Английский язык, темы к экзамену
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
Pyramids
The Egyptian pyramids are the best known archaeological monuments in the
world,partly to their distinctive and instantly recognizable design. For all the Middle
East and the Western world the Pyramids and their guardian Sphinx have become
symbols of eternity. Over the years they have captured worldwide attention and with it, a
multitude of speculative theories.Speculation over the origin of these grand monuments
of stone started with the Greeks.They thought that pyramids were constructed as a
memorial to the wicked King Khufu’s daughter- a princess who had led a very sad and
difficult life. Another theory is that pyramids were large stonehouses for grain, which
were built in preparation for the famine that was predicted in the Bible. Arab
philosophers saw this pyramids as werehouse for Egyptian scientific and medical
wisdom that would otherwise have disappeared during the Grate Flood.another theory is
that pyramids could be a mechanism of predicting the future or even as a road sign for
alien, or the means of predicting the apocalypse.it is thought that the man working on the
pyramids actually did so as a form of taxation and not under the master’s whip or out of
religious duty,as was previously thought.Some of them were respectable architectors.
There are some problems connecting with mass tourism.The benefits of the building of
the Aswan High Dam are undeniable: it controlled the flooding of the Nile, releasing
more land for agriculture and providing more water for irrigation. The problems of
underground water have been exacerbated by the presence of sewage leaking into the
ground from Cairo's inadequate drainage system. In 1900 Cairo had a population of
around one million; today it is nearer 14 million, and there has been no appreciable
expansion of the sewage system.If international rescue efforts are successful, the
preservation of the Nile Valley monuments can act as a model for the rest of the world's
ancient structures.
Future life
Can you imagine what our lives will be like in the year 2050&
Perhaps you will be flying off for a holiday on the moon, or maybe
you will be taking your dog for a walk in a virtual reality. We recently
carried out a survey of 1000 people from different countries to find
out what they think life will be like in the future. The results clearly
demonstrate both our hopes and fears. The survey suggests that
friendship- one of the most important human relationships-will have
changed dramatically. People will make friends through the internet.
What is more a large number of people will even come across their
future husbands or wifes in this way. Computers will have become
absolutely essentiasl by 2050. even now, some people describe them
as their best friend, others however say that we will become much
more isolated from each other because we will have little real human
contact.
Educcation will have changed a lot too. As more and more children
will be using computers in schools,certain abilities, such as mental
arithmetic, wont\t be necessary since there will be computer programs
for most calculations.even writing by hand will have become a thing
of the past. According to the survey, home life will be better, Most
people that by 2050 robots will be doing the housework and we will
be eating ready-made food, A lot of people think that we might only
cook for fun in the future.
Space exploration will become increasingly popular. Fifty per cent of
the people we talked to believe that travel on our own planet will
probably cnange. Almost everyone thinks that there will be no cars in
the city cantres.Some even think that environmentally-friendlly
electric or solar-powered cars we use nowadays.
Pollution is something that seems to worry many people. Some fear
that it will continue to get worse and that one day we will have to pay
for clean air just like we do now for clear water. On the other hand
people seem to be quite optimistic about the benefits of genetic
engineering as they think scientists will use it to find a cure for these
we will have a much healthier society.
Some peope worry about the future while others are full of hope and
enthusiasm. No matter how dark or bright it may seem it is up to us to
look after our planet and try to make it a better place to live.
Living on the edge
Volcanic eruptions have been a fact of life since the earth first formed
as a solid planet, and they have taken a huge toll of human life over the centuries. One of
the earliest recorded disasters was the Vesuvius eruption in AD 79 which buried the
Italian city of Pompeii under ash, killing an estimated 16,000 people. The most violent
eruption of modern times was in Krakatoa, Indonesia, in 1883 when more than 36,000
people were killed and debris was scattered across the Indian Ocean as far away as
Madagascar, off the east coast of Africa.
There are about 500 active volcanoes in the world today, though it is
always unsafe to assume that any volcano is on the retired list. The types of eruption
vary greatly. The simplest kind, found in Hawaii and Iceland, is a more or less
continuous fountain of fire, sometimes reaching incredible heights. Next in order of
complexity are eruptions that follow the Stromboli (a continuously active volcano off the
northeast coast of Sicily) pattern, where the lava is less fluid and the rate of eruption is
not so high – from one every few seconds to one every couple of hours.
But even well behaved volcanoes can turn nasty if water gets into
them. It boils to produce steam and this increases explosive power.
Even more dangerous is the nuée ardente – a burning cloud – which
would kill anyone caught in it almost instantly. It occurs in volcanoes where the lava is
viscous and rich in gas. The eruption of Pinatubo, in the Philippines, in 1991 has affected
the entire world population. More than a year after the eruption, a belt of ash and
chemicals still circles the Equator at an altitude of about 20 miles, disrupting the ozone
layer and the planet's climate.
There are 15 capital cities in the world in a position to be wiped out or
seriously damaged by volcanic eruptions. So why do people continue to live alongside
them? Many are poor and have little choice, while others disregard the risk – which is
after all, rather less than smoking or driving a car. But it is the land around volcanoes
which attracts people; the soils from volcanic ashes are light, easily worked, drain well
and are full of plant nutrients. A light fall of ash, though it may destroy one year's crop,
pays back in future years by the fertility it adds to the soil. Coffee in Colombia, vines in
Italy, and rice in Japan are just a few of the crops that flourish on volcanic soils.
Living on the edge
Volcanic eruptions have been a fact of life since the earth first formed as a solid planet, and they have taken a huge toll of human life over the centuries. One of the earliest recorded disasters was the Vesuvius eruption in AD 79 which buried the
Italian city of Pompeii under ash, killing an estimated 16,000 people. The most violent eruption of modern times was in Krakatoa, Indonesia, in 1883 when more than 36,000 people were killed and debris was scattered across the Indian Ocean as far away as
Madagascar, off the east coast of Africa.
There are about 500 active volcanoes in the world today, though it is always unsafe to assume that any volcano is on the retired list. The types of eruption vary greatly. The simplest kind, found in Hawaii and Iceland, is a more or less continuous
fountain of fire, sometimes reaching incredible heights. Next in order of complexity are eruptions that follow the Stromboli (a continuously active volcano off the northeast coast of Sicily) pattern, where the lava is less fluid and the rate of eruption is not so high –
from one every few seconds to one every couple of hours.
But even well behaved volcanoes can turn nasty if water gets into them. It boils to produce steam and this increases explosive power.
Even more dangerous is the nuée ardente – a burning cloud – which would kill anyone caught in it almost instantly. It occurs in volcanoes where the lava is viscous and rich in gas. The eruption of Pinatubo, in the Philippines, in 1991 has affected the
entire world population. More than a year after the eruption, a belt of ash and chemicals still circles the Equator at an altitude of about 20 miles, disrupting the ozone layer and the planet's climate.
There are 15 capital cities in the world in a position to be wiped out or seriously damaged by volcanic eruptions. So why do people continue to live alongside them? Many are poor and have little choice, while others disregard the risk – which is after
all, rather less than smoking or driving a car. But it is the land around volcanoes which attracts people; the soils from volcanic ashes are light, easily worked, drain well and are full of plant nutrients. A light fall of ash, though it may destroy one year's crop, pays back
in future years by the fertility it adds to the soil. Coffee in Colombia, vines in Italy, and rice in Japan are just a few of the crops that flourish on volcanic soils.
Future life
Can you imagine what our lives will be like in the year 2050& Perhaps you will be flying off for a holiday on the moon, or maybe you will be taking your dog for a walk in a virtual reality. We recently carried out a survey
of 1000 people from different countries to find out what they think life will be like in the future. The results clearly demonstrate both our hopes and fears. The survey suggests that friendship- one of the most important
human relationships-will have changed dramatically. People will make friends through the internet. What is more a large number of people will even come across their future husbands or wifes in this way. Computers will
have become absolutely essentiasl by 2050. even now, some people describe them as their best friend, others however say that we will become much more isolated from each other because we will have little real human
contact.
Educcation will have changed a lot too. As more and more children will be using computers in schools,certain abilities, such as mental arithmetic, wont\t be necessary since there will be computer programs for most
calculations.even writing by hand will have become a thing of the past. According to the survey, home life will be better, Most people that by 2050 robots will be doing the housework and we will be eating ready-made
food, A lot of people think that we might only cook for fun in the future.
Space exploration will become increasingly popular. Fifty per cent of the people we talked to believe that travel on our own planet will probably cnange. Almost everyone thinks that there will be no cars in the city
cantres.Some even think that environmentally-friendlly electric or solar-powered cars we use nowadays.
Pollution is something that seems to worry many people. Some fear that it will continue to get worse and that one day we will have to pay for clean air just like we do now for clear water. On the other hand people seem to
be quite optimistic about the benefits of genetic engineering as they think scientists will use it to find a cure for these we will have a much healthier society.
Some peope worry about the future while others are full of hope and enthusiasm. No matter how dark or bright it may seem it is up to us to look after our planet and try to make it a better place to live.
Sport
Think about the things in life that give you most pleasure. Watching television, perhaps,
while sipping chilled lager? How about earing lasagne verde by candlelight into a favourite
Italian restaurant? These all people involve nothing more strenuous(напряженных) than
sitting or lying down.
To be involved into the world of sport means to be healthy and in a good mood every
time. While jogging you breath in fresh air,which is good for heart muscle and brains. We are
all followers of fashion in some way, and exercising is a fashion.A lot of people go in fir sports
only because it is fashionable they try to follow their friends and reliatives they try to show
other people that they are not oldfashionable and wear designer trouthers and t-shirts others go
to the gym to make new friends, people who choose the same interests that they had chosen.
At the same time there is a risk of being injured while doing extreme sports, F. e when a
person do karate he should be careful with other people because of a lot of cases when men
break their legs and arms or sometimes pull out teeth. Another bad point is that nowadays it is
not cheap enough to do sport, contemporary fitness and sport clubs need special equipment and
mature coatches that is why the prise is high. Pain, suffering and ill-health result from anything
more strenuous than walking to the pillar box on the corner or digging the allotment.
Trend
Is something challenge, fashionable, that people try to follow. Nawadays a new
trend appeared called to leave a healthy lifestyle. If a person wants to be modern he
should keep feet. It means to go to the gym, find professional coaches, to keep a modern
diet from famous stars like Dolina, Malisheva, Zoi. Every morning I went to my
university and see a lot of people jogging. And I can not afford it by mornings because of
the little time , I prefere do this after may day before going to bed. This trend also include
such aspect as buying only health food. F. e in Teorema we see pure products, bread,
fruits. Some people like the idea of buying pure vegetables and diary products in villages.
Cameron Diaz
Nowadays a lot of people try to become famous, They dream about glory and
money, The life of famous people is always interesting for other people and they have a
unique chance to be at a public eye. But they do not think about minuses of being
famous:these people should keep a strong diet? Look after themselves carefully, and
sometimes they attaced by fans which is very tyuring.
I would lake to tell some words about Cameron Diaz . She was born in August in
1972 in San Diego in California. Her father Emilio Dias was a second generation Cuban
American and worked as a foreman for an oil company. Her mother, Billie, was an
import broker of English. German. And Native American descent.
The family Diaz moved up the coast when Cameron was young. She attended Long
Beach Polytechnic High School. She was in the cheerleaders team. She took part in the
famous film named «the angels of Charlie” and her boyfriend was a famous singer Justin
Timberlake. with whom she liked to surf into the waves in Malibu. Some words about her
appearance: she has an oval face, blue wide-set eyes and well-marked eyebrows. She is a
lady with pretty smile. She has thin lips and dimples on her cheeks. She always wears
different haircuts, but she likes to wear blondie shoulder –long hair on special occasions.
In clothes she prefers to wear classical style f/ e high-heeled shoes with black or white
dress. I lake her style very much, and she is my idol in the views on the life.
Sport
Think about the things in life that give you most pleasure. Watching television,
perhaps, while sipping chilled lager? How about earing lasagne verde by
candlelight into a favourite Italian restaurant? These all people involve nothing
more strenuous(напряженных) than sitting or lying down.
To be involved into the world of sport means to be healthy and
in a good mood every time. While jogging you breath in fresh air,which is good
for heart muscle and brains. We are all followers of fashion in some way, and
exercising is a fashion.A lot of people go in fir sports only because it is
fashionable they try to follow their friends and reliatives they try to show other
people that they are not oldfashionable and wear designer trouthers and t-shirts
others go to the gym to make new friends, people who choose the same interests
that they had chosen.
At the same time there is a risk of being injured while doing
extreme sports, F. e when a person do karate he should be careful with other people
because of a lot of cases when men break their legs and arms or sometimes pull out
teeth. Another bad point is that nowadays it is not cheap enough to do sport,
contemporary fitness and sport clubs need special equipment and mature coatches
that is why the prise is high. Pain, suffering and ill-health result from anything more
strenuous than walking to the pillar box on the corner or digging the allotment.
Trend
Is something challenge, fashionable, that people try to follow. Nawadays a new
trend appeared called to leave a healthy lifestyle. If a person wants to be
modern he should keep feet. It means to go to the gym, find professional
coaches, to keep a modern diet from famous stars like Dolina, Malisheva, Zoi.
Every morning I went to my university and see a lot of people jogging. And I
can not afford it by mornings because of the little time , I prefere do this after
may day before going to bed. This trend also include such aspect as buying only
health food. F. e in Teorema we see pure products, bread, fruits. Some people
like the idea of buying pure vegetables and diary products in villages
Cameron Diaz
Nowadays a lot of people try to become famous, They dream about glory and money, The
life of famous people is always interesting for other people and they have a unique chance to
be at a public eye. But they do not think about minuses of being famous:these people should
keep a strong diet? Look after themselves carefully, and sometimes they attaced by fans
which is very tyuring.
I would lake to tell some words about Cameron Diaz . She was born in
August in 1972 in San Diego in California. Her father Emilio Dias was a second generation
Cuban American and worked as a foreman for an oil company. Her mother, Billie, was an
import broker of English. German. And Native American descent.
The family Diaz moved up the coast when Cameron was young. She
attended Long Beach Polytechnic High School. She was in the cheerleaders team. She took
part in the famous film named «the angels of Charlie” and her boyfriend was a famous
singer Justin Timberlake. with whom she liked to surf into the waves in Malibu. Some words
about her appearance: she has an oval face, blue wide-set eyes and well-marked eyebrows.
She is a lady with pretty smile. She has thin lips and dimples on her cheeks. She always
wears different haircuts, but she likes to wear blondie shoulder –long hair on special
occasions. In clothes she prefers to wear classical style f/ e high-heeled shoes with black or
white dress. I lake her style very much, and she is my idol in the views on the life.
Engineers find solutions to problems that are important to society. They control and prevent pollution, develop new medicines. Create advanced technologies and help explore new worlds. They make the word a cleaner, safer, healthier
place by inventing building and improving all sorts of things from skyscrapers to spacecraft. Interestingly, the word engineer does not come from the word engine. In fact it comes from the Latin word ingenious meaning skilled. An engineer is really a
clever, practical problem solver. Although the fields of engineering and science are connected there are also differences,while a scientist will ask why a problem occurs or happens, an engineer will want to know how to solve the problem. As one writer
once said: scientists build in order to learn, whereas engineers learn in order to build. There are all sorts of opportunities in a variety of engineering fields such as aerospace, biomedical, civil, mechanical and computer engineering. Engineers work
alone or in teams and in all orts of locations such as offices, factories, research labs, outdoors and even outer space!
Engineering has often been as a male profession. F/ E only 9 percent of US engineers are women, while in the UK it is just over 8 percent. However there is no reason for this; engineers are simple talented people. In fact research shows
that women make the engineer the future. Break the stereotype. Build a career. Sign up today!
Design: this word means different things to different people. One definition given by designer Richard Seymour is ‘ making things better for people’. Scientists can invent technologies, manufactures can make products, engineers can
make them work and salespeople can sell them. However only designers can combine all these things, Designers turn an idea into something that is desirable( желательно), commercially successful and adds value to people’s lives. Good design begins
with the needs of the user. A good design fulfils a user’s need. A design does not have to be new, different or impressive to be successful in the market place, but it must fulfill a need. However it is also true that design methods often lead to innovative
products and services.Many people have misconceptions about design. Magazines often use the word design when they mean the style or fashion. fe when they show a toaster or a bottle opener which is well designed, the result is also about how things
work. In reality, the way a product looks is something which happens at the end of a product development process. Designers, unlike artists, can’t simply follow their creative feeling. They work in a commercial environment,which, means there are
many points to consider. Designers have to ask themselves questions such as: Is the product really wanted?’ How is it themselves from everything else on the market? Does it fulfill a need? Will it cost to much to manufacture? And Is it safe?
Engineers find solutions to problems that are important to
society. They control and prevent pollution, develop new medicines. Create
advanced technologies and help explore new worlds. They make the word a
cleaner, safer, healthier place by inventing building and improving all sorts
of things from skyscrapers to spacecraft. Interestingly, the word engineer
does not come from the word engine. In fact it comes from the Latin word
ingenious meaning skilled. An engineer is really a clever, practical problem
solver. Although the fields of engineering and science are connected there
are also differences,while a scientist will ask why a problem occurs or
happens, an engineer will want to know how to solve the problem. As one
writer once said: scientists build in order to learn, whereas engineers learn
in order to build. There are all sorts of opportunities in a variety of
engineering fields such as aerospace, biomedical, civil, mechanical and
computer engineering. Engineers work alone or in teams and in all orts of
locations such as offices, factories, research labs, outdoors and even outer
space!Engineering has often been as a male profession. F/ E only 9 percent
of US engineers are women, while in the UK it is just over 8 percent.
However there is no reason for this; engineers are simple talented people.
In fact research shows that women make the engineer the future. Break the
stereotype. Build a career. Sign up today!
Design: this word means different things to different
people. One definition given by designer Richard Seymour is ‘ making
things better for people’. Scientists can invent technologies, manufactures
can make products, engineers can make them work and salespeople can sell
them. However only designers can combine all these things, Designers turn
an idea into something that is desirable(желательно), commercially
successful and adds value to people’s lives. Good design begins with the
needs of the user. A good design fulfils a user’s need. A design does not have
to be new, different or impressive to be successful in the market place, but it
must fulfill a need. However it is also true that design methods often lead to
innovative products and services.Many people have misconceptions about
design. Magazines often use the word design when they mean the style or
fashion. fe when they show a toaster or a bottle opener which is well
designed, the result is also about how things work. In reality, the way a
product looks is something which happens at the end of a product
development process. Designers, unlike artists, can’t simply follow their
creative feeling. They work in a commercial environment,which, means
there are many points to consider. Designers have to ask themselves
questions such as: Is the product really wanted?’ How is it themselves from
everything else on the market? Does it fulfill a need? Will it cost to much to
manufacture? And Is it safe?