Barr-Melej P. Reforming Chile: Cultural Politics, Nationalism, and the Rise of the Middle Class (ENG)

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Reforming Chile

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PATRICK BARR-MELEJ

Reforming

Chile

Cultural

Politics,

Nationalism,

and the

Rise of the

Middle

Class

the university of north carolina press

Chapel Hill and London

∫ 2001 the university of north carolina press

Set in Legacy Serif and The Serif

by Keystone Typesetting, Inc.

Manufactured in the United States of America

The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and

durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book

Longevity of the Council on Library Resources.

P. iii: Ahumada Street, Santiago, 1930. (Courtesy Consorcio

Periodístico, S.A. [Copesa], and La Tercera, Santiago)

Portions of Chapters 3 and 4 appeared in slightly different form in

‘‘Cowboys and Constructions: Nationalist Representations of Pastoral

Life in Post-Portalian Chile,’’ Journal of Latin American Studies 30

(February 1998): 35–61. Used by permission of Cambridge University Press.

library of congress cataloging-in-publication data

Barr-Melej, Patrick.

Reforming Chile: cultural politics, nationalism, and the rise of the middle class /

Patrick Barr-Melej.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

isbn 0-8078-2604-9 (cloth: alk. paper)—isbn 0-8078-4919-7 (pbk.: alk. paper)

1. Middle class—Chile—History—20th century. 2. Chile—Politics and government—

20th century. 3. Education—Chile—History—20th century. I. Title.

ht690.c5 b37 2001

305.5%5%0983—dc21 00-051218

0504030201 54321

for Abraham Melej Nazar and

Violeta González Ossandón,

abuelos queridos/beloved grandparents

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Contents

Acknowledgments xi

Abbreviations xv

Introduction 1

1 A Troubled Belle Epoque

2 Nationalists

3 Rewriting Chile

Criollismo and the Generation of 1900 77

4 Prose, Politics, and Patria from Alessandri to the

Popular Front

103

5 For Culture and Country

Middle-Class Reformers

in Public Education 141

6 Teaching the ‘‘Nation’’

171

7 The Three Rs

Readers, Representations, and Reformism 211

Epilogue 229

Notes 239

Bibliography 267

Index 281

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Illustrations

Arturo Alessandri Palma upon winning the

presidential election of 1920 32

Nicolás Palacios, physician and author of

Raza chilena 59

Huasos in the southern Central Valley,

ca. 1920 89

Mariano Latorre, teacher, diplomat, and writer 98

Marta Brunet, author of Montaña adentro 122

Joaquín Edwards Bello, author of El roto 124

The zamacueca, Chile’s national folk dance 138

Dr. Carlos Fernández Peña, president of the National

Education Association 157

Schoolchildren, ca. 1920 163

Pedro Aguirre Cerda, presidential candidate of the

Popular Front in 1938 202