 0–275–99039–7

First published in 2006

Praeger Security International, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881

An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.

www.praeger.com

Printed in the United States of America

The paper used in this book complies with the

Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National

Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984).

10987654321

Contents

Preface vii

Abbreviations ix

Part I: Imperial Parent, 1775 1

1 Origins 3

2 The Struggle for Mastery with France, 1689–1775 29

Part II: Imperial Rival, 1775–1904 47

3 Conﬂicts with America and Fran ce, 1775–1815 49

4 Imperial Ascendancy, 1815–1871 74

5 Growing Competition, 1871–1904 91

Part III: Imperial Partner, 1904– 105

6 Serious Pressures, 1904–1933 107

7 Multiple Challenges, 1933–1968 127

8 New Roles, 1968– 154

9 Conclusion 168

Notes 175

Selected Further Reading 185

Index 187

Preface

This is an account of military structures and cultures, and relevant socio-

political contexts; as well as of conﬂicts. Military history is deﬁned to

include sea and air c apability and wa rfare, as well as their land counter-

parts. With such a range, there are inevitably questions of emphasis. Some

of the decisions taken about what to include and what to exclude may sur-

prise readers, but the intention is to challenge conventional assumptions

and to offer illuminating new perspectives. Furthermore, w riting in the

early-twenty-ﬁrst century, it is clear that some of the views advanced dur-

ing the Cold War years concerning what this subject should focus on, and

how it might best be approached, deserve reexamining. Writing in Febru-

ary 2006, when more British troops are being deployed in Afghanista n, a

policy that would have se emed incredible thirty years ago, it is

sensible to be cautious about comments on inherent and/or inevitable

strategic interests an d military roles. Due to the book’s appe arance in an

American series, particular attention is devoted to military relations with

the Un ited States, as well as comparisons with American military devel-

opments, and the book is organized in three parts:

Part I. Britain as Imperial Parent, 1775

Part II. Britain as Imperial Rival, 1775–1904

Part III. Britain as Imperial Partner, 1904–

This classiﬁcation does not exclude other themes and roles in these

periods, but it provides a way to shape the story.

It is a great pleasure to rec ord the hospitality of man y Americans dur-

ing recent visits. While working on this book, I had the opportunity to lec-

ture at Hawaii Paciﬁc and Yale Universities, the Naval War College,

and Radley College. I am most grateful to Richard Ha rding and Ste phen

Manning for their comments on a n earlier draft, and John Blair, Mark

Fissel, Bob Higham, Jeffrey Meriwethe r, Nigel Saul, Gary Shefﬁeld, and

David Trim for those on particular sections. It is a great pleasure to dedi-

cate this book to Blake Goldring, a good companion and a most generous

host.

Abbreviations

BL. Add. London, British Library, Additional Manuscripts

CAB. Cabinet Ofﬁce papers

CO. Colonial Ofﬁce papers

L.H. London, King’s College, Liddell Hart Centre for Military