Базаров Б.И. (cост.) Экологическая безопасность автотранспортных средств

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. 





 – 2004

-2007



. 

 

 

. 







 «» 

»

 – 2007

 631.3: 621.436.068.4.

: . . ()

. . (

)

., . 

: ., . 

. 

, 2-. – : , 2007. – 104 .

   ,   ,  

    . 

      

, .



,    ,    

, .



 ____  ____

 ____  ____





BSCH, BSCO, BSNOx, ( – brake specific, FC – fuel consumption) – 

 , 

CNG (clench natural gas) – 

CO (carbon monoxide) – 

DI (direct injection) – 

ECE (Economic Commissions for Europe) – 

EEC (European Economic Community) – 

EEV –  «» 

EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) – 

ELR – , 



EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) – 

ESC (European Stationary cycle) – 

ETS (European transient cycle) – 

EUD (extra urban drive cycle) – 

HC (hydrocarbons) – 

KAFF (corporative average fuel economy) – 



LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) – 

LNG (liquefied natural gas) –  

MAP (manifold absolute pressure) –  

(oxides of nitrogen) – 

PM (particulate matter) – 

SA (spark advance) – 

SI (the spark ignition engine) – 

UDC (urban drive cycle) – 

 – 

 – 

 – 

 – 

 – 

 – 

 – 

 – 

 – 



 ……………………………………………………………………………….. 6

1. ,  ………………………………………. 7

2. , 

 …………………………………………………………………………….. 13

3. 

 ………………………………………………………………………………… 20

3.1. 

.………….. …………………………………………… 26

3.2. 

 …………………………………………………………… 31

3.3.  

 ……………………………………………….……….….. 43

3.4. 

……………………………………...….... 55

3.4. 

 …………………………………………………….……... 61

3.6. 

 ……………………………………………………………………………...… 64

5.  ………………...………………………... 69

6. 

 …………………………………………………………... 72

 ………………………………………………………………………..…… 78

 1 …………………………………………………………………………. 80

 2 …………………………………………………………………………. 81

 3 …………………………………………………………………………. 82

 4 …………………………………………………………………………. 84

 5 …………………………………………………………………………. 86

 6 …………………………………………………………………………. 87

 7 …………………………………………………………………………100

 8 …………………………………………………………………………104



    ,

        ,     

.     XXI   

.

 «», «», «».

, , , 

  .     «  »

) . ,

   ,   .   – ,  

 .

           

 ()

        

.

   () ,  , 

.

, 

     .    

. 

  ,   (,   ) 

.  

  (  ,  ,

 ,  )   

.

,       

 , .     

. ,   



,      ,    

.

          

     , . 

 (

) .

  ,       

, .

1. , .

,   –    

  .     

  –   ,     

.   ,    

.

     

, .

     , ,

 , ,

, .

   ,      

   : , , .

      

, .



 – , 



,     . 

–   

 (, ), .  

- 

)()(

τ∂

∂





 –   

 

)()(

τ∂

∂

≈

∂





.  



 



  –  «»  –  



)()(

τ∂

∂





 









∆

 



– ;





– .

 , 





  –    () – 

 () 

)()(

ττ∂

∂



;

 – 

)()(

ττ∂

∂

≈

∂



;

 – 

)()(

ττ∂

∂



    :  

 ,     ,  

,    ,    

.

, 

   ,   -, - 

,  (1

 = 8.16 ⋅),  29.3  29.3



.



Σ.

.

1975 1980 1985 1990 2000

2010

)

. . . 8.8 11.0 15 17 25 32

% 1975 100 125 171 193 283 363

       

.



  





,

,

.



,



.

,



.

1960…1970 4.5 – – – – – –

1970…1980 3.1 – – – – – –

1980…1990 2.0 – – – – – –

1990…2000 2.1 2.2 97.8 2.5 2.156 2.3 2.811

2000…2010 1.8 1.5 90.2 2.5 2.767 2.0 3.415

2010…2020 1.5 1.1 100.7 2.5 3.526 1.2 3.842

       , 

,   ,        

 12…25 % . :  – 12 %,  –

15 %,  – 25 %.  90 %  

.

  

.  –  ,   – , 

, .

 1.1  () .

,  ,  ,   

,   

 .        

 .    80 %    

. , 

, , 

   .    -

  ()     () 

.

  1 .  , 

 280…300 .

  500 .  78…80% – 

, 20…22% –  0.5…1% – .

 1.1





 

:



.

.

∼100(86-170)

∼ 55 (44-71)

:







∼80(66-140)

∼40 (34-55)

:





.

14.11 - 23

165

8 - 16

:







133 – 143

135

∼12.5-9.16



: 1.16…1.69 , 

– 75.6…116.0, NO

– 0.6…0.9, CH

– 0.3…0.5, CO – 2.1…3.2, SO

– 0.1 .

 1.2 , 

 (. ).

 1.2

2000  2005  ()

2010  ()







.   .   . 









997.1

121.5

146.5

160.0

459.0

121.5

91.0

160.0

1095.0

124.5

207.4

185.0

532.5

124.5

132.0

185.0

1202.5

127.8

293.6

213.9

617.8

127.8

191.5

213.9

 1425.0 831.5 1611.9 974.0 1837.8 1150.5

        

    –    

 ,   ,      

.

      

  ,      ,

        

;   (0…0.05 %  0.1…0.2 %  

   );    

 () .

 , 

 (, 

,  ,    .),  

 (. 1.3).

 1.3

, 



1970 1980 2000 2010 ()

 30.0 29.3 28.5 28.0

 153.0 144.0 140.0 138.0

 41.0 88.5 66.0 62.0

 26.3 27.0 26.0 24.0

, 

    4  ,    

 800 , 38…40  120…150 

.

     , 

 80% . ,

   . ,    

 90 .,          

 44  , 

 570.

    –   

 () ,      ,

       

 .

, 

   CO

     ,   

.

      

:

,     

      , 

.

, .

,    , 

.

,      

.

,         

 (. 1.4).