Baker R.C. Flow Measurement Handbook: Industrial Designs, Operating Principles, Performance, and Applications

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MAIN INDEX

517

non-Newtonian flow, 24—5

nonslip condition, 25, 433

Normal distribution, 5, 16-17

oil exploration and processing, 463-4

oil-in-water flows,

see

flows, oil-in-water

OIML,

see

Organisation International de

Metrologie Legale

opacity, 44

operating envelope, 10—12

operating range, 7

optical methods, 469

Organisation International de Metrologie

Legale (OIML), 3

OSI, 444-5

paddle-wheel probe,

see

probe, paddle-wheel

particles, 38-9

pattern recognition in two-phase flows,

368,

467

piezometer ring,

see

pressure, piezometer

ring

pipe provers,

see

Provers, pipe

pipe roughness, 26, 63—4, 102

pipework features, inlets & bends/elbows,

calibration by, 86

piston prover,

see

prover, compact

pitot probe,

see

probe, pitot

pneumatic transmission, 446

precision, 6

pressure

impulse lines, 121-2

piezometer ring, 121—2

sealant fluids, 122

stagnation, 31

tappings, 119-21

pressure transducers, 122—3

smart, 123

probes, 427-37

calibration by, 88-9

in situ, 427-8

constraints on measurement, 427—8

differential, 428-31

doppler, 436

electromagnetic, 435-6

paddle-wheel, 433

pitot, 428-30

at high velocity, 429

at low Reynolds number, 429

propeller, 432-5

target, 431

thermal, 378-80

turbine, 431-5

ultrasonic, 436-7

venturi, 430—1

vortex, 435

production

cell, 455-6

control charts, 456

line,

455-6

measures, 456

productivity, 456

Profibus, 445

protocols

fieldbus, 445-6

Fieldbus Foundation, 446

HART, 445

MAP,

445

Profibus, 445

provers, 74-9

bell, 11, 19

compact, 74-8, 85

double chronometry method, 75—6, 78

pipe,

piston,

see

compact

pulse interpolation, 74—8

prover spheres, 74

proving vessels/tanks, 72-4, 85

pulsation, effects,

see

flow, unsteady

pulsation index,

see

flow, pulsation index

pulse interpolation,

see

provers, pulse

interpolation

pvT method of calibration, 80-1

quadrature,

see

Gaussian quadrature

R&D,

464-5

random error, 7, 20

range and rangeability, 7

ratio of specific heats,

see

specific heats,

ratio of

RCM,

see

Reliability Centered Maintenance

reciprocity, 15, 326, 328

reference meters,

see

transfer standard

flowmeter

Reliability Centered Maintenance, 2

repeatability, 4-6

reproducibility, 4

requirements engineering, 455

Reynolds number, 24—6

sampling frequency, 466

SCAD A, 448

sealant fluid,

see

pressure, sealant fluids

selection, 42—55

table, 48-51

sensitivity coefficient, 8-9

sensors,

see also

instruments

intelligent, 442

smart, 442

Shewhart control charts, 53

SI unit

of density, 12

of pressure, 12

of temperature, 12

of viscosity, 12

518

INDEX

signal

noise information, 442, 470

types of, 441

smart instruments,

see

instruments, smart

soap film burette, 81-2

specific heats, ratio of, 141, 143—4, 146,

148-50

specification, 42-6

questionnaire, 56—8

stagnation pressure,

see

pressure, stagnation

stagnation temperature,

see

temperature,

stagnation

standard deviation, 7, 16—17

standard time, 151

standard uncertainty, 7-8, 19

steam, 39, 41

effect on

orifice plate 113—16

Stolz equation,

see

Flowmeter Index, orifice

plate

straighteners and conditioners, 27-30,

104-5

box (honeycomb), 28

etoile, 28, 30

Gallagher, 30

K-Lab

28-9

Laws,

29-30

Mitsubishi, 29

tube bundle, 28

vortab, 29-30

Zanker, 29

strainers, 224-5

strapping tables, 86-7

stratified flow, see flow, stratified

Strouhal number, 253

Student's t value, 8-9, 17-19

swirl, 27-8

systematic error, 8, 20

temperature, stagnation, 141, 143-4, 149-50

thermal mass flow probe,

see

probes, thermal

traceability of calibration, 92-3

tracers, calibration by, 89-91

transfer standard flowmeter, 22-3, 68, 82-4,

85-6

true mass flow measurement,

see

Flowmeter

Index

tube bundle flow straightener, see

straighteners and conditioners

turbulence, see

flow,

turbulent

turndown ratio, 7

two-phase flow, see

flow,

multiphase

ultrasonic probes,

see

probes, ultrasonic

ultrasound, 313-15

frequency, 313—14

sound speed, 313-15

wavelength, 313-14

uncertainty, 6, 8, 15, 19, 21, 117-18,

148-9

combination of, 21

units,

conversion, 12

unsteady flow, see

flow,

unsteady

upper range value (URV), 7

URV,

see

Upper Range Value

utilities, 464

variance, 16

velocity in pipes (table) for various flow

rates,

verification, in-situ, 68

volume sensing, 46

vortab,

see

straighteners and conditioners

vortex probe,

see

probes, vortex

vortex shedding, 253-4, 278-81

vortices, gas entrapment, 39—40

weighing system for calibration rigs

dynamic, 71

static,

substitution, 71

weight function/vector for flowmeters, 15

electromagnetic, 284-5, 307-10

Coriolis, 423-4

thermal, 389-90

ultrasonic, 355

WIMP environment, 449

Youden analysis, 22—3

Zanker flow straightener,

see

straighteners

and conditioners

zero drift, 291, 304, 410-12

FLOWMETER INDEX

The reader is referred to the Contents subheadings for other flowmeter details.

acoustic scintillation, 348

Alfven-wave, 465

angular momentum, 391-7

Annubar,

see

averaging pitot

Arnold & Pitt's patent, 203

averaging pitot, 153, 170—3

FLOWMETER INDEX 519

bearingless, 224, 245

bend, 153, 169-70

Bendix meter, 391

Brand and Ginsel, 359

by pass meters, 153, 167-8, 371, 466

charge sensing, 465

classical venturi,

see

venturi

Coriolis, 398-426, 457, 460-1

cross-talk, 408

drive mechanism, 404

flow tube, 404

gas flow, 408, 410, 413, 415-16, 425-6

materials compatibility, 417

meter secondary, 405—6

orientation, 407—8

pressure sensitivity, 408, 413

secondary containment, 405

sensor types, 404—5

temperature sensitivity, 402, 405, 408, 413

correlation flowmeter,

see

cross correlation

correlation (not ultrasonic), 348-9, 467

critical flow venturi nozzle, 140-52, 461

coefficient of discharge, 143, 145—6

critical flow function, 146—7

cylindrical throat, 142

maximum outlet pressure, 144-5

mole fraction for gas mixture, 147

toroidal throat, 142-3

Crometer tube,

see

V-cone

cross correlation, 263, 312, 346-9, 467

CVM, 203

Dall tubes, 153, 163-4

diaphragm, 200-2

differential pressure, 54, 95-129, 130-9,

140-52,

159-66, 163-73, 357-62

domestic gas, 200-2, 275, 338-40

doppler, 312, 345-6

drag plate,

see

target meter

eccentric orifice plates, 106

elbow, see flowmeter, bend

electromagnetic, 54, 282-311

AC,

289-90

bubble velocity, measurement of,

301,

467

DC,

290-2

differential, 305

dry calibration, 292

dual frequency, 292

electrodes, 286-8, 293-5

empty pipe detection, 292

end shorting, 285-6

entrained gases, 293, 301

flux linking of signal leads, 289

for liquid metals, 282

for non-conducting fluids, 282

ground/earth links, 287-8, 292

liner, 287

magnetic field, 288-9

primary element, 286-9

quadrature signal, 289

secondary element, 289—92

sensitivity, 285-6

sensor, 286-9

Shercliff weight function, 284-5

transmitter, 289-92

weight functions, 284-5, 309-10

zero drift, 291, 304

electrostatic charge, 465

Elliot-Nathan, 431

Epiflo, 153,164

flap-type,

see

rotating diaphragm

float-in-tube,

see

variable area flowmeter

fluidic,

274-6,

467

as venturi bypass, 276—7

fuel flow transmitter, 392-7

gas ionization, 465

gas turbine flowmeter,

see

turbine

flowmeter, for gases

gear, 190-1

Gentile tube, 153, 165

Gilflo, 160

Hastings,

372-3,

388-9

helical multiphase, 203-5

helical rotor PD, 189

high precision gas meter,

see

turbine

flowmeter, for gases

high precision liquid meter,

see

turbine

flowmeter, for liquids

hybrid, 362

inlet, 153, 168-9

insertion,

see

Main Index, probes

integral orifice, 163

ionic,

466

ionization,

see

gas ionization

Katys meter, 391

Kratzer and Kefer meter, 363-4

laminar, 153, 173—6

Li and Lee, 398-9

liquid plugs, 205

low loss, 153, 164-5

mass flow sensing meters, 357-426

Massa Stroon Meter (MSM1), 359

McCrometer tube,

see

V-cone

micro, 383, 467-9

520 INDEX

momentum sensing flowmeters,

95-181

MTI,

see

undulating membrane (MTI)

multiphase oil flowmeters, 365—7

multirotor PD, 185

nozzles, 130-9

coefficient of discharge, 133—4

critical flow venturi,

see

critical flow

venturi nozzle

ISA 1932, 132-4

long radius, 132—5

sonic,

see

critical flow venturi nozzle

venturi, 131, 133-4

nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 465-6

nutating disc, 184

orifice plate, 95-129

carrier assembly, 102, 119-21

chordal, 106

coefficient of discharge, 97—8

conical entrance, 106

D and D/2 tappings, 96, 102

Dall,

see

Dall tubes

deflection at high pressure, 106—9

eccentric, 106

edge sharpness, 100—1

expansibility factor, 98-9

flange tappings, 102

flatness, 100

impulse lines, 121—2

integral,

see

integral orifice

metering run assembly, 119

plate, 100-2, 118

plate carrier assembly, 119

pressure loss, 99-100

pressure tappings, 96, 102, 119-22

quadrant, 106

sizing, 119

slotted, 168

Stolz equation, 97

vena contracta, 95—6

Orlando and Jennings, 391-2

oscillating circular piston, 184-5

oscillating membrane (MTI),

see

undulating

membrane

oscillating vane, 167-8

oval-gear meter, 185-7

paddle wheel, 433

pattern recognition, 467

pelton wheel, 244

PD,

see

positive displacement (PD)

piston,

see

reciprocating piston

positive displacement (PD), 54, 182-214

calibration systems, 192-4, 211-14

pressure effects, 197-8, 210

slip,

196-7

temperature effects, 197-8, 209

Potter twin rotor turbine, 391

quadrant orifice,

see

orifice, quadrant

Quantum Dynamics meter, 244

reciprocating piston PD, 190

Roots,

see

rotary positive displacement

gas meter

Rotameter,

see

variable area meter

rotary piston,

see

oscillating circular piston

meter

rotary positive displacement gas meter,

202-3

rotating diaphragm, 160—1

sliding vane PD, 187-9, 207-14

slotted orifice, 153, 168

sonic nozzle,

see

critical flow venturi

nozzle

spring loaded diaphragm meter, 159-62

static charge,

see

charge sensing

surface-acoustic-wave, 350, 466

swirl, 272-3

target, 153, 162-3

thermal mass flow measurement, 357,

371-90

capillary thermal mass flowmeter (CTMF

for

gas),

371-6

capillary thermal mass flowmeter (CTMF

for liquid), 376-8

in-line thermal mass flowmeter (ITMF),

381-3

insertion thermal mass flowmeter (ITMF),

379-80

toroidal throat venturi nozzles,

see

nozzles,

critical flow venturi

Torbar,

see

averaging pitot

True Mass Flow Meter, 398-400,

see also

and Lee

turbine, 215-52

blades, 215-22

driving torque, 220

trailing edge, 221

equations, 246-52

for gases, 234—41

characteristics, 236—7

for liquids, 221-34

characteristic, 219, 221, 228

hanger, 223

inlet velocity profile, 220

lift coefficient, 221-2

probe,

see

Main Index, probes, turbine

rotor, 221-2

twin-venturi, 358-9

FLOWMETER APPLICATION INDEX

521

ultrasonic,

54,

312-56,

362

beam position, 319-22

beam-sweeping,

349

clamp-on, 323-5, 328-31

combined with thermal,

350, 467

combined with vortex,

350

correlation,

312,

346-8

doppler,

312,

345-6, 355-6

gas,

338-43

liquid, 335-8

mass measurement, 318—9,

467

path,

see

beam position

retro-fit, 322-4

sing-around, 317—8

transducers, 322-5

transit time, 316-17

undulating membrane (MTI),

206,

466

vane-type,

245

variable area, 153-9, 177-81

accuracy classes,

180—1

flow coefficient,

179

spring loaded, 159-62

venturi,

130-1,

134-7

coefficient

discharge,

133

two-phase flow, 136—7

with fluidic bypass,

see

fluidic

venturi

bypass

venturi nozzle, 131, 133-4,

see also

critical

flow venturi nozzle

V-cone,

153, 166-7

vibrating nozzle, 398-9

vibrating tube, 398-9

viscous,

see

flowmeter, laminar

volume sensing flowmeters, 182—356

vortex shedding,

253-71,

279-81

cavitation,

269

combined with correlation,

263

factor,

256

measurement

steam flow, 267—8

water,

241-4

wedge,

153, 165-6

wet gas, 199-200

Wheatstone bridge, hydraulic,

359-61

Woltmann,

215

FLOWMETER APPLICATION INDEX

In referring

this index

the

reader should note that:

the

applications recorded

are

those examples which

have encountered

reading

the,

mainly industrial, literature

meters

and are

obviously

not in any

sense exhaus-

tive.

In a few

general cases

have, therefore, included references

other flowmeters;

the

reference

to a

particular flowmeter does

not

imply that other flowmeters

are

unsuit-

able,

but

rather that

I was not

aware

manufacturers specifically recommending other

flowmeters for

the

application;

c) even

particular flowmeter is referred

to,

does

not

necessarily mean that it

will,

actually,

be suitable

for the

application;

the

reader should always check suitability

of a

flowmeter

for a

particular application with

the manufacturer

of the

specific flowmeter,

terms

type

service, compatibility

materials,

and the

other factors

set out in

Chapter

The reader

also referred

to the

table

pages 50-1.

abrasive liquids,

346

acids,

some, 271, 273, 303,

346

nitric,

417

additives,

190,

303,

378

adhesives,

187,

189-91,

417

air,

146,

159, 240,

271,

273, 344,

376

(cf. 95ff, 130ff, 153ff,

199-203,

234-41,

274-6, 338-43,

379-83)

compressed, 271,

382

air conditioning,

380

aircraft

fluid systems,

335

fuel flow,

396

alcohol,

187

asphalt,

417

bases,

303

batching, 191, 205,

303

beer, 303,

417

benzene,

271

black liquor, 303,

417

522 INDEX

black oils, 53

blast furnace flows, 303

bleaching chemicals, 303

blending, 189, 190, 205

boiler applications

combustion air, 380

efficiency testing, 361

preheater, 380

brown stock, 303

calibration,

see

transfer standard

catalysts in petrochemicals, 378

chemical vapor deposition, 376

chemicals, 159, 187,

190-1,

205

chromatograph flows, 378

clean fluids, 130, 163, 271

coffee extract, 417

combustion gas flows, 380

compressor efficiency and surge control, 434

condensate, 273

contaminated oil, 346

corrosion inhibitor, 378

corrosive gas, 382

corrosive liquids, 169, 233, 302

cream, 191

creosote, 271

crude oil, 233, 348, 418, 434-5

cryogenic, 54-5, 233, 271

custody transfer, 205, 234

see also

transfer standard

diesel, 191, 271

digester flows, 303

dirty fluids, 166

see also

gas conditions, dirty and

liquids, dirty

dispensing, 205

distillates, 160

dredging, 282

dyes,

191, 417

emulsions, 303, 346

engine

lubricant, 335

testing,

190-1,

361

enzymes, 378

erosive liquids, 302—3

ethylene oxide, 417

fats,

205, 417

fertilizers, 205

flavorants, 378

flavorings, 303

floes, 349

foods,

159, 185, 233, 303, 417

glucose, 187, 346

ice cream, 303

juice, 303, 346,417

liquid chocolate, 417

milk, 303, 417

peanut butter, 417

processed egg, 417

sugar, 303

fuel consumption, 378

fuel oil, 187, 189,417

gas conditions

clean, 163

dirty, 166, 273

wet, 273

gas flow measurement applications

blending, 376

brewery, 382

burner flow control, 382

domestic, 200, 276

flare,

344,

380, 382, 435, 463

flue, 382

food industry flows, 382

high temperature, 431

pipeline transmission, 380

secondary calibration standard, 199

various, 127, 244, 276, 344

gases

acetylene, 159, 240, 376

air,

see

air

ammonia, 159, 376

argon, 146, 159, 344, 376, 382

arsine, 376

boron trichloride, 376

butane, 376

carbon dioxide, 146, 240, 271, 273, 376,

382

carbon monoxide, 376

carbon tetrachloride, 376

chlorine, 159, 344, 376

coke-oven, 240

ethane, 240, 376

ethylene, 273, 376

fluorine, 376

freon, 376

fuel gas, 240, 435, 463

HCFC22, 152

helium, 159, 376, 382

HFC134a, 152

high temperature, 431

hydrogen, 376

coolant flow, 380

hydrogen sulphide, 376

krypton, 376

methane, 146-7, 271, 376, 380, 382

natural, 159, 199-200, 202, 240, 273, 276,

417

neon, 376

nitrogen, 146, 240, 271, 344, 376,

380,

382

nitrous oxide, 376

FLOWMETER APPLICATION INDEX 523

oxygen, 146, 159, 271, 376, 382

propane, 240, 376

propylene, 376

refinery gas, 240

silane, 376

silicon tetrachloride, 376

steam,

see

steam

tungsten hexafluoride, 376

xenon, 376

gasoline, 160, 187,

190-1,

273

glycol, 271

greases, 191

green liquor, 417

heating flows, 380

helium service, liquid, 137

hydraulic oils, 186-7, 189,

190-1,

271

hydrocarbons, low viscosity, 271

hygienic, 303

industrial effluent, 346

industry

chemical engineering and process

technology, 382

mechanical engineering, 159, 233

nuclear, 54, 303, 344, 382

power plant, 159, 344

power supply, 335

process, 191, 233, 382

pulp and paper, 159, 302, 346, 348, 417

semiconductor, 376, 382

steel, N

and O

flows, 382

water, 54, 137, 184, 303, 344

ink, 191

in situ measurement, 434—5, 436—7

inventory control, 205

isopropanol, 417

kerosene, 191

latex solutions, 303

leak detection, 191, 335, 382, 434

liquids

clean, 163, 169, 271

conducting, 302

dirty, 166

erosive, 303

foods,

see

foods

general, 127

high pressure, 234

high temperature, 234

inorganic, 187

organic, 187

liquified gases,

417-8

LPG,

271,

417

271,

417

271,

417

lime slurries, 417

low flows, 130, 205, 245, 378

low head, 137

low loss, 130

low lubricity, 245

low Reynolds number, 130

low temperature, 234

lubricants, 187

lubrication, 378

mercaptan odorant injection, 190

metals, liquid, 282

microfiltration, 378

mineral oil, 191

molten sulphur, 417

multiphase, 106, 130, 189, 203-5, 349,

357-70

for oil industry, 365—7

naphtha, 53

nitrogen purges, 380

odorants into natural gas, 378

odorizer, 434

oil,

160, 186, 233, 344, 417

oil-in-water/water-in-oil, 137-8, 414

olefins, 417

paints, 187, 191,205,417

pigments in, 378

paraffin, 160, 191

paste, 191

petrochemical raw materials, 273

Pharmaceuticals, 159

phosphoric acid, 417

pipeline leak detection,

see

leak

detection

pipeline management, 344

plant

coal liquefaction, 417

controls, 159

dosing, 382

pilot, 190

polymers, 187, 189, 303, 417

polypropylene, 417

polyurethane, 191

porosity of rocks, 378

potassium hydroxide, 417

processes involving

chemical vapor deposition, 376

crystal growth, 376

diffusion, 376

ion implantation, 376

plasma etching, 376

sputtering, 376

thermal oxide, 376

pulsation, 173

pulverised coal in nitrogen, 414

524

INDEX

radioactive flows,

303

reagents

in fermentation,

378

in pharmaceuticals,

378

refinery flows,

53, 159

resin,

191

samplers,

434

sand

water,

414

sanitary products,

234

sewage, 303,

346

sludge,

166,

303,

346

slurry,

137, 165, 166,

302-3,

346, 417

magnetic,

300

soda,

303

sodium hydroxide,

417

solid-liquid,

165

solvents,

187,

205, 273,

417

sour crude,

417

space applications

rocket fuel

and

oxidizer, 335—7

space vehicle coolant,

337

spray coating,

303

stack effluent,

382

steam,

159,

160-1,

271, 273,

380

bled steam line,

431

surge control,

434

tar,

271

tar sands,

417

test rigs,

233

thixo tropic,

189

titanium chloride closing,

378

titanium dioxide,

417

toothpaste,

303

transfer standard,

206, 229, 234

two-phase,

106, 130,

136-7,

163,

300-1

unsteady,

see

pulsating

urethane,

417

utilities, 184-5,

276,

338-9,

464

velocity, very low,

205

ventilation,

380

viscous fluids, high,

106, 127, 130,

189,

302

waste

air, 382

water, 159-60,

184,

241-4, 273,

276, 303,

343

(cf. 95ff, 130ff, 153ff,

427ff)

distilled,

271

raw,

346

sea,

346

sludge, 273, 303,

346

sour,

417

waste,

159, 303

water-in-oil,

see

oil-in-water/water-in-oil

wax,

191

white liquor,

303