Adams Robyn, Cox Rosanna. Diplomacy and Early Modern Culture

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Early Modern Literature in History

General Editors: Cedric C. Brown, Professor of English and Dean of the Faculty of Arts

and Humanities, University of Reading; Andrew Hadfield, Professor of English, University

of Sussex, Brighton

Advisory Board: Donna Hamilton, University of Maryland; Jean Howard, University

of Columbia; John Kerrigan, University of Cambridge; Richard McCoy, CUNY; Sharon

Achinstein, University of Oxford

Within the period 1520–1740 this series discusses many kinds of writing, both within and

outside the established canon. The volumes may employ different theoretical perspectives,

but they share a historical awareness and an interest in seeing their texts in lively negotia-

tion with their own and successive cultures.

Titles include:

Robyn Adams and Rosanna Cox

DIPLOMACY AND EARLY MODERN CULTURE

Andrea Brady

ENGLISH FUNERARY ELEGY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

Laws in Mourning

Mark Thornton Burnett

CONSTRUCTING ‘MONSTERS’ IN SHAKESPEAREAN DRAMA AND EARLY MODERN CULTURE

Jocelyn Catty

WRITING RAPE, WRITING WOMAN IN EARLY MODERN ENDLAND

Unbridled Speech

Dermot Cavanagh

LANGUAGE AND POLITICS IN THE SIXTEENTH-CENTURY HISTORY PLAY

Patrick Cheney

MARLOWE’S REPUBLICAN AUTHORSHIP

Lucan, Liberty, and the Sublime

Danielle Clarke and Elizabeth Clarke (editors)

‘THIS DOUBLE VOICE’

Gendered Writing in Early Modern England

David Coleman

DRAMA AND THE SACRAMENTS IN SIXTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND

Indelible Characters

Katharine A. Craik

READING SENSATIONS IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND

James Daybell (editor)

EARLY MODERN WOMEN’S LETTER-WRITING, 1450–1700

James Daybell and Peter Hinds (editors)

MATERIAL READINGS OF EARLY MODERN CULTURE

Texts and Social Practices, 1580–1730

Matthew Dimmock and Andrew Hadfield (editors)

THE RELIGIONS OF THE BOOK

Christian Perceptions, 1400–1660

Tobias Doring

PERFORMANCES OF MOURNING IN SHAKESPEAREAN THEATRE AND EARLY

MODERN CULTURE

Sarah M. Dunnigan

EROS AND POETRY AT THE COURTS OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS AND

JAMES VI

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10.1057/9780230298125 - Diplomacy and Early Modern Culture, Edited by Robyn Adams and Rosanna Cox

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Mary Floyd-Wilson and Garrett A. Sullivan Jr. (editors)

ENVIRONMENT AND EMBODIMENT IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND

Kenneth J.E. Graham and Philip D. Collington (editors)

SHAKESPEARE AND RELIGIOUS CHANGE

Teresa Grant and Barbara Ravelhofer

ENGLISH HISTORICAL DRAMA,1500–1660

Forms Outside the Canon

Andrew Hadfield

SHAKESPEARE, SPENSER AND THE MATTER OF BRITAIN

William M. Hamlin

TRAGEDY AND SCEPTICISM IN SHAKESPEARE’S ENGLAND

Johanna Harris and Elizabeth Scott-Baumann (editors)

THE INTELLECTUAL CULTURE OF PURITAN WOMEN, 1558–1680

Elizabeth Heale

AUTOBIOGRAPHY AND AUTHORSHIP IN RENAISSANCE VERSE

Chronicles of the Self

Constance Jordan and Karen Cunningham (editors)

THE LAW IN SHAKESPEARE

Claire Jowitt (editor)

PIRATES? THE POLITICS OF PLUNDER, 1550–1650

Gregory Kneidel

RETHINKING THE TURN TO RELIGION IN EARLY MODERN ENGLISH LITERATURE

Edel Lamp

PERFORMING CHILDHOOD IN THE EARLY MODERN THEATRE

The Children’s Playing Companies (1599–1613)

Jean-Christopher Mayer

SHAKESPEARE’S HYBRID FAITH

History, Religion and the Stage

Scott L. Newstok

QUOTING DEATH IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND

The Poetics of Epitaphs Beyond the Tomb

Jennifer Richards (editor)

EARLY MODERN CIVIL DISCOURSES

Marion Wynne-Davies

WOMEN WRITERS AND FAMILIAL DISCOURSE ON THE ENGLISH RENAISSANCE

Relative Values

Early Modern Literature in History

Series Standing Order ISBN 978–0–333–71472–0 (Hardback) 978–0–333–80321–9

(Paperback)

(outside North America only)

You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order.

Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with

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Customer Services Department Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire

RG21 6XS, England

The series Early Modern Literature in History is published in association with the

Renaissance Texts Research Centre at the University of Reading.

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10.1057/9780230298125 - Diplomacy and Early Modern Culture, Edited by Robyn Adams and Rosanna Cox

Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-14

Diplomacy and Early

Modern Culture

Edited by

Robyn Adams

Senior Research Officer, Centre for Editing Lives and Letters

Queen Mary, University of London

and

Rosanna Cox

Lecturer in English Literature, University of Kent

Foreword by

Lisa Jardine

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10.1057/9780230298125 - Diplomacy and Early Modern Culture, Edited by Robyn Adams and Rosanna Cox

Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-14

Introduction, selection and editorial matter © Robyn Adams and

Rosanna Cox 2011

Individual chapters © Contributors 2011

Foreword © Lisa Jardine 2011

publication may be made without written permission.

No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted

save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the

permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,

Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.

Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication

may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work

in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

First published 2011 by

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10.1057/9780230298125 - Diplomacy and Early Modern Culture, Edited by Robyn Adams and Rosanna Cox

Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-14

Foreword by Lisa Jardine vii

Acknowledgements viii

Notes on the Contributors ix

Introduction 1

Robyn Adams and Rosanna Cox

1 ‘Procure as many as you can and send them over’:

Cartographic Espionage and Cartographic Gifts in

International Relations, 1460–1760 13

Peter Barber

2 Scholars, Servants, Spies: William Weldon and William

Swerder in England and Abroad 30

Jason Powell

3 Some Elizabethan Spies in the Office of

Sir Francis Walsingham 46

Stephen Alford

4 A Most Secret Service: William Herle and the

Circulation of Intelligence 63

Robyn Adams

5 Sidney, Gentili, and the Poetics of Embassy 82

Joanna Craigwood

6 Gender, Politics and Diplomacy: Women,

News and Intelligence Networks in Elizabethan England 101

James Daybell

7 Francis Bacon’s Bi-literal Cipher and the

Materiality of Early Modern Diplomatic Writing 120

Alan Stewart

8 Court Hieroglyphics: the Idea of the Cipher in

Ben Jonson’s Masques 138

Hannah J. Crawforth

Contents

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10.1057/9780230298125 - Diplomacy and Early Modern Culture, Edited by Robyn Adams and Rosanna Cox

Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-14

9 The Ambassador’s Household: Sir Henry Wotton,

Domesticity, and Diplomatic Writing 155

Mark Netzloff

10 The Postmistress, the Diplomat, and a Black Chamber?:

Alexandrine of Taxis, Sir Balthazar Gerbier and the

Power of Postal Control 172

Nadine Akkerman

Index 189

vi Contents

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10.1057/9780230298125 - Diplomacy and Early Modern Culture, Edited by Robyn Adams and Rosanna Cox

Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-14

vii

Foreword

This volume of essays is that rare thing, a scholarly, academic collection

of essays which sets the reader’s pulse racing. Its subject matter does, of

course, give it an advantage. Spies, intelligencers, knowledge gatherers

and diplomats are the stuff of which romantic historical fiction and

Tudor conspiracy theory investigations are made. What is so remark-

able about the accessibility and easy reading of the present work, largely

by academics in the early stages of their career, is that the studies it

presents are scrupulously based upon archival evidence, painstakingly

researched in manuscript collections around the world.

The skills the authors of these essays bring to their topics are those

of the trained archivist and interpreter of the manuscript remains of

the past: above all, palaeography, the ability to decipher and transcribe

difficult sixteenth- and seventeenth-century handwriting, so as to make

sense of long-inaccessible and forgotten written materials. These traces

of early modern men and women are the more tantalizing for being,

inevitably, fragmentary, chance survivals from an age which attached

great importance to committing everything regarded as significant

to writing. These researchers also possess the ability painstakingly to

reconstruct coherent narratives from the shards and fragments they

have unearthed in the library. Each of them has a commanding under-

standing of the context within which their particular sample of material

was produced, the milieu for which it was written. They stamp their

interpretations with an easy authority which gives the reader confi-

dence that their tale is to be trusted.

As someone who has worked in adjacent fields, on similar materials

for much of my own academic career, reading this collection of essays

has informed me, and deepened my knowledge of the intricate world of

the early modern diplomat and intelligencer. I have also learned a great

deal from the strategies for seeing an existing field with fresh eyes and

exploring its complexity in original and often unexpected ways. The

study of Renaissance diplomacy is very much richer for their efforts.

Lisa Jardine

May 2010

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10.1057/9780230298125 - Diplomacy and Early Modern Culture, Edited by Robyn Adams and Rosanna Cox

Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-14

viii

Acknowledgements

This volume began life after a three-day conference held at the University

of Kent in collaboration with the Centre for Editing Lives and Letters,

Queen Mary, University of London in 2008. The exciting discussions

generated by our dynamic group of delegates inspired us to put together

this collection, and we are grateful to those who spoke, who attended,

and who supported the proceedings.

We owe a debt of gratitude to our respective colleagues at the Centre

for Editing Lives and Letters and at the University of Kent, who freely

gave their valuable advice and time, and made us tea when it counted.

A special note of thanks must go to Lisa Jardine. At every stage of both

our academic careers she has unfailingly supported us. Without her

invaluable and magnificent guidance and friendship our world would

be a dull and quiet place. Our thanks also to Bernhard Klein, Catherine

Richardson, and Helena Torres; Matt Symonds, Jan Broadway, Susan

North, Elizabeth Williamson and Will Tosh.

Thank you also to David, Ed and Barney.

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10.1057/9780230298125 - Diplomacy and Early Modern Culture, Edited by Robyn Adams and Rosanna Cox

Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-14

Notes on the Contributors

Robyn Adams is the Senior Research Officer at the Centre for Editing

Lives and Letters, Queen Mary, University of London. She is the editor of

two online letter editions, The Letters of William Herle and The Diplomatic

Letters of Thomas Bodley, and associate editor of Letters of a Stuart Princess:

the Complete Correspondence of Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, vol. II (with

Nadine Akkerman). Her research focuses on intelligence and information

networks of the sixteenth century.

Nadine Akkerman is a Lecturer in English Literature at Leiden University,

the Netherlands, and an Associate of the Centre of Editing Lives and

Letters (CELL, QMUL) in London. She is editor of the forthcoming Letters

of Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia (3 volumes), to be published by

Oxford University Press.

Stephen Alford was trained as a historian by John Guy at the University

of St Andrews before moving to Cambridge in 1997 as a British Academy

Post-doctoral Research Fellow. He was elected a Fellow of King’s College

in 1999 and appointed to a University Lectureship in Tudor history a

year later. Also in 2000 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Historical

Society. His first and second books, The Early Elizabethan Polity (1998)

and Kingship and Politics in the Reign of Edward VI (2002), were published

by Cambridge University Press. His biography of Lord Burghley, Burghley:

William Cecil at the Court of Elizabeth I, was published by Yale University

Press last year. His next book is about intelligence, security, treason and

loyalty in the reign of Elizabeth, and it will be published by Penguin in

the UK and Bloomsbury Press in the US.

Peter Barber studied international history at the London School of

Economics before joining the British Library in 1975. After 12 years

in the Department of Manuscripts, where he helped to catalogue the

archive of the first Duke of Marlborough, he transferred to the Map

Library where he has been Head of Map Collections since 2001. He is a

Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries and Fellow of the Royal Historical

Society. He has curated several exhibitions, notably on Diplomacy (1979),

the Glorious Revolution (1988), the mapping of London (2006), and

Magnificent Maps: Power, Propaganda and Art (2010) and has published

extensively on the history of cartography. Among his publications are

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10.1057/9780230298125 - Diplomacy and Early Modern Culture, Edited by Robyn Adams and Rosanna Cox

Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-14