Андерсон Б. Солнечная энергия: Основы строительного проектирования

O,UHatl:O eCJlI1

MaTepllaJlbt

3,Il,aHlul

YlKe

npOrpeJlHCb,UO

TeMrtepary-

pbI

B03,Uyxa

HJlH

ne

MOrYT

C

npelKHeH

HHTeHCHBHOCTblO

nor

JIOmaTb

TenJIO,

1'0

B03,UYX,

npO,UOJIlKaH

HarpeBaTbCH,

B

KOHelJHOM

ClJeTe

nepe-

rpeBaeTCH,

C03,UaBaH

,UHCKOM<pOPT ,UJIH

naXO,UHmHXCH

B

nOMemeHHH

JIIO,UeH.

TeMnepaTypa

MaTepHaJlOB

B

3,UaHHH

B

CBmo

Ollepe,Ub

npo-

,UOJIlKaeT

nOBbIIllaTbCH,

T.

e.

npOHCXO,UHT

,UaJIbHeHIllee

HaKOnJIeHHe

TenJlOTbI.

4eM

60JlbIlle

TenJlOaKKYMYJIHpYlDmaH

CIloc06HOCTb

npe.n-

MeTOB

H

MaTeplIaJIOB

B

3,UaHlIH,

TCM

60JIbIlle

Il01pe6YCTCH

BpeMeHH

,UmI

HarpeBa

B03,Uyxa

,UO

,UHCKOMCPOP

rHoro

ypOBH5J.

DocJIe

3axo,Ua

COJIHua

B YCJIOBH5JX

xOJlo,UIloti

norO,UbI

3,UaHlle

MOlKeT

HallaTb

6bICTPO

1'ep5JTb

TeIlJIO

B

CJle,UYlOmeH

rJIaBe

6y,UeT

paccMoTpeH

p5J,U

cnoc060B

YMeHLIlleHH5J

TenJlOBhlX

IlOTCPb

3,UaHHH.

Ho

,Ua.tKe eCJlH

3,UaHIIC

Tej)5JeT

OllCHb

MaJIO

TeIlJla,

TO

Bce

paBlIO

3TO

TenJIO

,UOJIlKHO

B03MemaTbC5I

,UJIH

no,U,UeplKaIIH5J

I<OM<pOPTHOH

TeM-

nepaTypbI.

LLJI5J

3,UanHH,

KOTopbIe

He

aKKYMYJIHPYIOT

COJIHelJHOe

TeIl-

JIO B

TelJeHHe

,UH5I,

3TO

B03MemeHHe

TeIIJIa

,UJlH

060rpeBa

,UOJIlKHO

06eCnelJHBaTbCH

,UpyrrrMH

cpe,UcTBaMH,

HanpHMep

,UPOBHHbIMH

HJIH

HHbIMH

nelJaMH,

KaJIOpHcpepHbIMH

060rpeBaTeJIHMH,

3a

ClJeT

BbI,UeJIe-

HHH

1'enJIa

oCBemeHHeM,

MaIllI1HaMH

H JIIO,UbMH.

O,UHaKO

eCJlH

3,UaHHe

co,UeplKHT

,UocTaTOlJHOe

KOJIHlleCTBO

cnoc06Horo

aKKyMYJIHpOBaTh

TenJIO

MaTepHaJIa

H eCJIH

COJIHelJHhle

JIYlJH

MorYT

npOHHKaTh

BHYTPb

3,UaHHH

H

HarpeBaTh

ero

B

TelleHHe

,UHH,

TO

TaKoe

3,UaHHe

6y,UeT

OTan-

JlHBaTbCH

COJll-IueM

,UalKe

nOCJIe

ero

3axo,Ua

HarpeTble

MaTepHaJIbI

6Y,UYT

TepHTb

CBoe

HaKOnJIeHHOe

TenJIO

H

nepe,UaBaTb

ero

BHYTpeH-

HeMY

B03,UYXY

no

Mepe

ero

OXJIalK,UeHHH

B

3aBHCHMOCTH

OT

KOJIHlle-

CTBa

COJIHellHOro

TeIIJIa,

nOCTynaIomero

B

3,UaHHe,

H

HaKOnJIeHHOrO

MaTepHaJIaMH

ypOBHH

TenJIOnO-

Ii(

Tepb

3,UaHHH

(KOTopbIe

3aBHCHT

OT

pH,Ua

TaKHX

cpaKTopOB,

KaK

j KOJIHlJeCTBO

H30JIHUHH,

Tpe6ye-

1

---

MbIH

ypoBeHb

TeMnepaTypbI

B

no-

MemeHHH,

TeMnepaTypa

HapYlK-

Horo

B03,Uyxa)

B

3,UaHHH

MoryT

coxpaHHTbcH

KOM<popTHble

yCJIO-

PHC

2

32

nOCTYllJIeHlle

COJIIle'IHOro

TellJIa

lJepe3

OKHa

1 _

TellJIO

OT COJIHD,a 1000

KA)!I.

2 -

):(Bo~flOe

OCTeKJIeHl1e

3 -

1I0TepH

HapY)f{Y

500

KA)f{

4 _

1I0CTYlIHJIO

800

"A)K,

5

--

3aQepHeHllhli'1

6eToH

HJlH

KHPlIHQ

6 -

neCOK

rpYIiT

HJlB

6eToli

7 -

)f{eCTKall

KOIICTPYKD,HOIIHd5!

H30Jl5!D,HH

8 -

rH):(poH30Jl5!D,HOllllbII1

CJlOH,

9 -

3eMJllI

61

iHlH

MHOrHe

'IaCbI,

a B03MO:tKHO ,ll,a:tKe H ,ll,HH

6e3

3aTpaT

,lI.OnOJIHH-

TeJIbHOrO

TenJIa

OT

,ll,pynlx

IICTOlJ.HIIKOB.

BJIHHHIIe

II3MeHeHliH

TeMnepaTypbI

HapY:tKHOrO

B03,ll,yxa

Ha

TeM-

nepaTypy

B03,ll,yxa

BHyTpn

3,ll,amIl1

pa3HbIX

TIUIOB

nOKa3aHO

Ha

pHC.

2.33, 2.34 H 2.35.

BJIHHHHe,

KOTopoe

OKa3bIBaeT

pe3Koe

CHli:tKeHlIe

TeMnepaTypbI

HapY)!{I-wro

B03,ll,yxa

Ha

TeMnepaTYPY

B03)l.yxa

BHYTpn

3)l.aJ:-IHH

pa3JInlJ.HbiX

TIInOB,

rrOKa3aHO

Ha

pliC.

2.33.

CJIe)l.yeT

OTMe-

TI1Tb,

lJ.TO

)l.JIH

JIerKOrO

3)l.aHliH,

Harrp

HMep

liMeIOlll.ero

)l.epeBHHHbIH

KapKac,

xapaKTepHo

CpaBHlITeJIbHO

6bICTpoe

li3MeHeI-llie

TeMrrepaTY-

pbI

B03)l.yxa

BHyTpH

rrOMelll.eHliH,

)l.a:tKe

eCJIli

3TO

3)l.aHHe

XOPOIliO

II30-

JIYlpOBaHo.

T5I:tKeJIoe,

MaCCliBIIoe

coopy:tKeHlie,

rrocTpoeHHoe

II3

6eTO-

IIa,

hHpnlilJ.a

HJlH

KaMHH

H

HMeIOlll.ee

XOpOllIyIO

H30JlHUHIO,

IIo)l.)l.ep-

:tKI1BaeT CBOIO

TeMnepaTYPY

B TelJ.eHl1e

60Jlee

)l.JlI1TeJlbHOrO

IIepHO)l.a

BpeMeHI1.

,il,JlH

YMeHbllIeHli5I

TenJlOBbiX

nOTepb

H30Jl5IUI15I B

TaKOM

3)l.aHI1I1 )l.OJl:tKHa

6bITb

C

BHellIHeH

CTOPOHbI,

aKKYMYJlHpYIOlll.eH

TeIIJlO-

BYIO

3Heprmo

MaCC11BHOH

CTeHbI

(T.

e.

HaXO)l.HTbCH Me:tK)l.Y

cTeHoH

H

HapY:tKHbIM

B03)l.YXOM).

MaCCI1BHble

MaTepl1aJlbI,

KOTopble

MorYT

aKKYMYJl11pOBaTb

60JlbiliOe

KOJlHlJ.eCTBO

TerIJla,

HBJlHIOTCH

nJlOXHMI1

H30JlHTOpaM11,

H

lIT06bI

BOCIIOJlb30BaTbCH

IIX

TenJIOaKKYMYJIlipYIOllI.eH

cIIoc06HOCTbIO,

OHli

)l.OJl:tKHbI

6bITb

paCIIOJIO:tKeHbI

B

IIpe)1.eJlax

TenJlO-

Boro

6apbepa (li30JlHUlili),

KOTOPbIH

OT)1.eJlHeT

BHYTpeHHIOIO

lJ.aCTb

3)1.aHI1H OT

BHellIHeH

Cpe)l.bI.

BepXH5IH

KpliBaH

pliC.

2.33,

cooTBeTcTBYIOllI.aH

113MeHeHliIO

TeMIIe-

paTypbI

BHYTpeHHero

B03)1.yxa,

OTHOCI1TCH K

3)l.aHHIO,

KOTopoe

06JIa-

)l.aeT

He

TOJIbKO

60JIblllOH

TenJlOaKKYMYJIHpYIOlll.eH

cnoc06HOCTbIO,

HO

npliCTpoeHO

K CKJIOHY

XOJlMa

HJlli

nOKpbITO

3eMJleH.

/KecTKaH

nJlHTHa5I

li30Jl5IUliH,

HanpHMep

H3

nOJlHCTHpOJla

liJlH

ypeTaHa,

nOMe-

lll.aeTCH

Me:tK)1.Y

6eTOHHbIMli

liJlH

KaMeHHbIM11

CTeHaMH

H CJlOeM

3eM-

JIlT.

O)l.Ha

HJII1

60Jlee

CTeH

MorYT

6bITb

OTKpbITbI

)l.JIH

BHelllHHX

B03-

)1.eHCTBHH, O)1.HaKO

TeMnepaTypa,

KaK

nOKa3aHO

Ha

pHCYHKe,

onYCKa-

eTCH

OlIeHb

Me)1.JleHHO H

YCTaHaBJII1BaeTCH

Ha

ypOBHe,

6JI113KOM K

TeMIIep

aType

3eMJl11.

J1eToM

BCTynaIOT

B cYlJIY

npOTHBOnOJlO:tKHble

YCJlOBHH.

ECJlH

3)1.a-

HHe

3aTeHeHO

TaK,

lJ.TO

BHYTPb

3)l.aHHH

npOHHKaeT

HeMHoro

COJlHe-

'-IHOH

3HeprHli,

TO

rrOCTYIIJIeHlie

TeIIJIa

6Y)l.eT

onpe)l.eJlHTbCH

rJlaBHbIM

06pa30M

TenJIOnepe)1.alJ.eH

lJ.epe3

CTeHbI,

KPbIlllY

11

OKHa,

T.

e.

6Y)1.eT

HMeTb

MeCTO

npouecc,

06paTHbIH

rrpoueccy

TeIIJIOBbIX

IIOTepb.

HOlJ.bIO,

Kor)l.a

HapY:tKHbIH

B03)l.YX

rrpOXJIa)l.Hee,

lJ.eM

)l.HeM,

rrocTynJle-

HHe

3Toro

B03)1.yxa

B 3)1.aHHe

JlH60

3a

ClJ.eT

eCTeCTBeHHOH

UHpKyJlHUHII

LJepe3

npoeMbI,

HanpHMep

SeHTHJlHUHOHHble

OTBepCTIlH

BJlli

OKHa,

Jlu60

rrpHHY)l.HTeJlbIIO

npB

rrOMOlll.H

SeHTHJlHTOPOB

6Y)l.eT

OXJla:tK)l.aTb

B03)1.YX, a CJle)1.0BaTeJlbHO, H

Bce

MaTepHaJlbI

H

rrpe)1.MeTbI

B 3)1.aH

11

11.

A

TaK

KaK

B

HalJ.aJle

TerrJlOrO

)l.HH OHH

6Y)l.YT

XOJlO)l.HbIMH,

TO

)l.O

Toro,

KaK

HarpeIOTC5I,

OHB B COCTOHHIIH

IIOrJlOlll.aTb

H

xpaHHTb

60JIbille

TerlJI<l.

OXJla:tK)1.aH B03)1.yX B

rrOMelll.eHHH.

TaKHM

06pa30M,

eCJIH

3TH

rrpe)l.MeTbI

OXJla)K)l.eHbI

yTpOM,

TO

rroTpe6yeTcH

orrpe)l.eJleH-

Hoe

BpeM5I,

IIpe:tK)l.e

lJ.eM OHH

HarpelOTCH

)1.0

TaKOH

CTeneHli,

lITO

6Y)1.eT

IIe06XO)l.HMO

OCYlll.eCTBJIHTb

KOH)l.HUHOHHpOBaHHe

B03)l.yxa.

62

2$

20

~"::-'-~

..

~

-------

15

'"

-

.....

_

-___...

~

"\,,,

......................

t:j"'

"\,

...

_"

~10

\ '

.....

,

-",

'_--.~I

-

tf

\

.............

~,

,

~5

\'

"

,."

",

'.....

//2

-

~

'~

--'-.~

"

'-

............

.......

.....................

..................

3

-..

.......

-..

......

o

.............

/

.............

-

...........................

--

...........................

-

.............

_

..

-5

~

'{

------

·w~-----------------------------------------------

Bpet1f/

PHC.

233

BJlH5IHHe

YMeHhWeHH5I

TeMllepaTyphI

HapYlKHoro

B03,lJ,yxa

Ha

H3Me-

HeHHe

TeMllepaTyphI

B03,lJ,yxa

BHyTpH

3,lJ,aHHi'i

pa3Hhlx

THllOB

llpH

OTCYTCTBHH

,lJ,OIlOJlHHTeJlhHhIX HCTOqHHKOB

TellJlOBOH

,meprHH

1 -

B03,U.YX

BHyrpH

M3CCHBlIoro

3,lI.a

HH

51

,

3a,

JIy6JIeHHOrO

H

tI3CTHtInQ

IIOKphlTOrO

rPYHTOM;

2 -

B031\YX

BHYTPU

MaeeHBHoro

31\aHHH e

HapYlKHoil

H30JIHl.\HeI'i,

3 -

B031\YX

JIerKoro

31\a-

HHH e

l\epeBHHHbIM

KapKacoM,

4 -

HaPYlKHblil

B03.D.YX

lIO

'/

~-

25

mL---------------------------------------

___

8peMR

PHC

234

BJlH5IHHe

IlOBhIWeHH5I

TeMIlepaTyphI

HapYlKHoro

B03,lJ,yxa

Ha

TeM-

IlepaTYPY

B03,lJ,yxa

BHyTpH

3P:aHHH

pa3HhIX

THllOB

IlpH

OTCYTCTBHH ,lJ,OIlOJlHIl-

TeJlhHOrO

HCTOqHHKa

3HeprHIl

,n:Jl5I

OXJlalK,n:eHH5I

IlOMemellHll

1 -

HapY)!{Hblil

B03I\YX,

2 -

B031\YX

BnYTpH

JIerKoro

31\aHHH

e

l\epeB5IIfIfbIM

KapKaCOM

3-

B031\YX

BHYTPH

MaCCHBHoro

31\aHHH

e

HaPYl!<Hoi\

1I30JIHl.\Heil,

4 -

B031\YX

BHYTPH

MareHB

1I0ro

31\aH!l5I,

3arJIy6JleHiIOro

HJIll

'1aCTHQllO

llOKpblToro

rPYHToM

63

,

\ J

if

~~y

\

......

.

-.:::::.

\

~,.--~

\

--

\

,

"

...........

-

...

_--"

\

BpeHJl

Puc

235

BJIUllHlle

KOJIeOaHHll

TeMITepaTypbl

HaPY)!{HOro

B03Jl,yxa

Ha

TeMl1epary·

py

B03Jl,yxa

BHyTpll

3Jl,aHllii

pa3Hblx

TlIIIOB

I1pH

OTCYTCTBHH Jl,OIlOJiHHTeJibHOrO

llCrOQHfIKa

3Hepfllll

Jl,JU!

ooorpeBa

llJIll

OXJia)KJl,eHH5!

110MemeHHii

1 -

HapY)KHblli

B03i\YX,

2 -

B03i\YX

BHYTPH

JIemoro

3)1aHHl!

C

)1epeBRHHbIM

KaPKaCOM

3-

B03i\YX

BHYTPB

MaCCHBHoro

3)1aHHlI

C

HaPY;KIIOfI

IJ30JI5lI\Heli

4 -

B03i\YX

BHYTPIJ

MaCCHBHoro

3i\aHHlI

3arJIYOJIeHHOrO

H

qaCTIiqIJO

nOKpbITOrO

rpYHTOM

BJIII5IHlIe

Ha

TeIIJIOBOH

pe)KIIM

TeX

)Ke

TpeX

3,II.aHllH

pe3KOrO

rro-

BhIllIeHII5I

TeMrrepaTypbI

HapY)KHOrO

B03,II.yxa

rrOKa3aHO

Ha

PIIC

234.

11

B

3TOM

cJIyqae

JIerKOe

3,II.aHlle

6hICTPO

pearlIpyeT

Ha

113MeHeHfle

HapY)KHOil

TeMrrepaTypbI,

II,

HeCMOTp5I

Ha

XOpOllIyIO

l130JI5IUl1IO,

ero

BHyTpeHH5I5I

TeMrrepaTypa

cpaBHIITeJIbHO

6bICTPO

rrOBhIllIaeTC5I.

C

,II.pyroH

CTOPOHbI,

MaCCIIBHble

3,II.aHll5I

3a

CqeT

60JIee

BbICOKOH

aK-

KYMYJIllpYIOilleH

crroc06HOCTlI

pearl1pyIDT

Ha

nOBbIllIeHlle

TeMnepa-

TYPhI

B

MeHbllIeH

CTerreHl1

3,II.aHlIe,

rrpllcTpoeHHoe

K

3eMJI5IHoMY

OT-

KOCY l1JIII

rrOKpbITOe

CJIOeM

3eMJIll,

eille

MeHbllIe

pearl1pyeT

Ha

TeMrre-

paTypHble

l13MeHeHII5I

HapYlKHoro

B03,II.yxa,

a

rrpl1

rrpaBIIJIbHOM

rrpo-

eKTlIpoBaHHII

HllKOr,II.a

He

6Y,II.eT

CJIHllIKOM

HarpeBaTbC5I

Ha

pllC.

2

35

rroKasaiiO

BJlIUlIIlle

rrOBbIUleIIlI5I

H

rrOIIHlKeHH5I

TeM-

rrepaTypbI

HapYlKHoro

B03,II.yxa

B

cJlyqae,

eCJIH

RaKHC-JlH60

,II.onOJI

mITeJlbHble

l1CTOtlIll1Kl1

TerrJIa,

BpO,II.e

neqerr

l1

KaMHHOB,

lIe

HcrrOJlb3y-

IOTC5I,

TeMnepaTypa

B03,II.yxa

B

JIerRl1X

3,II.aHl15IX MCH5IeTC5I B

lUHPOKl1A

rrp

e,II.eJl

ax,

a B 3,II.aHl15IX,

l130JlHpOBaHIIbIX

3eMJIerr,

OCTaeTC51

rrOqTH

no-

CT05IIUIOH

PaUI10HaJIbHOe

HCrrOJIh30BaHlIe

npHpO,II.HhIX

KJIHMaTI1QeCKI1X

yeJIo

Bl1ll

B COQeTaHl1l1 C MaCCHBHOCTbIO 3,II.aHH5I

YMeHblUaeT

nOTpe6HocTb

B

3HeprHii

B CBOIO

Oqepe,II.b,

MaCCHBIIOCTb

3,II.aIII15I

crroc06cTByer

BblpaBHI1BaHI1IO

HarpY3KII

Ha

OTOIIllTeJIbHOe

II

OXJIalK,II.aIOillee

060-

PY,II.OBaHl1e

ECJIl1

3,II.aHIIe

6bICTPO

He

pearrrpyeT

Ha

H3MeHemm

HapY)f\HOH

TeMrrepaTypbI,

TO

He

Tpe6yeTC5I

OQeHb

60JIbUlOM

MOUJ,HO-

eTl1

060pY,II.OBaH118

,II.JI5I

06eCneQeHI15I

renJlocHa6)f(eHI15I

,II.JI5I

nOKpH-

TEff

TaKOH

HarpY3Kll,

II

OHO

MO)l(eT

pa60TaTb

B

60JIee

cTa6llJIbHOM

pe)l{HMe

IhaK,

O,ll,HIIM

KpaHHHM

CJIYLJaeM 5!BJI5!eTC5!

JIerKOe,

cJIa6o-

1I30JIlIpOBaHHOe

3,ll,aHlIe

C

,ll,epeB5IHHbIM

KapKaCOM.

B

IIpOXJIa,ll,HbIH

COJIHellHbIH

,ll,eHb B

TaKOM

3,ll,aHHlI

IIellb

MO:IKHO

lIe

BKJIIOllaTb

COBceM

O,ll,HaKO

HOIJ:bIO

MO)l\eT

IIOTpe6oBaTbC5!,

IJ:To6bI

IIeIJ:b

pa60TaJIa

Ha

IIOJIHYIO

MomHOCTb

,ll,JI5! IIO,ll,,ll,ep:IKaHl!5! KOMCPOPTHOH

TeMliepaTypbI

,UpyrlIM

KpaHHHM

CJIYIJ:aeM 5!BJI5!eTC5!

MaCCHBIIoe,

IIOKpblTOe

3eMJIeH

3,ll,aHHe, n

KOTOPOM

npn

nepeMelmOH

1eMnepaType

HapY)l(I!Oro

B03-

,ll,yxa

MmKeT

IIO,ll)l,ep:tKHnaTbCH

TeMliepaTypa

lIa

Cpe,ll,HeM

ypOBHe

Ha

npOTH:lKeHHII

IIeCKOJIbKHX

,ll,HeH, a

MmKeT

6bIrb

n

TelleHl1e

10

,ll,HeH

HJIH ,ll,a:tKe ,ll,BYX He,ll,eJIb )],JI5!

TaKoro

3,ll,aHIIH

,ll,OCTaTOtIHO

HMeTb

cpaBHHTeJIbHO

HeOOJIblllYIO

no

MOmHOCTYl

oTOnHTeJIbHYIO

uicTeMY,

KOTOpa5!

6Y,ll,eT

pa60TaTb

B

nOCT05!HHOM

pe)!(llMe,

o6eCrretIHBa5!

B

IlOMemeHHH

,ll,OCTHrHeT

ypOBHH

KOMri)OPTHO}!

,UJI5!

IIeKoTopbL\.

THllOB

MaCCHBIIbIX

3,ll,aIIlIH

06mee

nOTpe6JIeHHe

9HeprHYl

CIlH:lKaeTCH

O,ll,n3KO

yTpOM

OTOlllITeJIbHa51

HarpY3K3

MO-

meT

B03paCT3Tb,

eCJIH

TeMrrep3Typ3

B

rrOMemeHhH

3a

HOtIb

rrOHH-

3HTCff

3TO

06bHCHffeTCff

TeM,

lITO

MaCC3

3,ll,31IHff ,ll,OJIlKHa

6bITb

npo-

rpeTa

,ll,O

KOMHaTHOH

TeMllep3TypbI

llpelK,ll,e,

IJ:eM

TCMrrepaTypa

B

IlOMemeHHH

,ll,OCTYlrHeT

ypOBHH

KOMCPOPTIIO}I

Bce

MaTepH3JIb!,

KaK

rrpaBIIJIO,

HMeIOT

P33HYID

TCrrJIOaKKYMYJIH-

PYIOmyIO

cnoc06HOCTb

Clloc06HOCTb

MaTepHaJIa

Y,ll,epmHBaTb

Terr-

JIO OLLeHHBaeTC5!

ero

Y,ll,eJIbHOH

TellJIOeMKOCTbIO,

T e KOJIHIJ:eCTBOM

TeliJIa

(B

K)],:IK)

,

Heo6xo,JTHMbIM

,ll,JI5!

nOBbIllleHH5!

TeMIlepaTypbI

O,ll,-

Horo

KHJIOrpaMMa

MaTepHaJIa

Ha

O,ll,HH

rpa,ll,yc

HarrpHMep,

BO,ll,a

llMeeT

y,ll,eJIbHYIO

TenJIOeMKOCTb,

paBHYro

4,19

l{)],m/

(Kr·

I\:)

3TO

3HaLJHT,

HarrpHMep,

QTO ,ll,JI5!

rrOBbIllleHH5!

TeMnepaTypbI

1

Kr

BO,ll,bI

Ha

1

0

(K)

TpeoyeTcH

4,19

K,UlK

Y,ll,eJIbHble

TelIJIOeMKOCTH

pa3JIHIJ:HbIX

M3TepHaJIOB,

npllMeHffe-

MbIX

IIpH

cTpOllTeJIbCTBe

3JIaHHH,

npI1Be,ll,eHbI

B

TaOJI

3 K

COlKaJIe-

HIIIO,

JIYIIlllHH

113

npHBe,ll,eHHbIX

CTpOHTeJIbHbIX

MaTepHaJIOB

-

oe-

TOH,

y,ll,eJIbHaff

TerrJIOeMKOCTb

KOToporo

COCTaBJI5!eT

1,1

K)],:IK/

/

(Kr·

K),

y,ll,epmI1BaeT

JIHlllb

O,ll,Hy

lJeTBepTYIO

LJ3CTb

Toro

KOJIHlleCT-

Ba

TerIJIa,

IWTopoe

XpaHliT

BO,ll,8

Toro

:IKe

Beca

O,ll,HaKO

nJI01HOCTb

6eToHa

(Kr/M

3

)

3H3lJHTCJIbHO

npeBbTlllaeT

nJIOTIlOCTb

BO,ll,bT

Bo

BTO-

T a 6

Jl

H

1\

a 3

CpaBHeHHe

y)!,eJIbtloii

TennoeMI<OCTH

H nJIOTHOCTH

pa3JIH'IHbIX

MaTepHaJIOB

Ha

oeHOBe

paBHblx

06'beMOB

Y)J.CJIhIIaH

nJIOTITOCTI

MdTCPIl3J1

T(

IIJIOCMI{OC1'I

Kr/M'

I(,ll,A(/(H

rpalI)

BO,lLa

4,19

1000

MeTaJlJlOKOHCTPYKIJ,HII

0,46

7833

BeTon

1,13

2242

KHPIlflLI

0,84

2242

MafHeTHT,

)KeJle3H31l py,n:a

0,68

5125

Ba3aJlbT, KaMeHH3H nopo,lLa

0,82

2880

MpaMop

0,86

2880

3

E

AHP.CPCOII

TCIIJlOCMKOCTb

KJI

K/(M3

IpaJ\)

4187

3437

2375

1750

3312

2250

2375

a5

POM

cToJI6lJ,e

Ta6JIHlJ,hI

npHBe)],eHbI

nJIOTHOCTH

9TH

X

MaTepl1aJlOB

YMH02KHB

y)],eJIbHYIO

TenJIOeMKOCTb

Ha

nJIOTHOCTb

MaTepHaJIa,

nOJIy-

1I11M

TenJIOeMKOCTb

Ha

Ky6HQeCKHH

MeTp

3TH

BeJIl1QHHbI

npl1Be)],e-

HbI

B

TpeTbeM

cToJI6lJ,e

CJIe)],yeT

OTMeTHTb,

QTO

Bo)],a,

HeCMOTp5!

Ha

TO

lITO

06JIa)],aeT

HaHMeHblUeH

nJIOTHOCTbIO

H3

Bcex

npHBe)],eHHblA

MaTepHaJIOB,

HMeeT

TerrJIOeMKOCTb

Ha

1 M3

BbIlUe,

tIeM

)],JI5!

JXpyrIi\.

MaTepHaJIOB

H3-3a

ee

cpaBHHTeJIbHO

60JIblUOH

y)],eJIbHOH TCI1JIOeM-

KOCTH

HII3Ka5!

y}1,CJIbHa5!

TeIlJIOeMKOCTb

6eToHa

}1,0

HeKoTopoH

CTe-

neHH

KOMrreHcHpyeTC5!

ero

60JIblUOH

cTpOHTeJIbHOH

Maccofi

TI09TO-

My

6eTOH

y)],ep2KHBaeT

3HatIHTeJIbHOe

KOJIHtIeCTBO

TeflJIa

(1415,9

K,U2K/M

3

)

no

cpaBHeHHIO

C

BO)]'OI1:

(2328,8

K,U2K/M

3

)

K C02KaJIeHHIO, CTpOHTeJIbCTBO

MaCCHBHbIX

3}1,aHHH

He

COOTBer-

CTByeT

COBpeMeHHOH

TeopHH

H

npaKTHKe

npoeKTHpOBallH51

Te,{HO-

JIOrH51 H

npoeKTHpOBaHHe

ceHlIac

cocpe)]'OTOtIeHbI

Ha

no

rrbIT

I(a

\.

«C}1,eJIaTb

MHoro,

HMe5!

neMHoroe»,

H

CTPOHTeJIbHbIM

reHHeM

CtIll-

TaeTCH

TOT, I(TO MO:tKeT

HCrrOJIb30BaTb

HaHMeHblUee

I<OJIH'IeCTBO

MaTepHaJIa

B rrpOlJ,eCce

orpa2K)]'eHH5!

rrpOCTpaHCTBa

TaKOH

06pa3

MbllUJIeHH5!

06bItIHO

OrpaHHtIHBaeTC51

TOJIbKO OlJ,eHKOH

npHMeH51eMbIX

MaTepHaJIOB

6e3

YlIeTa

paCXO}1,yeMoH

9HeprHH

HJIH }1,OJIrOBetIHOCTH

H3}1,eJIH5!

BH3yaJIbHOe

BOCnpH51THe

Beca

3}1,aHHH }1,MI

HeKOTopbIX

JIIO}1,eH 5lBJIHeTCH

Ba2KHbIM

9CTeTHtIeCKHM

C006pa1KeI-IHeM,

H

CeHtIaC

CYIIJ,eCTByeT

TeH}1,eHlJ,H51

rrpoeKTHpOBaTb

H

CTPOHTb

coopY2KeHH51,

Ka2KYIIJ,HeCH

JIerKHMH.

YBeJIHlIeHHe

MaCCbI

M02KeT

TaK1Ke

YBeJIHIIHTb

CTOHMOCTb 3}1,a-

HHH

ABTopHTeT

MOHOJIHTHOrO

oeTOHa

TO

paCTeT,

TO

rra)],aeT

y

npo-

cpeCCHOHaJIbHhIX

CTpOHTeJIerr

Ha

HX

OTHOlUeHHe

K

6eTOHY

BJIH51IOT

Talme

cpaKTopbI,

KaK

ero

CTOHMOCTb,

HaJIHIIHe,

B03MO:tKHOCTH

}1,O-

CTaBKH,

TeXHOJIOrHH

yKJIa,ll,KH,

a

TaK2Ke

Bec

,UJIH

MaCCHBHbIX

3,ll,aHHI1

TpeoyeTcH

60JIblUe

MaTepHaJIOB,

tIeM

,ll,JI51

JIerI<HX

,UonOJIHHTeJIbHYIO

9HeprHIO,

He06xo,ll,HMYIO

,ll,JIH

npOH3-

BO,ll,CTBa

60JIblUerO

KOJIHtIeCTBa

MaTepHaJIOB,

TPY}1,HO

corrOCTaBJIHTb

C

9HeprHeH,

C9KOHOMJIeHHOH

Ha

OTOnJIeHHH

H OXJla2K,ll,eHHH, O}1,HaKO

MaCCHBHbIe

3}1,aHH51,

KaK

npaBHJIO,

HMeIOT

,ll,JIHTeJlbHbIH

CpOK

CJIY2K-

ObI,

H B

60JIblUHHCTBe

CJIytIaeB

OHH

60Jlee

Ha}1,e2KHbI,

tIeM

JlerKHe

(3aCJIY1KHBaIOIIJ,HMH

BHHMaHH51

HCKJIIOtIeHHHMH

5lBJI51IOTCH

,ll,epeBHH-

Hble

,ll,OMa, CT051IIJ,He HeCKOJIbKO

COT

JIeT

TIpHMepaMH

MaCCHBHblA

3,ll,aHHH C ,ll,JIHTeJlbHbIM CPOKOM CJlY2K6bI 5IBJl51IOTC5I

rpetleClmc

If

pHMCKHe

xpaMbI,

a

TaK2Ke

3arra,ll,HOeBpOneHCKHe

C060PbI

)

3a}1,atIa

YBeJIHtIefIH51 TerrJlOBOH

MaCCbI

He

}1,OJl2KHa npe}1,C1

aB-

Jl51TbC51

CJIHlUKOM CJlO2KHOH O,ll,HHM

H3

pelUeI-IHH

3,ll,eCb

M02KeT

6bITb

YCTaHOBKa

eMKOCTeH

C BO,ll,OH

BHYTPH

3,ll,aHH51

(JIYQlUe

Bcero

nepe}1,

OCBeIIJ,eHHbIM COJlHlJ,eM

OI<HOM).

O,ll,HaKO, BpH,ll,

JlH

9TOT

cnoc06

npH-

,UeTCH flO

BKYCY

MHOrHM

JIIO}1,5IM

TIecoK,

rpaBHH,

6eTOH

HJlH

BO}1,a

(B

flJlaCTHKOBbIX

eMKOCT5lX)

MorYT

HCrrOJlb30BaTbC51

}1,Jl51

3anOJlHe-

HH51

flYCTOT

B KJIa,UKe

H3

6eTOHHbIX

6JlOKOB

(pHC

236)

MaccHBHbIe

KaMHHbI,

BtrYTpeHHHe

6eToHHble

HJlH

KHpnHlJHbIe

neperOpO}1,KH

H

,Ua:lKe

50-

HJln

75-MM

CJloPr

oeTOHa

HJIH

KHpnHlJa

Ha

IIOJIY

MoryT

cy-

IIJ,eCTBeHHO

YBeJIHIIHTb

TenJlOBYIO

HHeplJ,HIO 3}1,aHHfl

66

PHC 2

$6

1{OHCTPYKU

H51

CTeHbt

AM!

yBe-

~HqeHH51

Tell~oBoH

MaCChl

(HAe51

fapORbAa

X311

H3

¢HPMbI

«CKaiiTepM

npoyceccH3

3HA HHJI.iKHHHHpHHr»)

1 -

oeToHHbIe

OJlOKH, 2

TPYOKH,

SanOJlHeHHble

Bo)(oli,

nycToTbi

B

OeTOHHblX

olloKax

MorYT

OblTb

sanOJlHeHbl

neCKOM

HJIn

nllaCTBHHHJlOBbIMH

TDYO

KaMH

C

BO)(oll

B

YHllBepCI-lTeTe

IllT.

.ueJIaB.9p

)J.-P

MapHa

TeJIKeC

npOBO)J.HT

liCIIbITaI-II1lI

cpa30IIepeXO)J.IIbIX

CO-

JIeii,

KOTOpbIe

npHMeHHI-OTClI

,LI.JIlI

YBeJIHlJeHHH

TenJIOBOii

HHepll,Hli

Do

Mepe

HarpeBa

COJIH

nJIaBlITCH

npH

TeMIIepaType

OKOJIO 24°

C,

HaKaIIJIHBaH

60JIbIllOe

KOJIHlJeCTBO

2

TenJIa

01-111

BbICB0602K)J.aIOT

.9TO

TeIIJIO

npH

OXJIa)K)J.eHHH

HOLlbI-O_

XOTlI

TaKHe

COJIH HaXO)J.HTCH B CTa)J.HH

HCnbITaHHH,

HX,

nO-BH)J.H-

MOMY,

B CKOPOM

BpeMemI

MO)KHO

6Y)J.eT

HCIIOJIb30BaTb

B

COCTaBe

orpa)K)J.aIOIlt!1X

KOHCTPYKlI,HH

3)J.aHHH HJIH

BHYTpeHHHX

neperopO)J.OK,

nOJIOB H nOTOJIKOB

HaHJIYlJIlIHM

MeCTOM

)J.JIlI

pa3MeIll,eHHlI

TaKHX

COJIeH HBJIHeTCH

IO)KHaH

lJaCTb

3)J.aHHH,

KOTopaH

60JIbIlle

Bcero

Ha-

rpeBaeTCH

npH

COJIHelJHOH

norO)J.e.

YCTpOHCTBO

H30JIHlI,HH

C

HapY)KHOH

CTOPOHbI 3)J.aHHlI

Tpe6yeT

TBOplJeCKOrO

peIlleHHH

KOHCTPYKTHB

IbIX

IIp06JIeM,

KOTopble

He

lJaCTO

peIllaJIHCb

Y)J.alJHO

I130JIHlI,HH

06bIlJHO

IIOMeIll,aJIaCb

BHYTPH

CTeHbi

(Me)K)J.Y

HapY)KHOii

H

BHYTpeHHeii

IIOBepXHOCTHMH)

H.7I11

BHYTPH

3)J.aHHH

(pHC

237).

HaH60JIee

TPY)J.HOH

3a)J.alJeii

npH

YCTpoHcTBe

H30JIlIlI,HH

C

HaPY)KHOii

CTOPOHbI

6eToHHoro

HJIH

KHpnHlJHOrO

3)J.aHHH

lIBJIHeTClI

3aIll,HTa

H30JIHlI,HH

OT

BJIam,

)J.O)K)1.H,

COJIHelJHOro

B03)1.eii-

CTBIUI,

KOHTaKTa

C JIIO)1.bMH H

)KHBOTHbIMH

Ha

PHC 2

38

nOKa3aHa

cxeMa

IIpHMeHeHHH

H30JIlIlI,HH

B BH)1.e

)KeCTI<HX

J1JIHT

H3

J10JIHCTHPO-

JIa

TOJIIll,HHOii

75

MM,

nOKpblBaIOIll,Hx

HapY.lKHYIO

nOBepxHocTb

MO-

HOJIHTHOH

6eToHHoH

CTeHbI

BOJIbIllalI

lJaCTb

E1TOii

H30JIHlI,HlI

nOKpbI-

Ta

3eMJIeii,

O)1.HaKO

Ta

lJaCTb

1I30JIHlI,HH,

KOTopaH

nOKpbIBaeT

6eTOH

Ha)1.

nOBepXIIOCTbI-O

3eMJIH,

)1.0JI.lKHa

6bITb

3 a Ill,H

Ill,eH

a OT

B03MO)KHbIX

IIOBpe)K)1.eIII1H,

B TOM lJHCJIe H OT

B03)1.eiicTBHlI

COJIHeLIlWH

pa)1.Hall,HH

(oc06eHHO

yJIbTP

acpHOJIeTOBbIX

JIYlJeH).

HH)Ke

ypOBHlI

3eMJIH

1130-

JIHlI,HH )1.0JI)KHa

6bITb

3aIll,HIll,eHa

OT

BJIam,

HaceKOMbIX

11

rpbI3YHOB

CnrpOJI

MO)KHO

YKJIa)1.bIBaTb

B

OnaJIy6KY

)1.0

3aJIHBKH

B

Hee

6eTOH-

HOH CMeCH

DPH

.9TOM Me.IK)1.Y )1.BYMH

MaTepHaJIaMH

)1.0CTHraeTCH

OlJeIIb

xopOIllee

ClI,enJIeHHe

O)1.HaKO

3aIll,HTa

H30JIHlI,HH

Ha)1.

ypOBHeM

3eMJIH

Tpe6yeT

)1.0nOJIHHTeJIbHbIX

3aTpaT

O)1.HH

H3

BapHaHTOB

TaKOH

3aIll,HTbI

3aKJIIOlJaeTCH

B

HaHeCeHHII

Ha

H30JIHlI,IIIO

«lI,eMeHTHpYI-OIll,e-

ro/)

MaTepHaJIa

(TIIIIa

paCTBopa

Ha

OCHOBe

CTeKJIOBOJIOKHa)

.upy-

rOH

cJ1oc06

COCTOIIT B

KpenJIeHHII

.iKeCTKOro

JIIICTOBOro

MaTepIIaJIa,

HanpIlMep

BJIarOCTOHKOH

cpaHepbI

IIJIII

aC6ecTOll,eMeHTHblx

nJIIlT.

3*

67

1

0)

Z~

:J

J'

5

'"

'i---

..

'Q

'0'0'

()

8)

()

'0'

,/0'

\)

0 0 )

~OOOOD~O

o 0

ooO~

<:loo\)

c,oo()

(j

0'

'(f,

,

()

Q

DOoODo()o

,/0

()

0

'1)\)

00

Oc>

10

()

2

.~

,()?oo'<:)o

00

,/

""

0

000

0

0'

oCJ()Ooo

pO'\)°I~

~o

0

°o~

0°

o °ODooooOo

"00\)

,

'\).

~,\)O'

0°

0

(;?

oo(Jo°o-~

~O&>Oo

,\)

\);~:()'D'

5

o 0

00

(10,(

°0°00'0000

'0

0-0

Cl

0 D

~oO~Ooo'\o

J

,tooOooO

OOQo'"

\J

0,

\)'

'OZ'o\j()

o~

o ()

00

oo):/QQQ

~\)°o~\)O'o

~,.}l~~()n

Q

,

'I

?llC

237

I\OHCTPYKll)lIi

CTeI! l

pa3HbIM

,DaSMell\eHlIeM

1I30JIl111)lH

a - HSOJI51l.\H5!

BHYTPH

CTeHbl

(Me}K,ll;Y

BIIYTpeH-

net!

H

HapYlKHoii

IIOBepXHOCT5IMH).

0 - H30Jl51

l.\H51

BHYTPH

3,ll;a

I1H51

, B - H30JI51l.\H51

pa3MemaerC5I

CHapY)KH

TellJlOBoii

MaCCbl

S,ll;a

HlUI

, I -

OOblQllOe

pa3MelL\e,me

H30JI5Il.\HH,

2 -

BHyrpeHH5!51

IIOBep"·

HOCTh,

3 - H30JI51l.\H5I, 4 -

HapYlKHa51

IIOBepy.

HOCTh,

5 -

CTeHa

(oeToH,

KHPIIHq,

KaMeHb)

Plle

238

,lleTaJIh

KOHCTPYKI1,llll C

I10'lTll

ClJJIOIlHlOH

HapYlKHOH

sall\llToI!

ll30JI5IIJ;llll

1 -

BHYTpeHH5I51

OT,ll;eJlKa,

2 -

HapYlKHbrt!

OT.I\e-

JIOqHhlt!

CJIoi'r

(ToHKHe

,ll;OCKH),

3 -

CTeKJlOBOJlOK-

HHCTa51 H30JI5IU.H5I, 4 -

nOJI,

5 -

6eToIIHaH

C'I'eHa,

6 -

}KeCTKa51

IIJlUTHa51

H30JI5!l.\H51, 7 -

samUTHoe

lJOKpblTHe

K COlKaJIeHHIO,

HCrrOJIb30Bal-nre

MaCCbI S,ll,aIUUI B

KalIeCTBe

Cpe,ll,-

CTBa

CHH)KeHH5I

o6Il1,ero

nOTpe6JIeHH5I

3HeprHH

lIe

YlIHTblBaeTC5I

H

He

HCnOJIb3yeTC5I

rrpH

npoeKTHpOBaHl1H

B TOH

)Ke

CTerreHH,

KaK

mo-

JI5IlI,H5I H ,ll,BOHHOe

OCTeKJIetleHHe.

3Ta

TeMa

rrO,ll,p06HO

paCCMaTpH-

BaeTC5I

BHKTOPOM

OJIrH3eM

B

KHHre

«DpoeKTHpOBalme

C YQe10iVl

KJIHMaTa»

II

I3apYXOM

.ll)KHBOHH

B

I<HHre

«LIeJIOBeK,

KJIHMaT

H

ap-

XHTcKTypa»

•

.llpyrne

cpaKTopbI,

YMeHbWaIOIlI,He

rroTpe6JICHHe

311ep-

rHH,

P3CCM3TPHBaIOTC5I

B CJIe,ll,YIOllI,eM pa3,ll,eJIC.

3.D.AHIIIE

KAK

TEnnOBA5I

nOBYWKA

B paS,ll,eJIe

«3,ll,aHHe

KaK

COJIHelIHWH KOJIJIeKTOp»

paCCMaTpHBa-

JIHCb MeTO,ll,bI

perYJIHpOB3HH5I

eCTeCTBeHHoro

nOCTYI1JIeHH5I B

3,ll,amre

H HCrrOJIbSOBaHH5I TerrJIOBOH

3HeprHH

COJIlleQHorO

HSJIYQeHH5I

6e3

68

"

nOMorn)I

npOMblrnJIeHHOrO

COJIHetIIIOrO

KOJIJIeKTOp3,

YCT3HaBJIImae-

MOro

Ha

3,UaIme

KaK

9JIeMetITa

«060PY,UOB3HII5I».

B CJIe,UYIDIll,eM

pa3,UeJIe

«3.AaHHe

KaK

aKKYMYJI5ITOP

COJIHe'IHOM

91IeprIHI»

npe,Uno-

JIar3JIOCb,

qTO

COJIHeqHbIe

JIyqH

HMeIOT

B03MO)KHOCTb

npOHl1l,3Tb

B

3,U3HHe,

B

KOTOPOM

COJIHeqHa51

dHeprII51

aKKYMYJIHpyeTC51

B BH,Ue

TeriJI3

,UJI51

,U3JIb1ICMrnerO

HCnOJIb30BaHH5I.

ECJIH

3,U3HHC

npoeKTHpy-

eTC5I C YLIeTOM

3KKYMYJIHPOB3HH5I

COJIHeqIWro

TeliJIa

C lI,CJlbIO

ero

,UaJlbHeMllIero

HCnOJlb30BaHH51,

TO B KOIIC1

pYKlI,I1II

3,U3I1II5I ,UOJDKIILI

6bITb

npe,UYCM01

peHbI

MepbI

no

npe,U01BpaIll,eIIHIO

lIJlII,

no

KpaMIIeii

Mepe,

CHH)KeHHID

YTeqKH

TenJIa.

YTeqKH

TenJla

II3

3,UaIlH5I

B XOJlO,UIIYIO

noro,Uy

06bltlIIO

IJa3LIBa-

IDTC5I

TenJlOBblMH

nOTCp5lMH.

11

lIao60pOT,

JlCTOM,

KorJl.a

CHapY)KH

)Kapqc,

qeM

BIIyTpll,

3,UaHHC

IIor

JlOIll,aCT

TCnJlO

310T

npoll,ecc

Ha3bI-

BaeTC5I

npHToKoM

TCnJla

(elTO

TCnJIO

,U06aBJl51CTC5I K

COJIIleqHoMY

TenJIY,

YCJlOBH5I

nocTynJleHH51

IWToporo

paccMaTpHBaJlHCb

Bblrne).

cI>aKTHqeCKH

nOnbITKH

YMeHblilIlTb

(HJlH,

no

KpaMHeM

Mepe,

KOrl-

TPOJlHpOBaTb)

ypoBeHb

nepeToKa

TenJIa

B

3,UaHHe

HJIH

H3

IIero

H

npeCJIe,UYIDT

lI,eJlb

9KOHOMHH

9HeprHH

B

cTpOHTeJlbHOM

npoeKTHpo-

BaHHH

06blqHO

OCHOBHoe

BHHMaHHe

npH

9TOM

y,UeJl5leTC5I

CHH)KeHHID

TenJlOBbIX

nOTepb

3HMOM,

HO

paccMaTpHBaeTC5I

TaK)Ke

B03MO)KHOCTb

YMeHbllleHH51

npHToKa

TenJla

JleTOM.

B

60JlbllIliHCTBe

cJlyqaeB

YCH-

JIH51,

HanpaBJleHHbIe

Ha

YMeHbrneHHe

rroTepb

TCnJla,

TaK)Ke

cnoc06-

CTBYIDT

CHH)KeHHID

npHToKa

TenJla.

f10MHMO

HCrrOJlb30BaHH51

COJlHeqHOM

9HeprHH

,UJl5I

9KOHOMHH

,UPyrHx

BH,UOB

9HeprHH

cymecTBYIDT

MHO)KeCTBO

npoeKTHbIx

perne-

HHM,

KOTopble

cnoc06cTBYIDT

9KOHOMHH

9HeprHH

B 3,UaHH51X.

Pac-

cMoTpeHHe

H

HCnOJlb30BaHHe

9THX

BapHaHToB

BO

MHorOM

HMeeT

60JIblilee

3Haqelme,

qeM

MepOnpH5ITH5I

no

HCrrOJlb30BaHHID

COJlHeq-

HOM

9HeprHH

B

KaqeCTBe

perneHH5I

np06J1eMbI

9HepreTIllIeCKoro

,Ue-

epHlI,HTa

B CiliA nOTpc6J151eTC51

ropa3,U0

60Jlblile

9HcprHH,

LIeM

9TO

He06xo,UHMO.

f109TOMY

npe)K,Ue,

qeM

06paTHTbC51

K

,UpyrHM

HCTOq-

HHKaM

9HeprHH,

CJIe,UyeT

CHaqaJla

CHH3HTb

ypOBeHb

nOTpc6J151eMOH

3HeprHH.

B CiliA

nOqTH

HeT

3,UaHHM,

KOTopble

6blJIII

6bl

crrpoeKTH-

pOBaHbI

B

TenJlOH30Jl5lll,HOHHOM

OTHorneHHH

C

yqeTOM

B03MO)KHOrO

H3MeHeIlH5I

3HepreTHLIecKoM

cHTyall,HH

LIepe3

,UCC5ITb

HJlIi

,Ua.tKC

n5lTb

JIeT

Ha

OTOnJlelIHC

)KHJlbIX

H

npOMbIllIJleHHbIX

3,UamIH

B CiliA

elKe-

rO,UHO

pacxo,UyeTc5I

60Jlee

13X

10

5

K,U)K

(HJlH

npHMepHo

2

MJlP'u.

6appeJleM

HeepTH),

LITO

COCTaBJl5IeT

18%

06Ill,clIall,HolIaJlbHOrO

pacxo,Ua.

K CLJaCTbID,

BapHaHTbI

3KOHOMHH

9HcprHH

B 3,UaIIH51X CTOJlb

MHO-

rOLJHCJleHHbI, LITO

npOCTOC

nepeLJHCJleHHe

HX

nOTpc6oBaJlO

6bI

lI,eJIOrO

TOMa.

O,UHaKO

B

npOll,eCce

npHH5ITH5I

perneHH5I

Bccr,Ua

npe,UCTOHT

c,UeJlaTb

KOMnpOMHCC

Me)K,Uy

pa3HbIMH

T1l1laMH

3,UamIH,

pa3HbIMli

KJlHMaTHLJeCKHMH

YCJlOBH5IMH,

pa3HbIMH

LIeJlOBCLICCKHMH

nOTpe6HO-

CT5IMH H

pa3HbIMH

npHopHTeTaMH.

MHorHe

pCrneHH5I

no

91WHOMHH

9HeprHH

Henocpe,UCTBeHHO

He

CB5I3aHbI

C

MepaMH

no

y,Uep)KaIIHID

TenJla

BlIyTpH

3,UaHHM, XOT5I

OIIH

MoryT

OKa3bIBaTb

IIa

9TO

n060qHOe

BJlH51HHe.

f1pHMepaMH

TaKHX

BapHaHTOB

CJlY)KaT

pall,HOHaJlbHbIH

69

BbI60p

TImOB

IT

pa3MepOB

OTOmlTeJIbHOrO,

BeHTHJI5IU:HOI1HOrO

060py-

,lJ,OBaHH5I IIJII1

060PY,lJ,OBaHH5I

,lJ,JI5I

KOII,lJ,IIU:IIOHllpOBaHH5I

B03,lJ,yxa,

BKJIIOlJa5I

COBepweHCTBOBaI-IHe

MeTO,lJ,OB

ero

3KCrrJIyaTaU:1IH

,lJ,JI5I

CHH-

2:KeHH5I

rroTpe6JIeUH5I

3HeprnH

IT

MeTO,il,OB

KOIITPOJI5I

pe2:KHMOB

pa60-

TbI;

rrp06JIeMa

HCrrOJIb30BaHH5I

eCTeCTBeHHoro

OCBeIl1,eHH5I B

KalJeCT-

Be

3aMeIIbI

HCKYCCTBeHHOro

(3JIeKTpHlJeCIwro)

OCBeIl1,eHH5I

rrYTeM

B3BeWHBaHIl5I

IWMrrpOMHCCOB

Me2:K,LiY

rrpHMeIICHllCM

rrpoeMOB

B 3,lJ,a-

HH5IX

(IIarrpllMep,

OKOH)

,lJ,JI5i

OCBeIl1,eHH5I, lJTO

rrOTeHU:llaJIbIIO

YBeJIIf-

"IllBaeT

TerrJIOrrOTeplf

3HMoi"r

II

rrpHTOK

TerrJIa

JreTOM,

H

HCrrOJIb30Ba-

IIHCM

3HeprnH

B

BH,lJ,C

.3JIeI(TpHlleCTBa

,lJ,JI5i

OCBeIl1,eIIH5i;

rrp06JIeMa

YBCJIHlIeIIH5I

II

YMCIIbWCHH5I

BJIa2:KIIOCTH;

rrp06JICMa

BbI60pa

BcnOMO-

raTeJIbHOrO

060PY,lJ,OBaHII5I

II

eIO

.3hCIIJIyaTaU:I15I;

I1p06JIeMa

BHYT-

peHIfei'r

II

rr03Ta2:KHOI1

IIJIaIIHpOBKH

II

rrp06JICMa

)J,BH2:KellIf5I

BJIarI1

llepe3

CTeUbI,

KPbIWH,

IIOJIbI

H

OIma.

HHlf{e

6Y,lJ,YT

KpaTKO

paCCMOTpeHbI

OCHOBIIble

CIIoc06bI

coxpaHe-

HH5I

TerrJIa

B 3,lJ,aIIHH. B .3T0H: CB5I3H

,lJ,OJI2:KHbI

paCCMaTpHBaTbC5i:

H30-

JI5IU:H5I,

THrrbI

OKOH H ,lJ,BepeH:,

<popMa

3,lJ,aIIHH,

CTaBHH

Ha

OImax,

YMeHbweHHe

HH<PHJIbTpaU:HH

B03,lJ,yxa,

3aIl1,HTa

OT

BeTpa

H

pereHe-

paU:H5i

TerrJIa.

Me2:K,ll,Y

MepOrrpH5iTH5IMH

rro

3KOHOMHH

.3HeprHH

B

CTpOHTeJIbHOM

rrpoeKTHpOBaHHH

H

HcrrOJIb30BaHHeM

COJIHelJHOH:

.3HeprHH

,ll,JI5I OTOrrJIeHH5i H OXJIa2:K,ll,eHH5I

CYIl1,eCTByeT

rrp5IMa5I

CB5I3b.

DpH

YMeHbweHHH

HarpY3I{H

Ha

TerrJIocI-w62:KeHHe

YMeHbWaeTC5i

H

rrOJIe3HbIH:

pa3Mep

3,ll,aHH5I, a TaK2:Ke

He06xo,ll,HMbIH:

pa3Mep

COJIHelj-

HOll

OTOrrHTeJIbHOll

YCTaHOBKH

He3aBHCHMO

OT

Toro,

HCrrOJIb3YIDTC5i

.JIH

rrpHTOK

COJIHellHOro

TerrJIa

llepe3

OKHa

H

TerrJIOBa5I

Macca

3,ll,aHH5i

HJIH

COJIHellHa5I

YCTaHOBKa

rrpe,ll,CTaBJI5IeT

C060ll

TOJIbKO

rrpHCTpOll-

KY

K 3,ll,aHH5IM C

HacocaMH,

BeHTHJI5ITopaMH,

TeIIJI006MeHHHKaMH

H

TerrJIOaKKYMYJI5ITOpOM.

DJIaro,ll,ap5I

MeHbWeH:

MOIl1,HOCTH COJIHelJHoi'r

YCTaHOBKH

CHH2:KaeTC5I

He

TOJIbKO

rrepBOIlalJaJIbHa5i

CTOHMOCTb 3,ll,a-

HH5I, HO

YMeHbWaIDTC5I

TaK2:Ke

.3HepreTHlJeCKHe

3aTpaTbI

B u:eJIOM,

rrOCKOJIbhY

rroTpe6IIOCTb

B

OTOrrJIeHHH

H OXJIa2:K,ll,eHHH

CTaHOBIITC5I

MeHbwe

.

.KpoMe

YMeHbWeHH5I

MOIl1,HOCTH CHCTCMbI COJIHelJHOrO OTOrrJIeHH5I,

M02:KHO

YMeHbWHTb

H

,lJ,Pyrne

COCTaBJI5IIOIl1,He

6aJIaHCa

.3KOHOMHH

3HeprHH.

DpH

CIIH2:KeHHH

OTOrrHTeJIbUOH

HarpY3KH

HJIH

HarpY3I{H

Ha

KOH,ll,HU:HOHHpOBaIme

M02:KHO

YMeHbWHTb

06beM

BcrrOMOraTeJIbI-IOrO

060pY,ll,OBaHH5I,

,ll,y6JIHpYIDIl1,erO

COJIHelluyro

YCTaHOBKY.

YMeIIbwe-

HIre

MOIl1,IIOCTH .3TOrO

060pY,ll,OBaHH5I

03HallaeT

COOTBCTCTBYIDIl1,ee

YMeHbweHHe

pa3MepOB

(H

CTOHMOCTH)

OTOIIHTCJlbllblX

Tpy6,

.3JIeK-

TpOrrpOBO,ll,KH

,ll,JI5I

060pY,ll,OBaHH5I

n

pa3MepOB

ra30XO,ll,OB

,UJIHHa

KaHaJIOB

Ii

Tpy6

TaK2Ke

M02:KeT

6b!Tb

MeHbWC,

IIOCKOJIbKY

OHH

ne-

065I3aTCJIbHO

,ll,OJI2:Kllbl

OXBaTblBaTb

BeCb

rrepHMeTp

3J~aHH5I,

QT06bI

rrO,ll,,ll,ep2:KHBaTb

KOM<PopTHbIe

YCJIOBH5I B

TeQemre

OTOIIHTeJIbBOrO

ce-

30Ba.

DOJIee

](OMnahTHOC

3,ll,aHHe,

B

KOTOPOM

pao"O,ll,yeTC5I

MeIIbwe

.3HCPI

HH

Ha

OTOI1JIel-IHe,

06eCIIeQHBaeT

60JIee

KOMCPOPTHYIO

cpe,ll,y

06HTaHH5.l.

I130JI5iU:H5i

YMeHbwaeT

BJIH5IHHe

XOJIO,ll,I1bIX

CTeH

3HMOll

BHyTpeHH5I5I

IIOBepXHOCTb

HeH30JIHpOBaHHbIX

CTN!

Ha

5-8

0

C

xo-

70

Андерсон Б. Солнечная энергия: Основы строительного проектирования

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.