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ɎȿȾȿɊȺɅɖɇɈȿ ȺȽȿɇɌɋɌȼɈ ɉɈ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂɘ
ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɈȿ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɌȿɅɖɇɈȿ
ɍɑɊȿɀȾȿɇɂȿ
ȼɕɋɒȿȽɈ ɉɊɈɎȿɋɋɂɈɇȺɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂə
«ȼɈɊɈɇȿɀɋɄɂɃ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɃ
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Ɇ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɪɬɟɦɨɜ,
ɋ.Ⱥ. Ʉɚɪɚɢɱɟɜ
ɊȺɁɊȺȻɈɌɄȺ ɂ ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂɁȺɐɂə
ɉɊɈȽɊȺɆɆɇɕɏ ɋɊȿȾɋɌȼ
ɂ ɂɇɎɈɊɆȺɐɂɈɇɇɕɏ
ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɃ. ɊȺɁɊȺȻɈɌɄȺ
ɂ ɈɎɈɊɆɅȿɇɂȿ ɉɊɈȽɊȺɆɆɇɈɃ
ȾɈɄɍɆȿɇɌȺɐɂɂ
ɍɱɟɛɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ
ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨ-ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ
ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ
2007
2
ɍɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɦ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɢ 14 ɦɚɹ 2007 ɝ., ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ʋ 9
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬ Ⱥ.ɉ. Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɛɪɨɜ
ɍɱɟɛɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚ
ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɢ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: 010502 (351400) – ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɜ
ɸɪɢɫɩɪɭɞɟɧɰɢɢ
3
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ...............................................................................................................4
Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ȿɞɢɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ...........5
Ʉɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ȿɋɉȾ ................................................................5
ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ȿɋɉȾ..............................................................................6
Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɵɦ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ...............................................................................................................8
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ 19.201-78.....11
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ....................................................................11
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ.......................................................................................13
Ⱦɟɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ.......................................................................................................13
ɒɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɮɪɚɡ............................................................................14
Ɏɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ....................................................................................................16
ɒɬɚɦɩɵ ɢ ɭɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ.......16
ɉɟɪɟɱɧɢ ɢ ɧɭɦɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ........................................................................18
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ 19.301-79................................19
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ..............................................19
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ.........................................................................................................21
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ Ⱥ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ 19.201-78..........22
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ Ȼ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ
19.301-79.............................................................................................................35
4
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ
ɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɡɤɢɦ ɤɪɭɝɨɦ ɥɢɰ, ɢ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɟɟ ɪɨɥɶ ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ
ɨɤɭɩɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ:
– ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɧɚ ɷɬɚɩɟ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ,
ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɫɛɨɪ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ, ɷɬɚɩɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɨɤɨɜ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ;
– ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɷɫɤɢɡɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ;
– ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ
ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫɚ ɹɡɵɤɚ,
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ
ɩɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ;
– ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ
ȽɈɋɌɚ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ
ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ (ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.);
– ɧɚ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɞɚɱɚ-ɩɪɢɟɦɤɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨ ɢ ɜɨɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ:
– ɱɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ?
– ɱɬɨ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ
?
– ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ, ɚ ɱɬɨ ɫɥɭɠɛɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ?
5
– ɤɚɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɜɫɟɦ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ?
– ɱɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ?
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɪɟɱɶ ɩɨɣɞɟɬ ɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɯ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ
ȽɈɋɌ 19.201-78 ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ
ȽɈɋɌ 19.301-79. Ɍɚɤ ɠɟ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ
ɜɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦɢ.
Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ȿɞɢɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɭ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ (ɉɋ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ȿɞɢɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ (ȿɋɉȾ).
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ȿɋɉȾ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɜ 70–80-ɟɝɝ.
ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɷɬɨɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɦɟɠɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɋɇȽ (ȽɈɋɌ), ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɟɠɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ȿɋɉȾ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɭ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɉɋ, ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ, ɩɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ,
ɫ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɉɋ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ȿɋɉȾ (ȽɈɋɌ 19) ɧɨɫɹɬ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɉɋ (ȽɈɋɌ 34, Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ISO/IEC ɢɞɪ.). Ⱦɟɥɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɊɎ «Ɉ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ» ɷɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɫɫɵɥɤɟ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɜ
ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ (ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ) ɉɋ.
Ʉɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ȿɋɉȾ
ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ȿɋɉȾ (ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ȽɈɋɌɵ) ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ,
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ:
Ʉɨɞ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
0 Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
1 Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ
2 ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
3 ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ
6
Ʉɨɞ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
4 ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ
5 ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ
6 ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ
7
8
Ɋɟɡɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
9 ɉɪɨɱɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ ȿɋɉȾ ɫɬɪɨɹɬ ɩɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ.
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ ȿɋɉȾ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɢɡ:
1) ɱɢɫɥɚ 19 (ɩɪɢɫɜɨɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ȿɋɉȾ);
2) ɨɞɧɨɣ ɰɢɮɪɵ (ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ), ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɤɨɞ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ;
3) ɞɜɭɡɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ (ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɢɪɟ), ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɝɨɞ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ.
ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ȿɋɉȾ
1. ȽɈɋɌ 19.001-77 ȿɋɉȾ. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ.
2. ȽɈɋɌ 19.101-77 ȿɋɉȾ. ȼɢɞɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
3. ȽɈɋɌ 19.102-77 ȿɋɉȾ. ɋɬɚɞɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
4. ȽɈɋɌ 19.103-77 ȿɋɉȾ. Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
5. ȽɈɋɌ 19.104-78 ȿɋɉȾ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ.
6. ȽɈɋɌ 19.105-78 ȿɋɉȾ. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦ.
7. ȽɈɋɌ 19.106-78 ȿɋɉȾ. Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦ,
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ.
8. ȽɈɋɌ 19.201-78 ȿɋɉȾ. Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɸ.
9. ȽɈɋɌ 19.202-78 ȿɋɉȾ. ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ. Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ
ɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɸ.
10. ȽɈɋɌ 19.301-79 ȿɋɉȾ. ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ.
7
11. ȽɈɋɌ 19.401-78 ȿɋɉȾ. Ɍɟɤɫɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɸ.
12. ȽɈɋɌ 19.402-78 ȿɋɉȾ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ.
13. ȽɈɋɌ 19.404-79 ȿɋɉȾ. ɉɨɹɫɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɚ. Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɸ.
14. ȽɈɋɌ 19.501-78 ȿɋɉȾ. Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɹɪ. Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɢ
ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɸ.
15. ȽɈɋɌ 19.502-78 ȿɋɉȾ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɸ.
16. ȽɈɋɌ 19.503-79 ȿɋɉȾ. Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚ.
Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɸ.
17. ȽɈɋɌ 19.504-79 ȿɋɉȾ. Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚ.
18. ȽɈɋɌ 19.505-79 ȿɋɉȾ. Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ.
19. ȽɈɋɌ 19.506-79 ȿɋɉȾ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɚ.
20. ȽɈɋɌ 19.508-79 ȿɋɉȾ. Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ
ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɸ. Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɸ.
21. ȽɈɋɌ 19.604-78 ȿɋɉȾ. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ.
22. ȽɈɋɌ 19.701-90
ȿɋɉȾ. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ.
23. ȽɈɋɌ 19.781-90 ȿɋɉȾ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ȿɋɉȾ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ:
– ȽɈɋɌ 19.106-78 ȿɋɉȾ. Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦ,
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ;
– ȽɈɋɌ 19.201-78 ȿɋɉȾ. Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɸ. Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ (ɌɁ) ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ
ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɉɋ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɤɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɥɧɨ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ (ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ)
ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɟ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɨɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɦ ɌɁ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ
ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɉɋ;
– ȽɈɋɌ 19.301-79 ȿɋɉȾ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ. Ɇɨɠɟɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɢɫɩɵɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɉɋ.
Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɦ
ɩɟɱɚɬɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ
1
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɸɬ:
– ɧɚ ɥɢɫɬɚɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ Ⱥ4 (ȽɈɋɌ 2.301-68) – ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɩɢɫɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ (ɪɢɫ. 1).
Ⱦɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɥɢɫɬɚɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ Ⱥ3 (ɪɢɫ. 2);
– ɧɚ ɥɢɫɬɚɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɜ Ⱥ4 ɢȺ3, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ – ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ
Ɋɢɫ. 1. Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɥɢɫɬɚɯ Ⱥ4
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1
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ȽɈɋɌ 19.106-78.
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ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ. Ⱦɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ
ɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚɦ Ⱥ4 ɢȺ3, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɟ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ;
Ɋɢɫ. 2. Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɥɢɫɬɚɯ Ⱥ3
– ɧɚ ɥɢɫɬɚɯ ɬɢɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɜ – ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ
ɬɢɩɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ.
Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ:
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1) ɬɢɬɭɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ:
– ɥɢɫɬ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ (ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ);
– ɬɢɬɭɥɶɧɵɣ ɥɢɫɬ (ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɥɢɫɬ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ);
2) ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ:
– ɚɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɹ;
– ɥɢɫɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ;
3) ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ:
– ɬɟɤɫɬ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ (ɫ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚɦɢ, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦɢ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.;
– ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ;
– ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ;
– ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ;
– ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɣ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ;
– ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɫɫɵɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ;
4) ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ:
– ɥɢɫɬ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ.
ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ, ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ,
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɣ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ, ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɫɫɵɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ 1 ɢɥɢ 2, ɝɞɟ:
– ɩɨɥɟ 1 – ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɵɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ;
– ɩɨɥɟ 2 – ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ;
– ɩɨɥɟ 3 – ɬɟɤɫɬ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ;
– ɩɨɥɟ 4 – ɫɬɪɨɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ; ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ȽɈɋɌ 19.604-78.
Ɋɚɦɤɭ (ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ
) ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ
ɧɚɧɨɫɢɬɶ.
Ⱥɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ (ɩɪɨɧɭɦɟɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ) ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɫ
ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɤɨɦ «ȺɇɇɈɌȺɐɂə» ɢ ɧɟ ɧɭɦɟɪɭɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ.
ȼ ɚɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɢɡɥɚɝɚɸɬ
ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ
ɱɚɫɬɟɣ, ɜ ɚɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ.
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ (ɩɪɨɧɭɦɟɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ)