API RP 2A-WSD-2007 Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms-Working Stress Design

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Recommended Practice for

Planning, Designing and

Constructing Fixed Offshore

Platforms—Working Stress Design

API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2A-WSD (RP 2A-WSD)

TWENTY-FIRST EDITION, DECEMBER 2000

ERRATA AND SUPPLEMENT 1, DECEMBER 2002

ERRATA AND SUPPLEMENT 2, SEPTEMBER 2005

ERRATA AND SUPPLEMENT 3, OCTOBER 2007

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Recommended Practice for

Planning, Designing and Constructing

Fixed Offshore Platforms—Working

Stress Design

Upstream Segment

API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2A-WSD (RP 2A-WSD)

TWENTY-FIRST EDITION, DECEMBER 2000

ERRATA AND SUPPLEMENT 1, DECEMBER 2002

ERRATA AND SUPPLEMENT 2, SEPTEMBER 2005

ERRATA AND SUPPLEMENT 3, AUGUST 2007

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SPECIAL NOTES

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API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers, manufacturers, or suppliers to

warn and properly train and equip their employees, and others exposed, concerning health

and safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations under local, state, or fed-

eral laws.

Information concerning safety and health risks and proper precautions with respect to par-

ticular materials and conditions should be obtained from the employer, the manufacturer or

supplier of that material, or the material safety data sheet.

Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by

implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or prod-

uct covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be con-

strued as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.

Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least

every five years. Sometimes a one-time extension of up to two years will be added to this

review cycle. This publication will no longer be in effect five years after its publication date

as an operative API standard or, where an extension has been granted, upon republication.

Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Manager [telephone

(202) 682-8000]. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually and

updated quarterly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.

This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropri-

ate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API

standard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this standard or com-

ments and questions concerning the procedures under which this standard was developed

should be directed in writing to the Standards Manager, American Petroleum Institute, 1220

L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate

all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the general man-

ager.

API standards are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineer-

ing and operating practices. These standards are not intended to obviate the need for apply-

ing sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these standards should be

utilized. The formulation and publication of API standards is not intended in any way to

inhibit anyone from using any other practices.

Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking

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FOREWORD

This Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing, and Constructing Fixed Offshore

Platforms contains engineering design principles and good practices that have evolved dur-

ing the development of offshore oil resources. Good practice is based on good engineering;

therefore, this recommended practice consists essentially of good engineering recommenda-

tions. In no case is any specific recommendation included which could not be accomplished

by presently available techniques and equipment. Consideration is given in all cases to the

safety of personnel, compliance with existing regulations, and antipollution of water bodies.

Metric conversions of customary English units are provided throughout the text of this

publication in parentheses, e.g., 6 in. (152 mm). Most of the converted values have been

rounded for most practical usefulness; however, precise conversions have been used where

safety and technical considerations dictate. In case of dispute, the customary English values

should govern.

Offshore technology is growing rapidly. In those areas where the committee felt that ade-

quate data were available, specific and detailed recommendations are given. In other areas

general statements are used to indicate that consideration should be given to those particular

points. Designers are encouraged to utilize all research advances available to them. As off-

shore knowledge continues to grow, this recommended practice will be revised. It is hoped

that the general statements contained herein will gradually be replaced by detailed recom-

mendations.

Reference in this practice is made to the latest edition of the AISC Specification for the

Design, Fabrication and Erection of Structural Steel for Buildings (see Section 2.5.1a).

While the use of latest edition of this specification is still endorsed, the use of the new AISC

Load & Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), First Edition is specifically not recommended

for design of offshore platforms. The load and resistance factors in this new code are based

on calibration with building design practices and are therefore not applicable to offshore

platforms. Research work is now in progress to incorporate the strength provisions of the

new AISC LRFD code into offshore design practices.

In this practice, reference is made to ANSI/AWS D1.1-2002 Structural Welding Code—

Steel. While use of this edition is endorsed, the primary intent is that the AWS code be fol-

lowed for the welding and fabrication of Fixed Offshore Platforms. Chapters 8, 9, and 10 of

the AWS Code give guidance that may be relevant to the design of Fixed Offshore Plat-

forms. This Recommended Practice makes specific reference to Chapter 9 and 10 for certain

design considerations. Where specific guidance is given in this API document, as in Sections

4 and 5, this guidance should take precedence.

This standard shall become effective on the date printed on the cover but may be used vol-

untarily from the date of distribution.

Attention Users: Portions of this publication have been changed from the previous edition.

The locations of changes have been marked with a bar in the margin, as shown to the left of

this paragraph. In some cases the changes are significant, while in other cases the changes

reflect minor editorial adjustments. The bar notations in the margins are provided as an aid to

users as to those parts of this publication that have been changed from the previous edition,

but API makes no warranty as to the accuracy of such bar notations.

Note: This edition supersedes the 20th Edition dated July 1, 1993.

This Recommended Practice is under jurisdiction of the API Subcommittee on Offshore

Structures and was authorized for publication at the 1969 standardization conference. The

first edition was issued October 1969.

API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by

iii

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CONTENTS

Page

0 DEFINITIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1 PLANNING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 Operational Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.3 Environmental Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.4 Site Investigation—Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.5 Selecting the Design Environmental Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.6 Platform Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

1.7 Exposure Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.8 Platform Reuse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

1.9 Platform Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.10 Safety Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.11 Regulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2 DESIGN CRITERIA AND PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.2 Loading Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.3 Design Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.4 Fabrication and Installation Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

3 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

3.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

3.2 Allowable Stresses for Cylindrical Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

3.3 Combined Stresses for Cylindrical Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

3.4 Conical Transitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4 CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

4.1 Connections of Tension and Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

4.2 Restraint and Shrinkage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

4.3 Tubular Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

4.4 Overlapping Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

4.5 Grouted Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

4.6 Internally Ring-stiffened Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

4.7 Cast Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

4.8 Other Circular Joint Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

4.9 Damaged Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

4.10 Non-circular Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

5 FATIGUE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

5.1 Fatigue Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

5.2 Fatigue Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

5.3 Stress Concentration Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

5.4 S-N Curves for All Members and Connections, Except Tubular Connections . . . . . 57

5.5 S-N Curves for Tubular Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

5.6 Fracture Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

6 FOUNDATION DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

6.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

6.2 Pile Foundations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

6.3 Pile Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61

6.4 Pile Capacity for Axial Bearing Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

6.5 Pile Capacity for Axial Pullout Loads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

6.6 Axial Pile Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

6.7 Soil Reaction for Axially-loaded Piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

6.8 Soil Reaction for Laterally-loaded Piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

6.9 Pile Group Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

6.10 Pile Wall Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

6.11 Length of Pile Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

6.12 Shallow Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

6.13 Stability of Shallow Foundations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

6.14 Static Deformation of Shallow Foundations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

6.15 Dynamic Behavior of Shallow Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

6.16 Hydraulic Instability of Shallow Foundations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

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6.17 Installation and Removal of Shall Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

7 OTHER STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

7.1 Superstructure Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

7.2 Plate Girder Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

7.3 Crane Supporting Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

7.4 Grouted Pile to Structure Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

7.5 Guyline System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

8 MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

8.1 Structural Steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80

8.2 Structural Steel Pipe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

8.3 Steel for Tubular Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

8.4 Cement Grout and Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

8.5 Corrosion Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

9 DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

9.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

9.2 Conceptual Drawings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

9.3 Bid Drawings and Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

9.4 Design Drawings and Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

9.5 Fabrication Drawings and Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

9.6 Shop Drawings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

9.7 Installation Drawings and Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

9.8 As-built Drawings and Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

10 WELDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

10.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

10.2 Qualification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

10.3 Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

10.4 Records and Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

11 FABRICATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

11.1 Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

11.2 Corrosion Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

11.3 Structural Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

11.4 Loadout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

11.5 Records and Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

12 INSTALLATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

12.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

12.2 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94

12.3 Removal of Jacket from Transport Barge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

12.4 Erection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

12.5 Pile Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

12.6 Superstructure Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

12.7 Grounding of Installation Welding Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

13 INSPECTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

13.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

13.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

13.3 Inspection Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

13.4 Fabrication Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

13.5 Load Out, Seafastening, and Transportation Inspection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

13.6 Installation Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

13.7 Inspection Documentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

14 SURVEYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

14.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

14.2 Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107

14.3 Survey Levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

14.4 Survey Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

14.5 Preselected Survey Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

14.6 Records. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Provided by IHS under license with API

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Not for Resale, 10/22/2008 00:07:12 MDT

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15 REUSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

15.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

15.2 Reuse Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

16 MINIMUM AND SPECIAL STRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

16.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

16.2 Design Loads and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

16.3 Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

16.4 Material and Welding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

17 ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING PLATFORMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

17.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

17.2 Platform Assessment Initiators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

17.3 Platform Exposure Categories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

17.4 Platform Assessment Information—Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

17.5 Assessment Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

17.6 Metocean, Seismic, and Ice Criteria/Loads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

17.7 Structural Analysis For Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

17.8 Mitigation Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

17.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131

18 FIRE, BLAST, AND ACCIDENTAL LOADING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

18.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

18.2 Assessment Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

18.3 Platform Exposure Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

18.4 Probability of Occurrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

18.5 Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

18.6 Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

18.7 Blast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

18.8 Fire and Blast Interaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

18.9 Accidental Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

COMMENTARY ON SECTION 1.7—EXPOSURE CATEGORIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

COMMENTARY ON WAVE FORCES, SECTION 2.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

COMMENTARY ON HYDRODYNAMIC FORCE GUIDELINES,

SECTION 2.3.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

COMMENTARY ON EARTHQUAKE CRITERIA, SECTION 2.3.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

COMMENTARY ON ALLOWABLE STRESSES AND COMBINED STRESSES,

SECTIONS 3.2 AND 3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

COMMENTARY ON STRENGTH OF TUBULAR JOINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

COMMENTARY ON FATIGUE, SECTION 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

COMMENTARY ON AXIAL PILE CAPACITY IN CLAY, SECTION 6.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

COMMENTARY ON AXIAL PILE CAPACITY IN SAND, SECTION 6.4.3. . . . . . . . . . . . 227

COMMENTARY ON CARBONATE SOILS, SECTION 6.4.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

COMMENTARY ON PILE CAPACITY FOR AXIAL CYCLIC LOADINGS,

SECTION 6.6.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

COMENTARY OF SIL REACTION FOR LATERALLY-LOADED PILES, SECTION 6.8 240

COMMENTARY ON FOUNDATIONS SECTIONS 6.14 THROUGH 6.17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

COMMENTARY ON GROUTED PILE TO STRUCTURE CONNECTIONS,

SECTION 7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

COMMENTARY ON MATERIAL, SECTION 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

COMMENTARY ON WELDING, SECTION 10.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

COMMENTARY ON MINIMUM STRUCTURES, SECTION 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

COMMENTARY ON SECTION 17—ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING

PLATFORMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252

COMMENTARY ON SECTIONS 18.6 – 18.9—FIRE, BLAST, AND ACCIDENTAL

LOADING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

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Figures

2.3.1-1 Procedure for Calculation of Wave Plus Current Forces for Static Analysis. . . . . 13

2.3.1-2 Doppler Shift Due to Steady Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.3.1-3 Regions of Applicability of Stream Function, Stokes V,

and Linear Wave Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2.3.1-4 Shielding Factor for Wave Loads on Conductor Arrays as a Function of

Conductor Spacing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.3.4-1 Area Location Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2.3.4-2 Region of Applicability of Extreme Metocean Criteria in Section 2.3.4.C . . . . . . 24

2.3.4-3 Guideline Omnidirectional Design Wave Height vs. MLLW, Gulf of Mexico,

North of 27° N and West of 86° W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

2.3.4-4 Guideline Design Wave Directions and Factors to Apply to the

Omnidirectional Wave Heights (Figure 2.3.4-3) for L-1 and L-2 Structures,

Gulf of Mexico, North of 27° N and West of 86° W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.3.4-5 Guideline Design Current Direction (Towards) with Respect to North in

Shallow Water (Depth < 150 ft) for L-1 and L-2 Structures, Gulf of Mexico,

North of 27° N and West of 86° W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.3.4-6 Guideline Design Current Profile for L-1, L-2, and L-3 Structures, Gulf of

Mexico, North of 27° N and West of 86° W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

2.3.4-7 Guideline Storm Tide vs. MLLW and Platform Category, Gulf of Mexico,

North of 27° N and West of 86° W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

2.3.4-8 Elevation of Underside of Deck (Above MLLW) vs. MLLW, Gulf of Mexico,

North of 27° N and West of 86° W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

3.4.1-1 Example Conical Transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4.2-1 Examples of Joint Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

4.2-2 In-plane Joint Detailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

4.2-3 Out-of-Plane Joint Detailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

4.3-1 Terminology and Geometric Parameters for Simple Tubular Joints . . . . . . . . . . . 52

4.3-2 Examples of Chord Lenght, L

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

5.5-1 Example Tubular Joint S-N Curve for T =

/8 in. (16 mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

6.7.2-1 Typical Axial Pile Load Transfer—Displacement (t-z) Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

6.7.3-1 Pile Tip-load—Displacement (Q-z) Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

6.8.6-1 Coefficients as Function of

φ´. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

6.8.7-1 Relative Density, %. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

7.4.4-1 Grouted Pile to Structure Connection with Shear Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

7.4.4-2 Recommended Shear Key Details. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

11.1.3 Welded Tubular Connections—Shielded Metal Arc Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

17.5.2 Platform Assessment Process—Metocean Loading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

17.6.2-1 Base Shear for a Vertical Cylinder Based on API Recommended

Practice 2A, 9th Edition Reference Level Forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

17.6.2-2a Full Population Hurricane Wave Height and Storm Tide Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . .124

17.6.2-2b Full Population Hurricane Deck Height Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

17.6.2-3a Sudden Hurricane Wave Height and Storm Tide Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

17.6.2-3b Sudden Hurricane Deck Height Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

17.6.2-4

Sudden Hurricane Wave Directions and Factors to Apply to the Omnidirectional

Wave Heights in Figure 17.6.2-3a for Ultimate Strength Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 127

17.6.2-5a Winter Storm Wave Height and Storm Tide Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128

17.6.2-5b Winter Storm Deck Height Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

18.2-1 Assessment Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

18.5-1 Risk Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

C2.3.1-1 Current Vectors Computed from Doppler Measurements at 60 ft on the

Bullwinkle Platform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

C2.3.1-2 Comparison of Linear and Nonlinear Stretching of Current Profiles. . . . . . . . . . 141

C2.3.1-3 Definition of Surface Roughness Height and Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

C2.3.1-4 Dependence of Steady Flow Drag Coefficient on Relative

Surface Roughness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

C2.3.1-5 Wake Amplification Factor for Drag Coefficient as a Function of K/C

. . . . . . 143

C2.3.1-6 Wake Amplification Factor for Drag Coefficient as a Function of K. . . . . . . . . . 145

C2.3.1-7 Inertia Coefficient as a Function of K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

C2.3.1-8 Inertia Coefficient as a Function of K/C

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

C2.3.1-9 Shielding Factor for Wave Loads on Conductor Arrays as a Function of

Conductor Spacing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

C2.3.4-1 Example Calculation of Current Magnitude, Direction, and Profile in the

Intermediate Depth Zone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

C2.3.6-1 Seismic Risk of United States Coastal Waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

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