Albert M. (ed.) Biometrics - Unique and Diverse Applications in Nature, Science, and Technology
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BIOMETRICS ͳ UNIQUE AND
DIVERSE APPLICATIONS
IN NATURE, SCIENCE,
AND TECHNOLOGY
Edited by Midori Albert
Biometrics - Unique and Diverse Applications in Nature, Science, and Technology
Edited by Midori Albert
Published by InTech
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Copyright © 2011 InTech
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First published March, 2011
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Biometrics - Unique and Diverse Applications in Nature, Science, and Technology,
Edited by Midori Albert
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-307-187-9
free online editions of InTech
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Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Preface VII
Usefulness of Biometrics
to Analyse Some Ecological Features of Birds 1
M. Ángeles Hernández, Francisco Campos,
Raúl Martín and Tomás Santamaría
Toward An Efficient Fingerprint Classification 23
Ali Ismail Awad and Kensuke Baba
Dental Biometrics for Human Identification 41
Aparecido Nilceu Marana, Elizabeth B. Barboza,
João Paulo Papa, Michael Hofer and Denise Tostes Oliveira
Facial Expression Recognition 57
Bogdan J. Matuszewski, Wei Quan and Lik-Kwan Shark
Implications of Adult Facial Aging on Biometrics 89
Midori Albert, Amrutha Sethuram and Karl Ricanek
Iris Recognition on Low
Computational Power Mobile Devices 107
Huiqi Lu, Chris R. Chatwin and Rupert C.D. Young
Biometric Data Mining Applied
to On-line Recognition Systems 129
José Alberto Hernández-Aguilar, Crispin Zavala, Ocotlán Díaz,
Gennadiy Burlak, Alberto Ochoa and Julio César Ponce
Parallel Secure Computation Scheme for Biometric Security
and Privacy in Standard-Based BioAPI Framework 145
Arun P. Kumara Krishan, Bon K. Sy and Adam Ramirez
Implementing Multimodal Biometric Solutions
in Embedded Systems 173
Jingyan Wang, Yongping Li, Ying Zhang and Yuefeng Huang
Contents
Pref ac e
From time immemorial, we as humans have been intrigued by, perplexed by, and en-
tertained by observing and analyzing ourselves and the natural world around us. Sci-
ence and technology have evolved to a point where we can empirically record a mea-
sure of a biological or behavioral feature and use it for recognizing pa erns, trends,
and or discrete phenomena, such as individuals—and this is what biometrics is all
about. Understanding some of the ways in which we use biometrics and for what spe-
cifi c purposes is what this book is all about.
Throughout the nine chapters of this book, an international and interdisciplinary team
of researchers will enable you to become familiar with the birth and growth of bio-
metrics in ecology (Chapter 1) and how it has reproduced, in a sense, off spring that
are quite diverse—from applications in individual human identifi cation (Chapters 2
through 6) to technologic improvements in obtaining information or securing privacy
in large bodies of data (Chapters 7 through 9). Whereas each chapter focuses on a
defi nitive aspect of biometrics; the book as a whole is an amalgamation of examples of
state of the art research within the biometrics paradigm.
In Chapter 1 we discover what the fi rst biometrics studies were, and how biometrics
works in nature—how we gather information on biological species, such as ecology,
sex diff erences, seasonality, reproduction and more.
Shi ing the focus of biometrics towards humans, particularly human identifi cation,
Chapter 2 provides some background on fi ngerprint classifi cation and explains a ro-
bust fi ngerprint classifi cation algorithm—how pa erns are determined and classifi ed.
The authors share with us their results of a performance evaluation as well.
Chapter 3 explores human identifi cation via the dentition. A er a brief history of the
use of dental features in human identifi cation, we can see the value of a computer au-
tomated approach to dental recognition. Imagine a networked database of all people’s
dental records. Imagine you can query this enormous database with information about
an individual’s teeth. Imagine the computer fi nds matches of a reasonable number that
can then be analyzed and your individual is recognized or identifi ed.
Further on the topic of human identifi cation is Chapter 4 where we learn about research
on computer automated facial expression recognition. Given that facial expressions
derive from emotions and cognition and manifest our aff ective states, we know that
we can o en understand how other people feel by observing these facial expressions.
However, what if we could not be there to monitor someone at critical times—someone
VIII
Preface
who is ill, unable to speak, and in pain, for example, as the authors suggest. This chap-
ter describes existing methods and presents unique work on the use of 3D facial data
for the automatic recognition of facial expressions.
More generally, the issue of computer automated facial recognition technologies for
forensic purposes is raised in Chapter 5. Herein we learn about the challenges normal
aging presents to computer face recognition. As faces age, they change. How much do
they change? How does this aff ect computer face recognition? We see that a er many
years a person’s face may be amazingly diff erent. However, what if our faces change
slightly on a daily basis? Would this subtle change aff ect computer face recognition?
Chapter 5 explores face aging in face recognition, and introduces an experiment on face
changes in one person in one day.
Aside from recognizing entire faces, much work in biometrics may be found in explor-
ing identity markers based on single features, such as the iris of the eye. Chapter 6
reviews the latest developments in iris recognition used on handheld iris recognition
devices, both for government or private sector endeavors. Through a mobile biometric
identifi cation system (MBI system) case study, we learn about hardware specifi cs, iris
recognition algorithms, and system performance. Current solutions and the step-by-
step format of this chapter are sure to captivate interest.
From ecology to human identifi cation, it can be seen that biometrics has both breadth
and depth of utility. And with all the biometric data collected in large databases, one
issue that has been raised with regard to the use of these data is the issue of privacy.
Chapter 7 addresses the issue of privacy through an explanation of biometric data-
mining. Biometrics systems recognize us in two ways—physically (e.g., fi ngerprints) or
behaviorally (e.g., voice); and biometric data-mining merges these aspects of recogni-
tion such that we may be identifi ed by how we use computers, for example keystroke
pa erns, mouse movements, and online behaviors. Detailed examples and intrigu-
ing descriptions of biometric data-mining and its implications are presented in this
chapter.
Continuing in the theme of privacy issues, Chapter 8 introduces us to the BioAPI 2.0—a
new industry standard in biometric systems that allows for interoperability while
maintaining security and privacy. If one biometric can serve as a security measure (for
example, the iris of the eye is read rather than a key being used to unlock a door), then
security may be increased if more than one biometric system may be used. However,
because biometric systems are composed of various segments and those segments do
various things that are o en isolated—they are non-interchangeable between systems.
Vendors of biometric systems are therefore limited; and interfacing is compromised.
The BioAPI 2.0 is explained in this chapter as a means to creating an interface that al-
lows diff erent biometric systems to work together. The authors provide an excellent
background and detailed information on the BioAPI 2.0.
Also working on improving the technology and usability of biometric systems are the
authors of Chapter 9 who research multi-modal biometrics solutions for embedded
systems. Embedded systems that collect, store, modify, and retrieve data, such as
personal information, are o en at risk. In this chapter, the researchers discuss the
development of multi-modal biometric systems as opposed to less robust uni-modal
IX
Preface
systems; and, they tell us how to design a high performance embedded multimodal
biometrics system—one solution to the privacy issue.
As can be seen, “Biometrics: Unique and Diverse Applications in Nature, Science, and
Technology” provides a unique sampling of the diverse ways in which biometrics is in-
tegrated into our lives and our technology. I hope you will enjoy learning or reviewing
the biometric applications presented in this collection of research studies, a collection
that at this moment is leading a new frontier.
February 18, 2011
Midori Albert
Wilmington,
North Carolina