Arya S.P.S. Introduction to Micrometeorology
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Introduction to
Micrometeorology
This is Volume 42 in
INTERNATIONAL
GEOPHYSICS
SERIES
A series
of
monographs and textbooks
Edited by RENATA DMOWSKA and JAMES R. HOLTON
A complete list of the books in this series
appears
at the end of this volume.
Introduction to
Micrometeorology
s.
Pal
Arya
Department of Marine,
Earth
and
Atmospheric Sciences
College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
North
Carolina State University
Raleigh,
North
Carolina
ACADEMIC
PRESS,
INC.
Harcourt
Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
San Diego New York Berkeley Boston
London
Sydney Tokyo Toronto
About the Cover: A micrometeorological mast
over
the Arctic pack ice used during the 1972
Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment (AIDJEX).
COPYRIGHT
© 1988 BY
ACADEMIC
PRESS,
INC.
ALL
RIGHTS
RESERVED
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OF
THIS
PUBLICATION
MAY BE
REPRODUCED
OR
TRANSMITTED
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OR
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MECHANICAL,
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STORAGE
AND
RETRIEVAL
SYSTEM,
WITHOUT
PERMISSION
IN
WRITING
FROM
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PUBLISHER
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
San Diego, California 92101
United Kingdom Edition published by
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD,
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1 7DX
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Arya, S. P S,
Introduction to microrncreorology.
Includes index.
1. Micrometeorology. 1. Title.
QC883,8,A79 1988 551.5
ISBN 0-12-064490-8 (alk, paper)
PRINTED IN THE lJNITED STATES OF AMERICA
88
~9
90 91 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I
88-3429
To my wife, Nirmal, and
my children, Niki, Sumi, and Vishal
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Preface
Symbols
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Scope of Micrometeorology
1.2 Micrometeorology versus Microclimatology
1.3 Importance and Applications of Micrometeorology
Problems and Exercises
Chapter 2 Energy Budget
near
the Surface
2.1 Energy Fluxes at an Ideal Surface
2.2 Energy Balance Equations
2.3 Some Examples of Energy Budget
2.4 Applications
Problems and Exercises
Chapter 3 Radiation Balance near the Surface
3.1 Radiation Laws and Definitions
3.2 Shortwave Radiation
3.3 Longwave Radiation
3.4 Radiation Balance near the Surface
3.5 Radiative Flux Divergence
3.6 Applications
Problems and Exercises
vii
xi
xv
1
3
4
8
9
10
15
19
19
21
24
29
30
33
35
35
viii Contents
Chapter 4 Soil Temperatures and Heat Transfer
4.1 Surface Temperature
4.2 Subsurface Temperatures
4.3 Thermal Properties of Soils
4.4 Theory of Soil
Heat
Transfer
4.5 Applications
Problems and Exercises
Chapter 5 Air Temperature and Humidity in the PBL
5.1 Factors Influencing Air Temperature and Humidity
5.2 Basic Thermodynamic Relations and Definitions
5.3 Static Stability
5.4 Mixed Layers and Inversions
5.5 Vertical Temperature and Humidity Profiles
5.6 Diurnal Variations
5.7 Applications
Problems and Exercises
Chapter 6 Wind Distribution in the
PBL
6.1 Factors Influencing Wind Distribution
6.2 Geostrophic and Thermal Winds
6.3 The Effects of Friction
6.4 The Effects of Stability
6.5 Observed Wind Profiles
6.6 Diurnal Variations
6.7 Applications
Problems and Exercises
Chapter 7 An Introduction to Viscous Flows
7.1 Inviscid and Viscous Flows
7.2
Laminar
and Turbulent Flows
7.3 Equations of Motion
7.4 Plane-Parallel Flows
7.5 Ekman Layers
7.6 Developing Boundary Layers
7.7
Heat
Transfer in Fluids
7.8 Applications
Problems
and
Exercises
Chapter 8 Fundamentals of Turbulence
8.1 Instability of Flow and Transition to Turbulence
8.2 The Generation and Maintenance of Turbulence
8.3 General Characteristics of Turbulence
8.4 Mean and Fluctuating Variables
8.5 Variances and Turbulent Fluxes
8.6 Eddies and Scales of Motion
8.7 Applications
Problems and Exercises
37
39
40
41
46
46
49
50
54
57
58
61
63
64
67
68
71
74
75
81
84
84
87
90
91
93
95
99
103
106
106
109
113
114
115
117
119
121
121
Contents IX
Chapter 9 Semiempirical Theories of Turbulence
9.I Mathematical Description of Turbulent Flows 123
9.2 Gradient-Transport Theories 128
9.3 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity Theories 133
9.4 Applications 139
Problems and Exercises 139
Chapter 10 Neutral Boundary
Layers
10.1 Velocity-Profile
Laws
141
10.2 Surface Roughness Parameters 148
10.3 Surface Stress and Drag Coefficient 152
10.4 Turbulence 153
10.5 Applications 154
Problems and Exercises 155
Chapter 11 Momentum and
Heat
Exchanges with
Homogeneous Surfaces
11.1 The
Monin-Obukhov
Similarity Theory
11.2 Empirical
Forms
of Similarity Functions
11.3 Wind and Temperature Profiles
11.4 Drag and
Heat
Transfer Coefficients
11.5 Methods of Determining Momentum and
Heat
Fluxes
11.6 Applications
Problems and Exercises
Chapter 12 Evaporation from Homogeneous Surfaces
12.1 The Process of Evaporation
12.2 Potential Evaporation and Evapotranspiration
12.3 Modified
Monin-Obukhov
Similarity Relations
12.4 Micrometeorological Methods of Determining Evaporation
12.5 Applications
Problems and Exercises
Chapter 13 Marine Atmospheric Boundary
Layer
13.1 Sea-Surface Characteristics
13.2 Momentum Transfer to the
Sea
Surface
13.3 Parameterization of
Air-Sea
Exchanges
13.4 Mean Profiles in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer
13.5 Turbulence
over
Water
13.6 Applications
Problems and Exercises
157
161
166
167
169
179
179
183
184
186
189
195
195
197
203
211
214
219
220
221